said, not elina, not a jew, but lenin brought marxism also to the mongolian steppes and to africa, so yes, for some time he was a teacher of such a planetary scale, no doubt. in fact, you are right, western european marxists, not marx himself, it was his followers who were quite dogmatic, like kautsky, plekhanov was less dogmatic, but nevertheless they...

he insisted that a party of professional revolutionaries should be created , not a broad mass party, as was the case in the model of german social democracy, on which western marxists were guided by, and the model, accordingly, is a somewhat paramilitary party , existing on the principle of democratic centralism, that is, while discussions are going on, please, they can go on as long as you like, when a decision is made, party discipline obliges you to carry out these decisions, even if you i don’t agree with them, this model turned out to be effective in conditions...

in terms of literacy, because he counted not only on intellectuals, professional revolutionaries, members of his party, but also people who recently came to the party, the same machine workers who were also present in the party in large numbers, in order to convey this idea to them, so he turns it around in different ways, both in texts, and not only in texts, at rallies, he returned, sometimes several times to the same main thought, he returned, of course, without fail, but, but, but in different ways, yes, in order to drive it into their heads, of course. through persuasion, in this sense his style differed from the style of trotsky, who was very turbulent, bright, who was more interested in rhetoric rather than logic, even his enemies admitted that it was very difficult to argue with lenin’s logic, and lenin managed to convince the party to actually turn 180° several times, in particular this was in his famous april theses , when he announced the possibility of a socialist revolution immediately after the bourgeois-democratic, february revolution, that the bourgeois...

no one noticed this. he was,

strictly speaking, a good, wonderful, talented person, in his environment, well, no, no everyone, so to speak , turns out to be a revolutionary, but in lenin’s family , all the children became revolutionaries, this is the eldest alexander to the younger sisters, they are later, so to speak, that’s all, but this happened also because lenin’s father was a typical sixties person, yes, he was a teacher, then at one time he was a director, respectively. was an inspector of schools, uh, rose to a high rank, yes, received hereditary nobility, lenin was a nobleman, yes, yes, he deprived himself of nobility after october of the seventeenth years when the estates were completely liquidated, equalized, uh, so, uh, lenin, uh, well, back then volodya ulyanov, was the son of a man who really hoped, was generally raised to the social life of the sixties, he was raised on the values ​​of the sixties . on values, including

russian classical literature, and what was possible as liberal reforms in the sixties, in the late seventies, even at the end of the reign of alexander ii, and then even more so. during alexander ii it becomes impossible, the screws are tightened, and this causes the opposite effect, yes, this value conflict arises, i agree with you, in this generation, i agree with you, only - come on, you see, i don’t know a single period in our history when a russian person didn’t dream of justice, you know, he dreamed of it before the great reforms of alexander ii, he dreamed during the reforms, he dreamed after that. as it was with the sixties, which you are talking about, he still dreams today, that’s right, that’s why not everyone goes into revolution, so yes, the situation itself is family, she set up a certain kind of thoughts, and probably the older brother

also came to this not without the influence, so to speak, of this homely atmosphere, but nevertheless , it was vladimir ilyevich lenin who was the revolutionary. in my opinion, it was not the situation in general that did it in the first place, but specific ones, the specific death of his older brother, who was a huge authority for him, was an authority, but still, if you look at the chronology, just when his brother is executed, he surrenders exams, yes, he enters kazan university, to study law faculty, which, by the way, was attended by people who wanted to change the system from within, yes, that’s it, and then he was expelled, as you know, for his participation. a freshman who had 3 petitions to him, he wrote a petition , studied for a month, of course, he was not any leader, he just took part and was expelled from the list of others, then, which is also

important, he graduated as an external student from the st. petersburg faculty of law, after several and also, his revolutionary activities were rejected several times, his mother wrote unnoticed, and after this meeting, he receives, accordingly, a degree, becomes an assistant sworn attorney and even acts as a lawyer, by the way, he even won something, won something, but nevertheless won related cases, well, he commuted the punishment for the poor, he just commuted it, there are few cases in in general, there were a few things to do, but yes, although he himself later joked, it was a joke that he didn’t win very much in this regard, because he understood perfectly well that this was not a solution to the issue, so to speak, when he came to the revolution , remember what was his nickname, and old man. because he looked older than his age, went bald early , in addition, compared to other youth, student youth, he came to the revolution later than them, yes, we just usually have an image of the late lenin, in general, he went through several stages, i would

say, and the first stage was, of course, following my brother, first, a passion for populism, of course, his idols remained for the rest of his life. his book what to do was practically a reference book for him for a long time many, many years, later having already sifted through marx, engels, feuerbach, hegel, he recalled the pages of this book with such teenage enthusiasm, although in my opinion the book is the most boring, just when people today.

no, just how to read it, it’s a utopia , in fact, this book is written in a special genre, utopia, these dreams of vera pallovna, famous there, yes, these are utopian dreams that paint a picture of the future society, but it’s hard to blame the author for being boring , in my opinion, it’s difficult to reproach, it’s possible, but difficult, but who in the book is distinguished by self-deprecation, he mocks himself somewhat, is ironic , despite the fact that he is talking about very serious things, and by the way, many people then were inspired by the model of relations between a man and a woman, in general, oddly enough, it was the russian revolutionary environment, the first in the world to put forward...

a book, it laid some kind of so to speak for all people and so on, this emotional, i would say foundation in lenin’s soul, and... as for the text, that is, some doctrine, then this was already marxism, but he also did not come to marxism right away, but because, in general, he to some extent repeated the path of his teacher, likhanov, with the only difference that likhanov was...

your operation is classified, you understand the order, that's right, someone is still

hunting for the contents of this box, my grandfather vananerbe was engaged exclusively in archaeology, this is really the same place, a cache within caches, there are secrets that have no statute of limitations, german, from monday, after the program time, historical podcast russia-west on the swing of history, today we are talking about lenin. the difference with plekhanov was this: plekhanov believed that the bourgeois-democratic revolution, as written by marx, opens a long period of development, after which, when the level of development of the productive forces and production relations under capitalism comes into conflict, then there will be a reason for socialist revolution in the most developed countries. and lenin, in his april theses, showed that he was right that the russian bourgeoisie is so crowded. associated with the monarchy that it will not carry out these the reforms themselves, she did not carry them out under

the interim government, power then lay on the road, but we will also definitely talk about the revolution in our podcast. major european marxists, they considered bolshevism, in general, to be such an illegitimate bastard of marxism, although in my opinion, well, if i suspect so, i cannot be 100% sure, but... i strongly suspect that marx , well , i would have accepted bolshevism with greater understanding than any swedish model of social democracy, because in the end it was marx who wrote that i sowed dragon teeth, some fleas were born, i think that in a certain sense lenin really understood marx better, sometimes we say something stupid, there is something... lenin, then it comes

to complete absurdity, and makes a difference between communists, communism and fascism, although, well, just the initial goal setting, in the german case, assumes that germany is above all a superman, and racism. yes, and racism, and communism presupposes something else, a humanistic social ideal, the verbal development of everyone is the conditions, practice there, the implementation of an idea is one thing, the idea itself is another, it’s important to say here, you touched on the issue, in particular, about a future dictatorship, but the bolsheviks had absolutely no intention of establishing a dictatorship, they ended up being drawn into it as a result of the most violent civil war, they initially believed that they could do without much bloodshed. when they came to power, they abolished the death penalty, which was restored by the provisional government, first abolished, and under the provisional government, then it

restored by kornilov. so, uh, the bolsheviks in the spring of '18, when kornilov was defeated, when atamandutov fled from orenburg, they believed that the civil war had been won, they, of course, greatly underestimated the resistance of the former ruling classes, and of course, they underestimated the scale of western intervention, overestimating the possibility world revolution, and no matter how one treats lenin, the question of his erudition, he became a theorist. an outstanding theorist, this was recognized by european marxists at a fairly early age when he wrote, he was not 30 years old, the development of capitalism in russia, which showed that russia was becoming primarily, despite the predominance of peasants.

i have the impression that everything that happened around him and existed in general, be it i don’t know, politics, military affairs, man, god, physical education, cinema, he looked at everything, measured it with this slide rule of marxism, introducing at the same time, they made quite serious changes, making changes, but...

they took money from everyone, they took it from artists, there is a story about one priest, who, as he said , gave his savings to the gorky, that is , in fact, for the bolsheviks , they took from a poor student, they took from famous lawyers, they took from manufacturers, so to speak, from sava

morozova there, so in principle, in my opinion the very idea is permissible that lenin... not for himself personally, naturally, not for selfish reasons, in the interests of the party, the world revolution, in general his politics, he could do it, lenin was a politician, something that, i repeat, is theoretical there is no evidence of this, the name parvus, known to many, could somehow how to finance it is possible, i probably don’t agree, as you think. i can speak here as an archivist, since there are no sources that would indicate that the bolsheviks took money from the germans, and those that exist are falsifications. the most famous story is with the documents of sisson, an american representative, to whom the clever polish adventurer, writer, by the way, such a polish fenimore cooper, ferdinand asendovsky sold a whole stack of documents that he himself

falsified, this was first established american historian, then our wonderful historian vital ivanovich startsev, they restored it. after all, the first one of the russian revolution was a revolutionary and even a co-author of trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution, but during the first world war, he really turned into an agent of the german government when he... came to lenin, lenin did not talk to him, this is recorded, and contacts lenin and parvus were absent during the first world war; lenin branded parvus as a traitor to the interests of the proletariat, who

sold out to the imperialists, but he wrote a lot about it, and he acted accordingly, and there , by the way, is the story with the company that parvas allegedly created at one time and which allegedly financed the bolsheviks, it’s interesting there, when all the documentation was raised, it turned out that the money they didn’t come from stockholm, it was gonetsky’s swedish company. to russia, and from russia to stockholm to finance the foreign bureau of the bolsheviks, that is , on the contrary, the bolsheviks still believed, and lenin believed so, that there are means that discredit the very goal, and take money from imperialists during the war, which will be used by the imperialists to suppress the revolutionary movement, this thing is completely impossible, so there was ethics here, revolutionary ethics is still not an empty phrase, it is an information war. it is also a war, they began these information wars not yesterday, not today, they began, actually during the first, during the fight against the bolsheviks, during the july events,

just uh, when the bolsheviks made, by the way, contrary to lenin’s idea, an attempt , well, half an attempt to take power, a very interesting plot, there were the so-called bloody days in petrograd at the beginning of july 1917, it was then that a certain warrant officer yarmalenko appeared with some false documents. "yes, of course, he is a russian man, yes, of course, he wanted a revolution in russia, but in principle he was ready to work for a revolution anywhere, i have the impression that if, i don’t know, there, relatively speaking,

would have happened revolution in haiti, he would have created ilyach’s light bulb there, the red army, fought against illiteracy. we continue historical podcast of russia-west on the swing of history, today we are talking about lenin. his reasoning about "how we could organize russia there, that is, he thought primarily not so much about russia, but about what would happen in general. lenin in exile, despite the deepest reaction in russia after the suppression of the first russian revolution, did not try to make a revolution in germany, he continued to make a revolution in russia, continued to revive the party that needed to be created, and it worked in this his will, just literally from ruins, and lenin managed from abroad, with the help, of course,

of his comrades, with the help, by the way, of krupskaya, who was the secretary of the party, and not just lenin’s wife, she played a very large organizational role , managed to recreate the party, for him, of course, the idea of ​​a world revolution was fundamental, but look at the irony of history during the civil war. sea ​​coast, the americans landed in siberia, the japanese occupied the far east, it was on them that the white movement relied, on intervention, if not intervention , the civil war, of course, would have ended much earlier, the bolsheviks

created, in fact, a national army, recreated it from the ruins, this national army, including thanks to trotsky, and defended the sovereignty of the country, although they retained faith in the world revolution, but lenin believed that by preserving the revolution in russia, it will be possible to preserve this hotbed. a classless society, a society of social justice, which cannot arise in one single country from the point of view of classical marxism from the point of view of

lenin. i remembered, as it were, the role of the individual.

in general, this very idea of ​​​​internationalism, and communism, that’s how many foreigners took part in the revolution during the civil war, yes, pole, pole dzerzhinsky, please, belokun - hungarian, please, the latvian riflemen left, however, a trace scary, to be honest. but nevertheless, oleg adundich, a croatian, a dashing cavalryman, that’s why i sometimes say that i mentioned that their character was so leavened or something, that’s why i say lenin, if it happened that he ended up somewhere in gaita, he would have fought with illiteracy there too, created a red army, probably, maybe, but first of all , in my opinion, since we are talking about gaita, and decided

to fantasize, he can... afford it , he would still passionately strive to return to russia, if his letters, when the february revolution occurred, he missed one revolution, the first russian revolution, emigration, he was waiting for a legal reason to return, and in fact missed it, he really did not want to miss the next one, and he literally bombarded enessa armand , alexandru kalantay, and his other comrades-in-arms with letters during the days of the february revolution about the need to return to russia by any means, in this sense he really compromised with the german government, which, out of its interests, of course, allowed the bolsheviks, and not only the bolsheviks, there were also mensheviks, anarchists, we went there, there were many different ones through the territory of germany, because it was simply beneficial for the germans that the internationalists, opponents of the first world war the wars came to russia, which is what happened, the question here is not about money, the question is really about internationalism, about the idea that existed then and also not only in russia, because then the world revolution was expected not

only in russia, the first world war seemed... ... would move the world towards a world revolution, there were revolutionary sentiments in france, there were in germany, everything was in full swing, and even the enemies of the revolution believed that it was quite possible that everything would break out any minute. it’s interesting that after the revolution, at the end of its political activity, he paid a lot of attention to commentary, so he called on his comrades, so to speak, at the forefront, not just to make declarations. solidarity, as it were, with the soviet government, and so to speak, selfless support for the bolshevik course and soviet russia, and it is interesting that if he taught the russian proletarian using western european examples, yeah, then he taught the europeans, well, it’s natural, the completely fresh experience of the russian revolution and believed, talked a lot about the upcoming battles, so to speak,

revolutionary believed that this post-war crisis must be used, that it was like a leaven for the revolution, and rejected all objections on this matter, up to a certain point he believed in this, but he believed that it was necessary to hold out during this period of weakening, a question that remains open, but once they started talking about komenterm, yes, the communist international, created in soviet russia, created as the federation of communist parties, yes, in the nineteenth year, formally stood idle until the forty-third year, in fact was destroyed by stalin before the second world war, because most of the leaders of the communist international were simply repressed. lenin, in this very resolution, yes, which a western proletarian cannot read, a western person cannot read, he writes that everything said in the resolution remained a dead letter. i believe that the most important thing for

all of us, both for russians and for foreign comrades, is that we... this puzzle of the russian empire was broken, it turned out that the country of the soviets was already on the other side it’s simply impossible to insert configurations without touching everything else. today we

talked about vladimir ilyech lenin, it was a historical podcast russia-west on the swing of history, pyotr romanov and sergei solovyov were with you, study history with us, all episodes of the historical podcast. you can watch russia and the west on the swing of history on the website of the first channel 1tv.ru. hello, this is the easy money podcast, i’m its host mikhail khanov, today our guest is maxim orlovsky. hello maxim, hello, financial expert, expert market. stock market expert, investor, private, institutional , now the ceo of one of the largest investment houses in the russian federation, and today we will talk about what the twenty -third year was like for investments, what drew our

attention, what we could make money on, and the most important thing is what the twenty-fourth year will be like in the stock markets, what you can and should make money on in the twenty-fourth year, and the first question is very simple, the twenty-third year was good, bad for traders, for speculators, how would you characterize him? in general, the year was very good, there are rare asset classes that did not give any good returns, but these are , first of all, ruble bonds, after the central bank almost doubled the key rate, of course, although the market did not react, in my opinion , properly, but still it was one of the worst investments, and is it a protected investment? government obligations, that is, we buy government debt, we buy and the de facto state owes us, how much could you earn on bonds in interest, well, let’s say at the beginning of twenty -three we believed that

the rate would rise or somehow predicted this, how much interest income could you earn? in this case, you earn only on short bonds, that is, then the rate was 7.5, this is the level of profitability if your bonds take into account the period. this year is definitely the year of stocks, so stocks have grown quite strongly, the broad index there has grown by almost 40%, and if we say about individual names of our largest companies, this is almost a two-fold increase, but

the blue chips are all in the black, and it’s great that gold is also an asset that is so beloved by our ears, at least by home-grown investors, the end of the year is very good for gold. you know, you and i understand perfectly well that if the price rises, it means someone is buying gold , buying it primarily on world markets. maxim, who is buying gold now? the main demand for gold comes from central banks, from some funds, and the new trend, indian and chinese households are getting into this game, buying coins, buying bars, this is a new trend. in general, we must understand that gold is still such a thing from the past, from those times when gold was money, when paper money was tied to gold, and this still

remains, let’s see how events will develop further, probably, the current situation, including around russia, contributes to the fact that gold will come into circulation again, well here - as i can see, gold is not is, as it is called, a protective asset, because when some cataclysms happen, the same movements during the covid... what is called the period, yes, when stocks, you remember how they reacted and what the decline was in all indices in that including the dollar's exchange rate and how gold fell then, that is , gold fell like an ordinary piece of paper along with everyone else, and we also remember the situation, but your phrase about households in india and china triggered me, you remember very well, probably 2009, when gold it was at about the same peaks of 1900-1950 when it was just... well, all the analytical publications wrote that this is a new stage in the revival of gold

and that now china is buying real gold and india, there will be two and 2.5 and three, and we remember very well that gold then fell to the level of 1.300, that is, it lost what was 30% of its price, the protective asset lost 30%. and for eight long years gold was there, what is called -30, now this situation could repeat itself or now we are only looking at the positive, no, everything is possible. all perhaps, and so gold is losing its status as some kind of international unit of account, yes, today's instability, the arrest of reserves, the inability of, say, russia, iran, a number of other countries, to be serviced by distrust in soft currencies, may revive payments, including in gold, as such a unit between these, well, as a means of accumulating storage, you would not recommend, i do not use this thing, but in our reality, look that we now have a revaluation... tax-free, yes, that too good becomes an instrument

, what will happen next, let's see, with the passing of a generation that perceived gold clearly as money, and paper money or non-cash money only as a derivative of it , the value of this asset will probably go away, let's see, here's an example, you have there is a ratio of gold and silver, once in the united states, it was fixed at 1:15, now it is 1:80, and after all...

yes, you won’t run around with gold in a post-apocalyptic world, but try to find it in price there usually ammunition, weapons and gasoline, sell. okay, what else, bitcoin? i don’t invest in the crypto industry, so for me this is a bit of an otherworldly asset. what is the reason for your disbelief? is it a lack of faith in this institution as a means of accumulation, as a means of obtaining money, or possible risks outweighing profitability, what why? if we talk about markets, about algorithmic trading, it is important that there is liquidity, there is an instrument, and in general, in principle, it does not matter what instrument it is, right, if we look at this a little from the point of view, probably rightly, then money is the thing that the state accepts in payment of its taxes is the thing in which we measure the value of certain objects, as for bitcoin, no one accepts it, yes, its emission is limited, but what

can be done with it if tomorrow the largest economies will accept it on an equal basis with their currencies, this will probably greatly increase its value and prestige in some ways, by and large, the difference between bitcoin and the ruble or the dollar in non-cash terms, that’s all, these are just some records, right , the only question is tom, the state says that i accept this as legal tender.

everyone expected that the economy of the largest world would not withstand such a high rate increase, but it did, with surprise, even the federal reserve system, this is an analogue of the central bank in the united states, announced that indeed, surprisingly , the economy turned out to be strong, it withstood the rate of 5.5 %, now we are talking about the fact that

there is no recession, why then is oil falling, because the usa is not the whole world, that is, what is happening with oil and what are your... let's say, conclusions for the twenty-third year , and i say again, forecasts for the twenty -fourth, well, with oil, probably so, there is a lot of oil, it's a fact, you see that a number of countries are forced to limit their production, supplies to international markets, to support the price of oil, the technologies that have come to the united states, to canada, to brazil, allow us to get oil cheaply in places where we had not even thought about it before. if you and i look at the united states, they are about to become almost self-sufficient in their own oil. the united states, if we take almost 13 million barrels a day there, it is generally the largest producer yes, so for a second,

let’s say for our audiences that the united states of america is today one of the three, there is such a struggle all the time, number one is already like this, they went to first. discipline within the framework of opex plus, if the cartel falls apart, the price of oil goes to where it should be, based on the current economic conditions of each company there, it is somewhere around 35-40, no, i would say higher, that is, this is the level that we saw there in general, seventeenth

eighteenth, here 55 65 in this range, of course, any drop at the beginning. is happening much lower, you remember very well that oil once cost negative money, after everything collapsed, the reloading, the glut of storage facilities in the first place, when all the tankers were floating full and the expiration problems of this april expiration are the repayment of supply contracts, when everything were ready to pay money for having this oil they’ll take it, this is what a negative price is, this is when you say together with oil, i ’ll only pay you...

already a critical figure, a deficit-free budget, actually the leader, the consortium you’re talking about, guardianship, saudi arabia, the actual main engine and the motivator of the very discipline you are talking about, they have a budget of 85, that’s how - will it be possible or not will the suudits keep prices down through verbal interventions, yes, or some kind of action, reducing persuasions to reduce everyone, by how much, in your opinion, twenty this is the fourth year we will be able to do this, i... do not sit at the back table with ministers at these meetings, but i would like to hope that common sense will prevail, i understand that the european union, consumers from the east, do not really like high oil prices , they will exert their

political efforts in order to try to somehow get away, again, the us elections in november, of course, to the united states. despite the fact that they are one of the biggest beneficiaries of this process, there may not be any benefit for the country as a whole. such high prices are so profitable, yes, they will also try to put pressure on russia in this way, i hope that the cartel will exist, i hope this is from the cartel’s side, we still have demand, i hope that china will be there next year grow slightly faster than expected demand. will recover here, the european union will not collapse either, although, it would seem, with the rates that are now potentially increasing, well, i would, let’s say, only dream about it. in the place of officers and financial and simply leaders of the european union, that the economy will withstand, well, let's do this, i think, to summarize

, i would like oil to be 80 plus, somewhere in the range of 80 - 100 dollars, you use oil in your stock market speculation, in trading, oil is included as a tool in your area of ​​attention is not included, especially now - these are raw materials, these are tools such as... this is the easy money podcast, our guest is maxim morlovsky, the host, one of the best investment experts in russia, and

today we are discussing the results of the twenty-third plans for the twenty-fourth year, let's let's go back to where we started, to bonds, now the government bonds are in their twenty-fourth year, i'm talking about federal loan bonds, they're an interesting investment tool, not yet, why? the market does not yet fully understand how long long-term rates will last, but rates are high now, let me remind you that we currently have 16%, but rumors are already leaking out that in the twenty -fourth year we are forecasting, or rather, leading analysts are forecasting a decline, the boldest are forecasting reduction as much as 12%. let's look, let's see what happened in the twenty-third year, we start the year with a rate of 7.5%, we end with: 16 rate, the average bond yield here we will have somewhere from 5 years and then 10 and

a half february is there were already 11 at the same rate of 7 and a half, then it falls to 11 there with a plus, now it is trading at 11.50 1170, the difference is small, okay, let’s just say for our audience, if we buy bonds, well, i i don’t know, short one-year bonds there, short ones are considered slang, that is, years. what can you survive from there , whether you need to do it or not, maybe at the moment the best tool, probably since august this is one of the best tools, these are money market funds, what are money market funds, funds that broadcast to you daily repos rate. oh, with a secured repo, let's do it this way, it's even simpler, that is, these are certain, there are investment

companies that have funds that invest your money, daily insertion, count practically on the interbank market, that is, they actually they give loans, to put it simply, they lend your money to those who need it, it all goes through the stock exchange, everything. you provide as collateral, you receive, you receive an asset as collateral, you provide money, an operation is charged on this money, when you receive interest on an asset, this is a daily operation in this case.