the question is why january 1 - in general , the romans first began to celebrate this date in 153 bc, since from this day the roman consuls took office, that is, this is just from ancient rome, in the forty-sixth year bc guy julius caesar finally approved this date, using various astrological forecasts, maintained a new julian calendar from january 1 , 1945 bc, finally the beginning of the year in ancient rome began to be celebrated on january 1, and this new year became that new year, yes, which we are already talking about now, well, we did not immediately, so to speak, follow the roman, roman path, because until 1492, we celebrated the new year in march, then ivan ii ordered to celebrate, so to speak, from september 1 , because it was convenient, because it was a harvest festival there.

well, yes, that’s how it went, in fact, that’s why 1699 became the shortest year in our history, it was only 4 months, the same thing began with new year’s fireworks from peter i, now you can imagine what happened when chinese firecrackers with all their charms and dangers have spread to us in russia, but in fact we read in the same decree of peter i, and on the first day of january , congratulating each other as a sign of fun. a year and a hundred years to do this, when on the big red square the fire will ignite the shooting, then at noble households , boyars and noble people, each in his own yard from small cannons, if anyone has them, from several muskets and from other small guns fire three times, fire several missiles, depending on how many you have, and where there are small yards, who wants to put one, two, three thin tar barrels on posts, filling them with straw or lighting them with brushwood, that is, this is also a tradition coming from peter i, but this tradition...

celebrates another new year, but if we talk in general about the people, then of course this is celebrated, and this is celebrated, but the new year holidays in general are probably the most beloved, and everyone’s favorite christmas tree began with peter the great. again we read the decree: as a sign of the good beginning of the new hundred-year century in the reigning city of moscow, by large and passing along noble streets, noble people, at houses of deliberate spiritual and worldly rank, in front of the gate, make some decorations from wood. pine, spruce and juniper. this is

the origin of the new year tree. but the new year tree itself is a very recent tradition, this is the 19th century. initially, the tradition is german, it came to us from germany. this tradition dates back to the first quarter of the 19th century, when the wife of grand duke nikolai pavlovich, the future emperor nicholas i , alexandra feodorovna, gradually introduced this custom at the imperial court. alexandra fedorovna absorbed this tradition in germany itself. and uh, in russia, since then , there has also been a court tradition of decorating new year trees, lighting candles on them, and so on. by the way, the personality of alexandra feodorovna and other russian empresses can be seen in the podcast that we have already done, in the russia-west podcast on the swing of history, uh, dedicated to the wives of russian emperors. you can watch this podcast on the website 1tv.ru, the website of channel one. i just can’t imagine how... children back then were even before

the christmas tree, well, listen, it wasn’t so little, it wasn’t there were a lot of holidays, especially some kind of children's holidays, but here, well, the christmas tree is... deprived, and moreover, you are directly pointing out the problem, because burn everything in general, the children were simply deprived, originally endowed with this there were only noble children, so we know exactly when it all started, in 1817 this same empress alexandra feodorovna was received into the royal family, they received her warmly, but not quite warmly, because she really missed her brothers. she even wrote that i saw off my brother wilhelm with sadness, i felt a new surge of melancholy over separation from my father and brothers and sisters; it was a terrible moment. in addition, she had a conflict with the head of the imperial palace department, naryshkin. she writes: before christmas

, an event happened in our small courtyard, which i must mention in a few words: our marshal, the court marshal, naryshkin, was causing trouble to my husband every minute, that is, the future heir to the throne could well be causing trouble. at the slightest joke he would get so angry that he would turn green and yellow with anger; in addition, he i tried more than once to make an inappropriate remark to the grand duke, even about me, and although many took part in it, i had the character to stand my ground and ensure that he left this place. in connection with this conflict, nikolai pavlovich wanted to somehow console his wife, and the best way turned out to be celebrating christmas, namely christmas, according to german custom, with this very lit christmas tree, and this tradition quickly spread, first at court, and then with. ..

yes, this is what the patriotic society decided then, that this is all western, not ours , categorically, not necessary, in general they wrote quite a lot about this, well, what can i say, they wrote in vain, and the imperial reading itself opposed the abolition of this holiday , of course, of course, well and such things in general, again about children, how can you deprive children of such holidays, but at least a nut on a christmas tree, so to speak, which... used to be hung in gilding in such a way, well, i must say that this tradition about christmas, nuts in gilding on the christmas tree, lit candles on the christmas tree, by the way, fires are dangerous, as they still are, accordingly, the number of fires for the new year is a separate problem, for fire services this is not a time of rest, on the contrary, a time

of the most intense painstaking work, it was mainly a tradition of celebrating christmas, namely christmas, since 1817, how this tradition began, so it continued at the courtyard and christmas trees were arranged for the imperial children, the retinue was invited, it was already a family holiday, at first it was just an imperial holiday, and each family member had his own christmas tree , the adults had a larger one, the children had a smaller one, next to it there was a table with a christmas tree for gifts, the additions were quite modest at that time, there were some small toys and candies, nicholas i was afraid of these lit christmas trees, when in december 1937 there was a fire in the winter palace, the first thing nikolayevich thought was that the children were playing with lit candles on the christmas trees, and that’s why it all happened. well , it turns out that in those days, strictly speaking, the new year was on the side, the main thing it was christmas, they celebrated christmas in the village, and the new year, well, after

that, they gave out gifts for christmas, of course, christmas gifts, christmas gifts, this whole christmas tradition, it didn’t take root right away, as i said, first you just need to know , but even among the nobility and... among famous people, this caused irritation for some, for example, among covelamphiles close to them, for example, ivan goncherov, the famous, wrote about the christmas tree: a clumsy, german and unwitty invention: to take a wet dirty thing from the forest tree, stick cinders, yes, tie walnuts with threads, place gifts around, it’s unnatural, and the church also objected to this, believing that these celebrations around the tree are demonic games, until the eighties of the 19th century , the church was skeptical about the christmas tree. as alien to this borrowed german, non-russian, non-orthodox tradition.

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without a filter, tomorrow on the first. if i get sent to prison, at least i don't care about losing weight. we keep talking about new year's traditions. we, in the west, talk about how and where this event is celebrated. this is a historical podcast russia-west on the swing of history. it must be said that in soviet times, the new year became a truly national holiday, covering all classes, because in the russian empire, the new year, namely the new year, and the christmas tree, these two holidays, the elite, the nobility, and so on to say, the middle strata, the urban strata, first of all, the working peasants did not know all this, and could not give to their children...

a holiday that took place with the participation of lenin , and, interestingly, lenin was robbed on the way to this holiday, his car was taken away, the pilot did not look at the documents, he did not understand at first who he had robbed, only in hindsight did he realize that he had in his hands was the chairman of the soviet government , the only thing, if we already remembered this , the only thing left for him was a bottle of milk, which he was carrying for the cereal, they regretted it, yes, but i’ll note one more thing, you see, when you talk about traditions . soviet, then it happened here the transition, well, of the christmas tree, so to speak, yes, from

christmas to the new year, yes, this was such a fundamental one for the soviet government, it was a transition, naturally, although after lenin’s death they tried to ban the christmas tree and new year’s tree, both of them , in the twenty-sixth year, by a resolution of the central committee of the all-union communist party of belarus, this very custom was called anti-soviet and not ... state, but in the twenty-ninth year some local resolutions were adopted on the prohibition of cutting down green spaces in connection with religious rituals, it was about christmas tree, we were talking about verba, palm sunday and of course about the birch tree for trinity. yes , that is, it was sort of prohibited, but at the same time , at the bazaars, christmas trees were still wrapped, sold, and celebrating the new year or christmas, whoever, in fact, at that time, this was evident from the diary entries, eh. became such a sign of slight disloyalty to the soviet period, such an echo of the old world, in the early thirties, but in

the thirty-fifth year, when, as comrade stalin said, life became better, life began more fun, the second, the second five-year plan for industrialization, stalin decided that the people needed to return the christmas tree, there should be a holiday, after all, that marks the turn of the year, and the komsomol members, who had just been fighting the custom of putting up new year's trees, were suddenly obliged... in december in thirty-five , on the contrary, to organize christmas trees for children, uh, sales of new year's gifts were opened in tsum, for the new year people began to buy cakes, tangerines, and even in thirty- seven a new attribute of the new year had already appeared - this is soviet champagne, which began to be mass-produced right then, at the same time another symbol of the new year appeared, now many viewers will probably be surprised, santa claus, in russia he appeared in... soviet times from the year thirty-five, although the image, of course, was taken as a basis from slovenian folklore, there was such a frost

or studenets, treskunets, then drizzly , which personified winter, with whom, who was such a rather tough character, he could freeze, he could bring some harm, but with him you could have some trusting relationship, that was the fairy tale, popularly a man and frost, yes, yes, well, there are a lot of fairy tales, so - who, according to the crops , know the fairy tale about the stepdaughter, the good stepdaughter was frozen by frost, the man goes to him to sort it out, in the end, frost, in order to atone for his guilt, gives him a tablecloth, everyone and her evil sisters. yes, who were frozen by the frost, the soviet santa claus turned out to be much kinder, in the west , you know, there are quite unpleasant personalities and they generally go out on holidays, it’s also very difficult there in fact, as for these western events since december by

january is to separate out who is christmas, who is new year's, who is... new year's fast, because in some countries they very actively celebrate the gift of the magi, and this is a completely separate holiday, so these characters are migrating for children's all these gatherings , they start with christmas, then they generally get to this meeting of the magi, well, for example, there is this one... ours, well, we have the snow maiden, the assistant of santa claus, and there santi is helped by, well, i would say, such dubious characters, well, in austria, southern bavaria, hungary, slovenia, the czech republic and even in some areas of italy and croatia,

there is such an evil krampus, i have never seen his image, but like this. right next to him, it means that dear grandfather santa is giving the child some kind of apple, and in western postcards, they were sometimes depicted next to him, standing next to him is this krampus, similar , but he is depicted in different ways, but in general something animal-like with horns, similar to demon, i don’t know, that means this... the creature in front of him is on his knees , a child begging like that, and he ’s proving something to him with a whip, they have this, that means this the tradition is that this krampus, he can come to the house and give bad children a piece

of coal, instead of a gift, or leave something as a gift. come to everyone, well, he really wants to climb straight up this very pipe, that’s why there is a black pete who is not afraid to get dirty in this pipe, so he has a list of good bad children too, and he too, that means, in principle can punish very seriously, so

it’s interesting that the worst punishment, black pete, he can... send children to spain, why to spain, well, it seems not scary, well, mallorca, i don’t know there, the canaries , no, it’s all about history, because the dutch, you know very well, once fought with the spaniards, since then the idea is this in black pit in the legend of black pit , this performance was left in spain, which means it is something the most terrible, in catholic spain, protestant holland, of course, of course, of course, and the germans have one - the bollard ruprecht or the knight rupart, also a companion of st. nicholas, here, but he too , it means that if he comes to a child, and if he knows how to pray, he gives him gifts

gifts, if he doesn’t know how, then he can even drag him into a cave and generally devour him, that is , we have had some kind of humanization, i would say, just in soviet times you mentioned the snow maiden, this is also a completely new invention, the snow maiden is like the companion of santa claus appeared in the thirty-seventh year, and although before that in 1873 there was an adaptation of the folk tale snow maiden to alexander nikolaevich ostrovsky, the snow maiden appeared as an obligatory companion of father frost, then as a variation she was also his granddaughter. yes, which helps him communicate with children, in the thirty-seventh year she appeared on the main moscow christmas tree in the house of unions, now it is a big dmitrovka, also the house of unions remains, everyone, by the way, has forgotten. probably why the house of unions, the residence of trade unions was located there, so the house of unions, there on the main christmas tree of the country in the year thirty-seven , father frost appeared with the snow maiden, you

mentioned all these evil forces, it’s understandable why, uh, because the line years, yes, this is such an intermediate time between, well summing up, summing up, a new beginning, when evil spirits can break into the world, well, yes, in the russian tradition, this too... manifested itself in connection with various kinds of christmas tales, christmas stories in which evil spirits appear, this period lasted until epiphany christmas eve, until january 18, when the souls of the dead can make their way into this world and the rampant evil spirits that need to be fought, and let’s just open gogl on this topic, yes, who wonderfully described this whole story, so in our traditions, evil forces were also present, yes. this is a historical podcast russia and the west on the swing of history. today we are talking about the new year. in soviet times, the same gaidar

had a wonderful thing. chuk and gek. drawing fairy tale. absolutely stunning. there’s such a brilliant new year’s spirit conveyed there, you know? and comparing this, well, i vote for chuk and gyok. absolutely exactly. here. this is also a classic christmas tale, translated into soviet armor, you can remind the audience of the plot, a letter arrives to the wife of a geologist husband and his two children, whose names are chyuk and gek, just in which he invites them to celebrate the new year somewhere in taiga, where he works, and then a telegram arrives, and the children, having quarreled, lose the telegram, and the family goes through all sorts of adventures to their father, when they arrive at the place, it turns out that he has gone into the taiga with a geological party, and a watchman also appears there, carrying a message, then accordingly brings the key to the room and a letter from his father, as a result, the father is in time for the new year and the family celebrates the new year together

year, this, by the way, is an important thing, this is just an emphasis already in soviet times, the fairy tale was first published, in my opinion, in the thirty-ninth year, well, somewhere under the name telegram in the magazine krasnaya nofi, then a separate brochure was published a separate children's book, this is a family holiday, that is, this is the time when a family, even once ... well, sometimes turn something around, but that's why there are a lot of such peculiar signs in different countries they are very different, well, i'm good at latin america i know, there, for example, there is such a sign

in... portugal, it’s like life starts on the wrong foot, we say, get up on the wrong foot, here comes the new year, so we need a new year on this very foot, well, somewhere there, let’s say , in the new year, you need to stand on the other foot , then in my opinion, there they eat raisins instead of grapes, yes, yes, in brazil, if i’m not mistaken, there...

in colombia it’s also yellow, in kostorik it’s purple, in brazil for us everything is white, i recommend if you believe that it will bring happiness to wear everything at the same time, purple, yellow, red, well, those whoever lives somewhere near a body of water, the sea, well, in latin america there with... the ocean, there is also such a good omen: to swim on new year's eve, to plunge at least on new year's eve

, but there the water temperature is a little different than us, yes. except that in a trial, so to speak, you can do this , well, there are a lot of different ones, in chile, for example, it is in the new year that six-year-old girls have their ears pierced and given their first earrings, because well, like initiation, here is a little girl, she goes to where -then the next step begins to grow into a girl if to return to soviet traditions, then one of the current traditions is the new year's address, but... this also began quite recently, leonid ilyevich brezhnev was the first soviet leader who began to regularly address soviet citizens on new year's eve, before him there were also congratulatory speeches , but they were broadcast not on television, but on radio, since televisions were simply rare, and the founder of this tradition was the all-union elder mikhanovich kalinin, who on december 31, thirty-fifth year addressed on the radio, but

he did not address everyone , we are used, of course, to celebrating the new year, well , the classics, olivier salad on the table, champagne, the president on tv, well , of course, it’s different in the world, without olivier salad, although no, you you know, olivier salad has become, uh, in general , such a new year's dish in many countries, another thing is that this is insalada rusa, russian

salad, well, they are already starting to make it there, i don’t know, with fish there is something else, although i’m not a cook , so i don’t know, in fact , it’s probably olivier salad back in pre-revolutionary times times, it was also made, so to speak , in a special way, and in a special way, so maybe they are even right in some ways, i won’t argue, but a real olivier salad, i only ate it abroad once, i’m alone. brought to the pervaand military for the new year, when they sat me down at the table, i was a little stunned, because it turned out that there was a real olivier salad, which we are used to, wonderful pickles, tomatoes, at first i didn’t even understand how this happened maybe, but it turned out the secret was generally simple, because

almost all the officers who were there at the table, they studied with us at the shooting courses, together with their wives, they were there, and the wives, naturally, wrote down all the recipes, wrote them down, all this continues and is passed on, as if this is a tradition, you said about olivier, another symbol of the new year is tangerines; in soviet times, of course, the main source of tangerines was abkhazia; in the sixties godarins became the source. having gone to morocco there regarding some issue about mining, mutual assistance there and so on, and there one official tried local tangerines, he really liked them, he asked to pack them with him, which means that connections were made, moroccan tangerines of the unshiu variety began to appear in the soviet union, they cost a ruble 30 kopecks per kilogram, a tradition, new year's tradition,

of course, is making a wish. they are all different, and the signs are also different, i don’t know about you, when the chimes strike, i try so hard to combine the time and the amount of champagne in the glass so that i can finish everything on time, from start to finish, at this time i mentally say we perceive some desires, of course, and this is understandable. psychologically, that the new year means new hopes , always hopes for the best, because i don’t know that there hasn’t been a case in my life where someone is waiting for the new year, that’s right, then you can remember the unpleasant, there’s something else , but it is on new year's eve that they always remember the best.