officers under peter , of course, industry is undeniable, because so much was built, well, one example, if iron was exported before peter, then after peter it could have been imported, on the contrary, well, or rather, on the contrary, the quality is no worse, and why even better , better, yes, than foreign ones, the same with weapons, and this is a matter of national security. purchased weapons in huge quantities, under peter the great they practically stopped purchasing weapons, that is, some types were still purchased, but in general they switched to their own production. the failure, of course, was agriculture, because the country was so depleted, the village was bled dry, so of course we should take a step forward here, well, since we took a step in the industrial area there, it’s just... perhaps we

continue to deal with peter’s reforms in the historical podcast russia is the west on the swing of history, you said, in general , peter understood perfectly well that war requires money, money and money, so here is the military question, military reform, it dragged everything else with it, with education of course, it turned out that there was progress in some special areas of education, but overall, of course, the country remained.

their number under peter increases by an order of magnitude, but at the same time, who before peter worked in the few manufactories, there was free wage labor, including those who were either otkhodniks, yes, those who earn rent for the landowner, and now they are enslaved there, or a few, respectively, free people, walking people, yes, yes, there were. now it’s tough, assigned, possession, workers, serfs, yes, uh, which are assigned to the kural plant, the merchants get the opportunity to own them, because, by the way , petrovsky’s reform is also an interesting one, first the state creates various kinds of merchant industries, realizing that this does not work very effectively now, they are sometimes simply given to merchants for free with the obligation that the merchant must fulfill government orders, the army order, first of all, the main one. the source of development is still

the state, so this strengthening of serfdom is a huge problem that also needs to be discussed, because the main source of reforms is the tightening of serfdom, it did not begin under peter, the slavophiles were of course wrong here, they attributed to peter a sharp tightening of serfdom, it is a conciliar code, eternal enslavement, but of course it tightens these screws very tightly to the point that... .peasants, moreover, like the former black-growing peasants, that is, state peasants, they are now all state-owned, he is different, subgroups are leveled out, state peasants also do not have the right of free movement, he got drunk drunk, you ended up in a neighboring village on a drunken shop, you are forcibly expelled back and put on notice that maybe you tried to escape, how many disputes there were about whether it was possible or impossible to reform russia, so to speak, not as harshly as it was done peter. well, dashkova, for example, wrote that peter

instilled some kind of skills that russians would have anyway, communicating with other peoples, painlessly, the issue is very controversial, but it is clear that shaving beards is unlikely to have helped much, reforms or the question, you can bet

they force you to smoke, so you could do without it? russia before peter is, in fact, on the verge of the possibility of becoming a dependent country, the history that eventually overtook poland, three partitions,

no poland, the ottoman empire, the sick man of europe in the 19th century, who bullies everyone and everything that miraculously in fact , largely by miracle, thanks, among other things, to ataturk at the beginning of the 20th century. a big remark about the vital necessity of peter’s reforms, well, history generally loves paradoxes, jokes like this and that further, later peter became very friendly with leibniz, the most famous figures, but he is there, i

don’t even know what to call him, he was everything, he is also such an encyclopedic person, everything, and a philosopher, everything, there’s a lot of everything, there, if to list, there... there the spaniards had to naturally sail to south america there and there to conquer something , the french in africa, and the swedes were destined for russian land, so he just thought of everything, he was the wisest man, yes, but there was one thing

the world did not foresee peter the great, so let's not have those opportunities reduce it to peter alone, because there was potential, there was potential.

this was a historical podcast: russia and the west on the swing of history. pyotr romanov and sergei soloviev were with you. study history with us. without history, modernity cannot be understood. all episodes of the podcast russia west on the swing of history can be viewed on the website of the first channel 1tv.ru. hello, i'm still dmitry bak, i still host a literary podcast with a very catchy name, let them not talk, let them read. today's episode is absolutely

special because this year we celebrate the anniversary of the wonderful poet rasul gamzatov. it’s hard to say, he’s russian, avar, dagestan, soviet. poet, he is the poet of the planet, i am convinced of this, that is why we decided to talk about rasul gamzatov in the anniversary year, that is why among our guests there is a wonderful important...

you grew up in a family of wonderful artists,

creators, and i would like to hear your story first about my grandfather, about hamzade tsadas. hamzad tsadasa is an absolutely legendary dagestan poet, cultural figure, have you been told about him, who is this for you? of course, for me , hamzad tsadasa is, first of all, a grandfather, but when i...

accept some of my relatives, and just next to people who found themselves like this, homeless, probably, after all, not everyone took them home, but grandfather was such a person, he was left an orphan at an early age and was brought up in the house of his uncle, an arabist, and maybe that’s why, as if seeing life not from the inside out,

like this, maybe that’s why he followed this code of a mountaineer so much, this a very important story too. now it's time let’s talk about the museum that you head, this is the dagestan museum of fine arts named after patimat saidovna gamzatova, well, here we see rasul gamzatovich, and we also have a photograph of the gamzadov spouses of your mother and father, this is a wonderful photograph, these are cheerful, i even i remember how they filmed it at our house, well, he came.

this is not a staged photo, i must say that dad had such artistry, he was very good at playing up the situation funny, and he called her like that, and i’m already we, to be honest, when we filmed this, we didn’t even think that it would be printed somewhere, so they seemed to be for themselves, a hat, a cloak and a tie, yes, you don’t even notice right away, but it’s very harmonious, but most importantly, it’s clear that these people are happy because patimat saidovna, of course, is the muse of rasul gamzatovich. not only his wife, but also the muse, the inspirer of his poems, and the museum was created by her, yes, this is her brainchild, this is an interesting story, which means that we had a museum of local lore, in 1958 they decided to create an art museum, because by that time there were already many artists, in

the thirties a large collection of russian western european art, including painting, was transferred to the krai museum. i would like to do this, and my mother went there, she turned out to be a very good leader, she herself said that when she came, she was surprised that money was allocated for the purchase of exhibits, they were written off for non-use, that it was as if they were not engaged in this collecting activity ,

well, of course i’ll take charge of this activity our entire collection of decorative and applied arts has developed in a very interesting way. were collected in front of her, great , it would probably be appropriate to ask you, well, how did it happen that you began to read rasul gamzatov’s poetry professionally, what happened to you when you started reading rosol gamzatov’s poetry, what is there about translation, does anyone know or were interested, well, in general, tell me

a little, this is terribly curious, you know, as if from the other end, not from the family, yes, not from dagestan, so... but it seems to me that like most, let's say, soviet children, it all started with cranes, because i, the grandson of front-line soldiers, my grandfathers fought, my grandmother was sent to a labor camp, and the theme of the great patriotic war, it is very close to our family, so the song of the cranes has been with us since childhood it always sounds when you hear it, tears well up, well, you know the song, but also... uh, i learned it in high school, when next to the school in my native lugansk, in the park at the grave of the unknown soldier, a monument

to cranes was erected, and there quote, of course, both here and there quote, there is a red army soldier turning into cranes, a very touching monument, and there is a quote: they didn’t once die in the ground, but turned into white cranes, so i even say and this melody sounds inside, it sounds... these these words you them do you remember, you know, probably the most famous lines of rasul gamzatov and maybe, well, those that imagine a lot of meanings, this is not even literature, because that’s right, this is something more than literature, this is already a part of each of us, this is inside, of course, so without this victory celebration have you been to makhachkala in dagestan? here is an amazing story on the rock: in 2010, we were on tour with the gogol theater and had already seen the erected monument, and the taxi driver who

was driving us, he boasted and said that rasul gamzatov, our famous poet, avarsky, and lenin avenue were renamed in his honor , which is absolutely fair, and wow, how interesting, at the end of the tour, the administration of makhachkala told us, all the participants, the theater actors. podcast, let them not talk, let them read. please tell me about your travels dads, in dagestan, around the country, in the soviet

union, then, around the world, they somehow responded to the family, he brought gifts, told something about where he had been, who he liked to meet with, because, well, his fame was growing , he didn’t tell the children like that, well , my mother never met either.

we show books, this section is called an old book, well, it’s somehow not very correct to talk about gamzatov as about old books, these are living books that are with us, but still they

were published a long time ago, here i have three collections in my hands, rasula gamzatova, just with mine bookshelf, as is always the case, not from the museum, museum items are in storage, and these are just my own books, just a few words about them, here is one of them -

a series of collections that meant high awards for this book, poetry, high stars, it’s called, stars again , by the way, i just realized this, high stars, a book published by a soviet writer, it came out a little later, a few years after the first one, but this is already a book by a lenin prize laureate, that is, several years pass and rasul gamzatov becomes such a recognized poet, a classic during his lifetime. i would like to say, if i may, i want to add that gamzatov still has his own view, his own attitude, this is also a flight into space title, then this space theme is very fashionable, and he has high stars, but these are people, people , high stars, i wish i could only fly to you, it’s great that you remembered this, i was born in the sixty-first year, so in my generation everyone was yury, that

is, there were a lot of yuri, because gagarin. gorsky, of course, it enters a different orbit, if we continue this style, this book was published already in the seventies in makhachkala, but in russian, which is important, and perhaps it is important to mention the translators, as far as i know, the translations were done in russian language by his classmates at the literary institute, yakov kozlovsky, naum grebnev, and it seems to me that a wide audience is precisely in their translations, the most

accurate, to the russian reader, i don’t know whether you will say this later or not, but i would like to say that for the avar people, rasul gamzatov did a lot, he translated the poems of pushkin and lermant into the avar language, and with this he introduced yesenin, uh-huh, well, yakov kozlovsky and naum grebnev, of course, these are classics, but everyone translated, a lot of translators, dozens, of course, here is grevnev and kazovsky -

anatoly, you promised us poems , please read the very same ones, as long as the earth turns, as long as the earth turns, i drank the sun, like people into water, stepping across the highlands of years , towards the red sunrise, the red sunset following, in the edge of the peaks of steep and proud, where the hearts have a special fervor, i drank stars from mountain rivers, from

springs i drank from the blue heavenly cup in the green thickets and meadows, i greedily drank the sweetest air, infused with the clouds, i drank snowflakes, where the paths intertwined over the steepness, i remember the snowflakes melted along the way, sipped by me, i drank the spring, when the axes in the mountains baked there and here, where the north is strong in degrees, i drank frost, like they drink vodka when i... i drank roses, whose glory is dear to the lands, as if the top edge of the glass sparkled with a rainbow arc, again the prickly rosehip blossomed, hops oozed from the dark rocks, i climbing a steep slope, intoxicating smells i inhaled, i reveled in the beauty of the earth, i blessed its destiny, i fell in love more than once, i was killed, i drank songs, as i sang songs, the human

soul is complex. nature, i drank with my friends at the same time in the hour of joy a buza made of honey, in the hour of grief - bitter wine, and if i drank with my heart, i did not drink for fun. joy, i saw the ashes of kheroshima, i heard laughter at festivals, and blowing sharply as if on beer to blow away the empty foam, i drank the essence of life, it is not false, it is truthful, the essence of life , i love and rejoice and suffer, and i drink every day to the dregs , i feel thirsty again, it’s my fault i have one life, let me leave the world alone.

yes, they are named here, and the photograph is very consistent with all this, because this man is flying, in fact, and the collections that are called to the stars are mentioned stars, of course, what does he see in the mountains in the caucasus, like an unclean sky and stars, and stars, so this is peace, clear air, such farsightedness, at the same time hospitality, family, kindness, that’s what’s important, yes, you know, that’s exactly what i like about dad... in his poetry that’s exactly what i like, even this it was known there was a poem, there was a song, yellow leaves , the leaves are falling and falling, people are trampling with ears of ears, trampling with ears of ears in clay and or, people have forgotten how much good, these leaves

were once given to them, i know that new leaves will form, there will be new ones sprouts, but for some reason a lot of things seem unfair to me in the laws of nature, you know, it’s so touching to write about these leaves, and he seems to be saying, well, it’s new, and we’re also waiting, i found it, they fell, what else are they like? and they should have been new, but he was like this with such pity for these leaves, that people have forgotten how much good these leaves once gave them, such love even for something that seems to understand that this is a law of nature, but says it ’s unfair, i think this is about the same as what he said about dad, about parents , yes, who are the highest court, and what is no longer there, that is, you need to appreciate what is leaving, and people, and leaves and... nature and the past, yes , this is very much what he is right in in his poems there are a lot of such testaments, take care of your friends, he has such a poem, take care mothers, after the death of his mother he has such a poem that you should feel sorry for those who

are no longer alive, rather than cry complicitly with me, better wish your mothers your family problems from any troubles, protect them at all costs, you see, he was a friend of his readers , a person who goes through some kind of experience, and he says, well... this happened to me, he recognizes himself, yes, in fact, if there are a thousand men in the world, they are ready to equip matchmakers for you, know that in this thousand men i too, rasul gamzatov, if captured you have long been 100 men, whose blood rushes with a roar, it is no wonder to see the proud man among them. called rhassul, if 10 true men of fire are not hidden in love with you, among them , rejoicing in grief, i am, rasul gamzatov,

if only one is crazy about you, not inclined to promises, know that this is from the cloudy peaks, mountaineer, called rasul, if no one is in love with you...

he said, except for a freshly washed shirt, i don’t need anything else, freshly washed except for

a freshly washed shirt, i’ll tell you in all honesty, i don’t need anything, well, to be honest, they’re here with mom had such an interesting union, he was a creative person, at the same time , somehow he was published a lot, and mom was just such a more organized budelovaya, here is the house where we live in makhachka or dacha, it was all built by mom, he generally it was as if he had never been involved in farming, so he didn’t go into it, and he really was a person who could communicate at a very high level, he was very friendly towards people, when after his mother’s death he was in the hospital, i came to visit him and he laughing like that i told him that today i saved two nurses from being fired, they said they went shopping during working hours.

that he would help them, not everyone would have responded , somehow they didn’t ask him, well, in the same hospital, this was the case with him, it’s not an accident, he was there in the evenings, everyone in the intensive care unit, they sang songs to him , they told me, they remembered how they communicated with him, how he and dad later told me what he said, he said, i thought that people had become so callous, angry, these girls, they tell me everything.

this photo is very good, i would like to end our conversation with it today, despite the fact that the man has traveled all over the world, reached the heights of fame, but still he truly feels at home here, in his homeland, in dagestan, on horseback , and this is a parting photo that says: thank you very much, all the best, i’m sure that we will see you again, well, anatoly, i also thank you from the bottom of my heart, because you read gomzatov’s poems perfectly, well, you, our dear interlocutors, i remind you that all episodes of the podcast, let don't talk, let them read. you can watch it on the website of the first channel 1tv.ru. message

from the president of the russian federation vladimir putin to the federal assembly. live broadcast on february 29 at 12:00 moscow time. you are watching the news on channel one, my name is daria shvidkaya. hello. russian troops in the special operation zone liberated avdeevka, krynka and the pobeda settlement within a week. the ministry of defense reported this. the unit in the donetsk direction repelled 12 enemy attacks. 12 tanks were destroyed. in kherson for...