here is such a powerful palace, and the palace of everyday life was leaving, just now we were doing it, just the other day, by the way, it wasn’t just him who walked around, here he was alone, i actually walked around the museum alone, only with a television group, we made a whole film about this the palace of hidden palaces, that is, hidden living quarters that actually come out, and there are now some kind of offices or somewhere offices, somewhere just corners, somewhere storage rooms, just like there were storage rooms, somewhere- the stairs are walled up, somewhere there is a door. there is, then the staircase is already closed , that is, these are the traces that in fact, well, it turned out a lot in my opinion, but this is what always remains from the sale, which is very interesting, but what is of course more interesting when it’s already a little removed because it does not fit with the imperial grandeur who today determines the content of the exhibition, do you have some kind of artistic council, maybe you will coordinate with one of... the leaders of the country,

the presidential administration, well, -first, we we do not agree on anything with anyone, in the 30 years that i have been director of the hermitage, i have not been told even once what i should do or what i should not do, on the contrary, all the ministers have said many times that the hermitage decides for itself and that is its business, we have, of course , we have an academic council, we have, but they spoke with annoyance or not, not with annoyance, when our general public very often believes that no one orders it from above , but. .. from below they order all the time, when from above they stop ordering, as they stopped to order from above, since then they have been ordering from below all the time, this is not so, it’s how dare you show it, how dare you not show it and so on, and therefore in response to this various ministers have repeatedly said what they think should be done what he does has the right to do it, it really is so, another thing is that the museum should give people the opportunity to see different things, we do exhibitions, we always do it in one gulp, we have several dates around which we do exhibitions,

continuing the theme of tradition , you have already they said, as i hear with such bitterness , some that today the museum is somewhere between the temple and disneyland and is on the way to disneyland? well, first of all, without any bitterness, i actually said a lot of things, i haven’t said them for 30 years, so let’s answer for yours, that’s why i try not to answer, but these words always imply some kind of allusions, well, you can hold a buffet in a museum how does, for example, a metropolitan museum or a banquet or a wedding?

probably like that too, one of the myths, maybe, or memes of the hermitage, this is the hermitage clock, there is a clock in your office, special , you know, these are all things that do it with meaning, or is it invented by visitors, no, it depends that i don’t know what visitors come up with, we come up with it, and then we inspire the visitor , because what

happened to cats, cats appeared in stories, there were always two or three cats, but it came during, relatively speaking, the post-soviet era of perestroika, when the first thing people do, when it’s hard, they throw out on... than the population of cats, and it was not easy because some people liked it, but others killed these cats, that’s all, it’s not , it’s not just a game, now it looks like such a marketing ploy, but it was actually instilling in people such a kind attitude, when animals are treated, then people will be treated well, this is how the museum educates you so unobtrusively, it turns out that now some wonderful things are happening, all sorts of children’s events are happening around this, and watches are a different story, which means... there are a huge number of watches in the hermitage, they are all beautiful and good, we have a lot years

our colleagues persuaded us to create a special watch restoration workshop, and well, it was difficult, especially this was already 25 years ago, well, it’s money, staff and, well, in general , to organize the whole work, i said, okay, only on one condition, if all the watches will go to the museum, well, those creators of the workshop promised, the restoration of the watches has actually begun. peacock, now all the clocks in the museum are running, the workers of the watch restoration laboratory are walking, winding them, because they need to be wound, they are all striking the museum, this is very it’s important, in fact, there is a special person who is responsible for not a special person, the director walks there, we have an amazing masterful restoration of watches, which i created in my directorate, they, by the way, received a state award, these are absolutely brilliant craftsmen, they wind these watches, they monitor them so that they... work, that’s why they strike, the same clock is in my office, they also come and wind them

when they are taken off, it’s true that this is a watch petravich chakovsky, chikovsky clock, firstly, there were several tchaikovsky watches, i don’t find out which ones, i don’t check them at all, there are things that are legends that don’t need to be checked, because it will only ruin your mood, they say the watch belonged to tchaikovsky, so everyone can read to pyotr ilivich, fashion, anyone, what time do you usually come home, well... it varies, but in general i usually come home around 9-10, how this evening at home usually goes, well, in different ways, now there was covid, that's why we live outside the city most of the time, so when we come and walk, well, then we need to read the news, make a program for the next day, you have often talked about such a mystical connection with your father, you have conversations with him in general, you have something like that, dad, that’s how it is with me.

everyone who was there, they live within these walls, they all communicate with us, not only my father, yes , i think, we have the empress communicating with us

as the founder, and how she communicates with you, our previous generations of employees armitage, they live somewhere there all the time, they greatly influence, of course that's it, how does this happen? well, this is mysticism, it can’t be described in words , you know, when - for example, well , eastern mysticism is usually explained, yes, eastern mystical poets, who always seemed to write about...

i’m also a hereditary russian nobleman, this means that it removes all the differences between these internal national, because this is actually not very simple in a period when all our lives are complex and different situations, then in general it is difficult to be both at the same time, and my armenian blood rages when in armenia

they speak badly about the russians and it rages when in russia they speak badly about the armenians, with the poles to their father, this is a christian country, these are people who speak russian better than in leningrad, these are the caucasian intelligentsia, and but it’s there that they go to the ark, that’s why it seemed to me that i didn’t feel it, the east for me was the one further away , the real east, where the muslim is what i then dealt with, so you play with this somehow, because it helps,

on the one hand it’s such a variety and you can switch it up like that, do you and your wife have that? there was a sacrifice on her part, of course, because well, the lifestyles are different, but she got used to it, she is now very petersburg, what were the difficulties that she had to overcome to change in herself? well, i won’t say that there were such great difficulties, you know , that’s how it really is, but there were difficulties in her work, too, in vystokov, which means at the institute, where we have academic, calm reasoning

, calm topics, she was an eastern economist, she worked on oil problems all sorts of things. so, oh, moscow life, it’s like that fast, impetuous, st. petersburg , calm, reasonable, and this one irritates , yes, to a person who is used to deciding everything quickly, she is also by nature a person who needs everything faster than immediately, she is a capricorn, so here it is -it’s calm, but then it still turns out that things are quite dynamic here, and the children turned out to be muscovites or st. petersburgers; the grandchildren turn out to be difficult, because... yes, of course , they are st. petersburgers, so, but - my daughter masha, she moved to moscow, and has already begun to work, she at first she worked here, she is also an orientalist, she worked in st. petersburg, then in leningrad, st. petersburg, then in moscow, now in moscow, so she, well, after all, she has a st. petersburg temperament, let’s say, but her son boris grew up in st. petersburg, so he, too, is also

a st. petersburger, well, in general, they are all st. petersburgers, we are still a st. petersburg family with such people. in some places st. petersburg traditions, you have one granddaughter, yes, one granddaughter, you communicate, you don’t see each other often, we communicate, but not often, because in moscow, then there are all sorts of moves, illnesses, all sorts of things, in general we communicate, but now everything after covid began, we all communicate more and more on the phone, this is a podcast of the first persons, my guest is the director of the state hermitage mikhail borisovich pyatrovsky, are you discussing the museum at home?

we have december 7th, my birthday is december 9th. well, it’s close, yes, but december 7th - we came up with st. catherine’s day, because the hermitage does not have any birthday, we celebrate it, this is the birthday of

the arbitage, the sixty-fourth year, when catherine bought the first collections gatskovsky, and there is no unknown date , that’s why everyone has birthdays, we don’t, so i and odimmivich matveev, my late deputy, thought about how we could find something like this, let’s figure it out, that’s when , what do you think, when to the gotskovsky collection catherine could have come to the winter palace to watch them, in the summer, it’s clear, in the summer she’s outside the city, so, well, i’ll come up with a day in december, so we have st. catherine’s day, one of st. catherine’s days, and there’s december 7, so let’s be celebrate it, well this is how it happened, now there is a day of armitage around this, yes, it’s great, you are arabists, you often quote from the koran, and in arabic, really translate them into russian, why is it... thank you, but why are you doing this in general? indeed, i am, in fact , an arabic scholar, i am an arabist and i, even from today , an arabic scholar, this is very important,

the director of a museum such as armitage must be a playing coach, an active scientist, i am a university professor, i am an academician of the russian academy of sciences, i publish books all the time, i am in charge of the islamic program, all-russian, i am the dean of the faculty of oriental studies, all this is a profession, without which it is impossible to be the director of the mermitage, the director of the museum must be a scientist. exists in many religions, christian for sure, but what do you have to endure, that is, what is patience for you? well, first of all, a clarification is that i’m citing wonderful patience, this is a general

saying that sounds a little differently in the koran, wonderful patience is mentioned there, there are all sorts of nuances, just in case, maybe i’m also a very important philologist there are nuances here, but this is really a very good expression, in which there is a lot of pride, this is sabrujamil, sabra - this is an ancient arabic term, he was

, well, tolerate, no money for projects, well , we tolerate, they tell you, we won’t give it, we tolerate, again we go and patiently walk again and demand money, the corpses of the enemy float past you, a wonderful story, no, the corpses of the enemies do not float, do not float, they somehow disappear on their own, it is there, it is there, by the way, i just can’t resist, because that now all the time we explain that this expression does not at all... does not belong to confucius, does not lie, is not chinese wisdom at all, it was invented. but you often say from the hadith of the prophet muhammad, allah loves

beauty. what is beautiful now, right now in this time, beauty is always in what the museum teaches, beauty is in diversity, because the world has different situations, there are different people, different faces, different skins, different clothes, different customs, different events, even when there are very difficult events, then somewhere nearby there may be other events, after them there will be other events, this is the beauty of the world in which we live, but as for the prophet muhammad, you also already quote me, i will say that i ... quotes, my quote is always different, the thing is, what the prophet muhammad said, allah is beautiful , loves beautifully, this is used as such a phrase, well, that islam will lose beauty, as if the basis of muslim aesthetics, well, you are doing a great job professionally, your eyes don’t blur, you don’t feel like that professional deformation, when nothing else doesn’t surprise or please, you know, no, every time i enter the hermitage or leave the hermitage or walk around the hermitage, i think about this:

some kind of amazing piece of art, but as for, well, seriously, then of course, you need to diversify your experience all the time, you need to read, look, see, make exhibitions all the time, try to show armitage collections in different ways, then nothing will become blurred, of course, if you just sit there and don’t change anything, everything will become blurry and cease to be perceived, but you need it all the time to invigorate yourself all the time with this variety, but wait, because now the hermitage has changed its way of life. because the hermitage 2 years ago was a museum that, well, if i may say so, broadcast to the whole world, it was the expansion of the armitage, the water department all this was curtailed, and you are now, and we are now isolated from that familiar west and that familiar part of the world, firstly, we already lived in isolation and we know how to live in it, so, it was different, but it was also isolation, secondly, of course, yes, it was cultural aggression, from the hermitage. just like in

in general, there was a cultural and all sorts of russian offensive, which was wonderful, we really dictated fashion, these creations of various centers, satellites, large museums, the hermitage started, open storage facilities, that also started, we accepted all this and did a lot of things, but here now we understand that many people were already starting to get tired of this, there was already too much, how our colleagues were burning here, we kept putting on exhibitions, there were too many russians, imperial russia. the splendor of the imperial court, russia, russia, this is already for everyone today, this is no longer for everyone interesting, it means we need to build a little differently, yes, we have given the world a lot, now we are under a blockade, but firstly, it is not complete, secondly, we know the experience of a blockade, when you blockade what you do, we need everyone to see this, so our second stage of the big armitage project, which we have been living by these years, is armitage heavenly leormetage in the clouds, we create products that are visible

in the clouds, visible. because you can’t come to us, and we’re not going anywhere in particular, although we go to the east, then everyone sees us as you know, you mean that some kind of virtual world, virtual, virtual armitage, we developed this a lot during covid, well, we’ll see further there, when you look from the armitage windows onto the palace square, that’s what you would like to warn against today's world, your contemporaries, we all know that history teaches nothing, people. does not study in history lessons, but at the same time they should know these history lessons, so we simply must, people must know everything that happened, remember what happened, then they will be guided by this or not, that’s how it turns out, it was the director of the state hermitage mikhail borisovich pyatrovsky, the first persons in the podcast, dialogue with the whole country, dialogue with everyone.

results of the year with vladimir putin on december 14 at 12:00 moscow time. the most truthful podcast of medicine baden baden is on air and i am its host konstantin severinov. today we will talk with vyacheslav. about the brain and problems of neurophysiology, you know everything about the brain, right? well , of course, no one knows everything about the brain, well , we’re trying, in fact, the brain is different levels, molecular, cellular , structural, the level of such system processes, such as memory or emotions, well, at each level we know 20, 30, 40 percent, that’s about it, well, most people are interested in how the brain works, that is, its final exhaust , let's say

how... how we think, well, we think mainly in words for simplicity, but if so, although of course figurative thinking also exists, in words that's what else... when we accumulate words, well let's start with the fact that it seems like the opposite is true with age what happens is that we don’t accumulate as much as we lose, that is, we have places in our heads for each word, this is a dictionary, and we take these words out of there, and what is the material carrier, of course there must

be a place, but this place is not a molecule or even not a cell, but a certain fragment of a neural network, that is , some neurons that, well, for example, are connected to sensory centers, different, they collect some signs of, well, i don’t know, there is an orange, for example, yes, that is, an orange , we know what kind of picture, picture, mental picture of an orange, yes, yes, there is not only not just a picture, because an orange is also a visual image, a taste, a tactile one, and also the word orange, and in several languages, this kind of assembly, as they say - those who do this, multisensory integration, this is the basis of our speech centers . if you have an image of an orange, i have an image of an orange, they are in the same place in our brain, because when we were born, neither you nor i had any orange, we had an empty brain, but, well, at least at least the empty cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, the new cortex, that is, there really neural networks that

are ready to learn, and then, apparently, for each person, for example, the same word is written in different places, approximately the same as on a computer’s hard drive, that is, you have the same one... the file for different computers will be written in different places on the disk, because there was free space, there were some additional prerequisites, which is why it is so difficult to catch this during experiments. well, in general, when we talk about science, the question always arises, how can you watch it? well, yes, here i am from this point i approach this as a molecular biologist. yes, we actually have a person, because you can’t catch speech activity on a white rat, much less on a worm. and this means we have an fmri tomogram, a functional magnetic resonance tomogram, we have an electroencephalogram, very rare stories when it is possible to get directly into the human brain with a microelectrode, naturally during

neurosurgical operations, in these situations we can see something, in particular , if a person concentrates there on some word, on some association, then you can see activation... but we are talking about the same thing, that is , the mental image in the head should be the same, and does this mean that the structure , well , a morphological structure, a set of neurons that touch each other in some way, it is the same, a specific morphology, specific coordinates in the brain, most likely different for different people, but there must be connections, information channels.

these smells here in burmansk you will only add a box of cheburashka, but there is cod. and as we remember it then, it lies there later and lies until required, when an orange was brought to murmonsk, suddenly i remember their existence, i remember that they once took me, for example, to sukhumi or somewhere else, i was mediterranean the sea, and there i saw how these oranges were growing, well , it turns out that as soon as we throw some additional activation there, due to, well, for example, the same sensory inputs, then the whole system is capable of being excited from...

yes , the child already has so many words in his head that you can begin to drive excitement through certain contours, and this is the basis of thinking, in fact, to invent. some beautiful phrase, and even rhymed, is to find the correct trajectory in this complex of speech centers, that is , what pavlov called the second signaling system, this is it, and we really see it on artificial neural networks, well, in gpt chat, for example , yes, that they gain approximately the same vocabulary, and then they can pull out associations and sometimes quite funny ones, but i can come up with a new word that didn’t exist at all, i can... come up with, well, not me, but people can invent worlds, yes, these are science fiction writers, they

are quite real, yes, this is an amazing ability of our brain, to create some new generalization within ourselves, and as a rule, new words are an additional generalization, well, at least such meaningful words, although of course, you can just see an unknown animal and give it a name, like a kangaroo, or something else like kuzdra, glokae kuzdra, for example, but generalizing words are especially valued. which collect several specific words together, well, by the way, in poetry this is exactly what offends a lot of people , sometimes the same poem, the poet uses very generalizing terms, in the end everyone reads the quatrains as they want, because the generalizing term means everything and nothing, yes, yes, there is night, street lamp, pharmacy, and it’s as if you are already immersed, some in st. petersburg, some in the perception of allergies, and so on.

tasks of the brain, a complex brain, in the course of life,

to create inside, to form inside a cast of the surrounding reality, and this, of course, does not arise in the course of evolution in order to write poetry, but in order to model situations and choose the most appropriate behavior, that is, since you already have a model of the world inside you, you enter some initial data there, this thing calculates, and do it like this, it will be good, but not do it will be bad.

is consistent and you understand why you think, like all these levels, they still have some kind of material basis, but there are cells, communities of cells, contacts between cells, there are some molecules in the cells, that’s it, what i understand is all this somehow lives, works, eats, yes, behind these words, program, system, neural network, levels, you understand how a thought is put together, well, i would like yes, to some level of specificity.

brain cells in order to somehow stop problems with degeneration, or what do you mean by the ability to reproduce? these are motivational components of our behavior, motivational-needs, that is, at the basis of our behavior, in many ways, the work of centers, the so-called biological needs, the center is bare, but

this doesn’t require a special brain; they reproduce without brains, and they also eat without brains; single-celled organisms reproduce very well. and well, they don’t eat anything either, well, that’s where evolution begins, then it turns out that it’s more profitable to be multicellular, because you’re big, just like you eat single-celled animals, you can’t be eaten so easily, so, but as soon as multicellularity appears, you need to somehow- then we put everything together, the nervous system arises, and we look at very simple worms or coelenterates, and we see that the neurons are already yes, there are neural networks, they work... similar mechanisms, the same synopses, neurotransmitters, receptors, and then at the initial levels of evolution, basically the networks already seem to have innately given properties, that is, from the very beginning there is already a plan drawing, where everything is written, what kind of grid it will be, what it perceives, this is already innate, we

look at how the price develops, this wonderful worm, which has a little more than a thousand cells and 300 of them are nervous, and we see that everything comes together amazingly the same , from worm to worm, but we are not like that, i don’t know embryology well , but i know that there are two types of development, one is so deterministic, but with us everything develops more or less, well, not as god wishes, but in general in different ways everything is developing quite stochastically in those areas that continue to study, we continue the badon podcast, i am its host konstantin severinov, a podcast about evidence-based medicine about how healthy people can continue to be healthy, no matter what, today we are talking with vyacheslav dubynin about the brain, myself our brain structure is similar after all , so you can look at it, here it is in a jar, but it consists of a huge number of tens of billions of neurons, 90

billion, i don’t know who counted it , i wonder how they counted it, by the way, suzanna herculana huzel, a wonderful brazilian scientist. she figured out how to divide the brain into separate cells and distinguish neurons from glial cells, she has excellent work , and just phylogenetic ones, it takes a very long time to count up to 90 billion, you know, you need to count it very quickly in order to make it in time for your life, she and has been working for 20 years, she has excellent articles, there is a comparison of the brains of marsupials, a comparison of the brains of parrots, or for example, the brains of humans, elephants and whales, well, let’s see, the cells in a person’s brain, when he is born, they are the same. .. and some kind of respiratory center or a hunger center, there are few neurons there, in fact they are , apparently, in some fairly rigid

positions, this in the case of human development is laid down at some of the very early stages, but we are there first , well, you are now touching on one of the most mysterious regions. neurobiology , but how the network itself is formed, because not only must all the neurons fall into place, at least in those zones that will perform such an innately given function, they must also release processes so that you are a child he was born , for example, some kind of sucking reflex was working, but they touched the lips and that means sucking movements began, saliva is released and all that stuff and for, and there are children without such a reflex, what doesn’t happen? focus the fact is that evolution, these mechanisms, it has been debugging for hundreds of millions of years, so everything that worked directly unsuccessfully has been weeded out a long time ago, and there are blocks in the brain that practically do not break down and do not fail,

because if there is a failure , then this is not a viable option, well, in this sense we usually compare the cerebellum and the cortex of the large hemispheres. and the mozhik’s cortex - it ’s promotional skills, the cerebral hemisphere is more of a sensory, sensory emotional association, well, including working with words, and so motor skills there’s no way to do without them, so some shark has a man no worse than ours, in my childhood this is the same thing, when they wanted to offend or i wanted to offend, they said, remember there are not enough convolutions, these convolutions will be like fingerprints, this is this, for example, in newborn people, this is a unique, only inherent thing, but what has already been said.

these are superficial neurons, and the larger the surface, the higher the computing resources, so that is, folding is needed simply in order to put what is there in this head generally speaking, it doesn’t fit, well, just like the folds in the mitochondria, but why do you need cristae, to put more of these same enzymes so that oxidative phosphorylation occurs, approximately in general , the idea very often comes together. especially in the neocortex, which is our main learning zone, it occurs during the first 2-3 years, very

intensively, therefore, in fact, those who are involved in anthogenesis, the formation of a network is the establishment of connections as a kind of rigid structure, when this neuron connects with this, and not with another, this is what is meant, yes, yes, a network - this means neurons, send out processes and form contacts with some nearby... yes, very distant ones in the world, these are these swarming sets of these axons that grow somewhere, axons of dendrites, yes, and try to find each other, this really happens like this, yes, this really happens like this, yes, this happens when - these are not cockroaches in the head, these are neurons, that’s how it is -they are whispering, crawling with dendrites, this is exactly what is happening in the child, most likely not, cockroaches in the head - these are, after all, impulses that run somewhere in the wrong direction, so... we observe the germination of processes in a small child and, for example, we observe when there was an injury, recovery is underway,

well, let’s say, in a person, this is despite that there was this truth, that supposedly nerve cells do not recover, but in reality something happens there, yes, the neuron itself, if it dies, as a rule there is no replacement for it, well, with the exception of the olfactory zones and the hippocampus, the short-term memory zone, but that's a different story, but that's how it usually is no... it all dies, but neighboring neurons can send out processes to mend the hole , this is how recovery occurs, well, for example, after a stroke, in fact it turns out to be an instrument or organ that perceives external influence in some way and becomes what it is make external influences , there may be a lot of opportunities, you can there , i don’t know, it’s clear that a bad lifestyle can affect something, and you will become a bad person, you can use the wrong words and... you need to also then commit non-action, this somehow looks very strange and completely and completely removes

some kind of free will, but, that is, you can just hear something outside and then become one, because you simply have already created a rigid structure in your head , which does not allow you to become different, this is if yours, remember this very thing, this is because this is not me, this is school, family, upbringing . why, and i have absolutely nothing to do with it, by the way, this is a very serious legal problem, because who is to blame, yes, my dear, if, if my brain is like that, then only i can probably disconnect everything from my brain. here we are already approaching problems, rather philosophical and very psychological, but the trick is that we have there, in this very information-speech model of the world, we also, apparently, have our model of ourselves. and from this idea of ​​oneself arises the ability to generate

behavior without obeying external stimuli.