residents of the fairytale kingdom. and the inhabitants of the fairy-tale kingdom, this is me speaking, the royal hero, you hear me, oh, yes, what pleasant news i was told to convey to you, everything is ready for the ball in the royal palace , you are invited to the ball, you are invited to the ball, do not

forget that you are invited , something amazing will certainly happen at the ball, because it’s not for nothing that our kingdom is fabulous, come, don’t forget, honestly, you won’t regret it, the king got up at 5:00 in the morning, personally wiped the dust on the main staircase. then i was in the kitchen and quarreled with the boss cook, renounced the throne in anger, but then changed his anger to mercy, and now runs along the royal road, checking if everything is in order, he sees.

hello, mr. forester, hello royal majesty, listen, forester, i have long wanted to ask you why you have been cheering up lately, oh and look around to see if a monster has appeared in the forest, threatening you with death, no, your majesty would have stabbed the monster right away, so , maybe robbers appeared in the forest, but, sir, i would immediately throw them out, maybe some evil wizard is pursuing you, no, your majesty, i would have dealt with him long ago, well then, what brought you to this? fortune, my wife

, well, yes, i swear to you, i married a pretty, but stern woman, they are twisting ropes out of me, they are my wife, and her two daughters from her first marriage, for the third day now they have been dressing up for the royal ball. us, we are me and my own tiny daughter, who became stepdaughters because of my weakness, i’m leaving, i’m leaving, immediately to the monastery, if in my such heartbreaking events are possible in the kingdom, live yourselves as you know, shame, shame, forests, quiet, quiet, sir, my estate is nearby, if my wife hears, i’m dead, don’t judge me, my wife is a special woman, her own sister, just like that same as she was eaten by a cannibal, poisoned, died, do you see what kind of people are in this family? i remain on the throne, give me

the crown, forget everything about the forester and come to my ball and take your own daughter with you, cinderella, are you a sovereign, she’s still just a baby, well, as you know, but just have in i mean that i will have a holiday that will make you forget all your troubles. and sorrows, goodbye!

everything is here, a watch, a broom. frying pans, poker, fire, hearth, let 's talk heart to heart, friends, you know what i'm thinking about,

i'm thinking about this, my mother and sister were invited to the ball. but i’m not there, it ’s unfair, right, they will dance with the prince, he hasn’t even heard of me, they will eat ice cream, but i won’t, although no one in the world loves him as much as i do. while scrubbing the floor, i learned to dance, enduring unnecessary insults, i learned to think, listening to the cat purr, i learned to sing songs, and not a single person knows about

it, it’s a shame, really, i really want people to notice what kind of creatures i am. but i just want people to notice this without fail, without any requests or hassle on my part, because, because i am terribly proud, but will this never happen, will i really not wait for fun and joy, because this is very harmful don’t go to the ball when you deserve it, because you can get sick. i want, i want happiness to suddenly come to me i’m so tired of giving myself

gifts, birthday gifts for the holidays, good people, where are you? good people, and good people, well, then this is what i am amusing myself with: when everyone has left, i will run to the palace park, stand under the windows, and admire the holiday at least from afar.

ganz soil ja. knocked off my feet from fatigue , getting ready for the royal ball, and you are dancing, and i care about you much more than about my own daughters, i don’t make a single comment to them for months, while you,

cinderella, i raise from morning to evenings, where gratitude, where is the gratitude? i know you wanted to run away to the palace park this evening, only when everyone had left, mother, because then no one would need me. follow me, little one. one two, three, one, two, three, one, two, three, one, two, three, one, two, three, one, you know, my dear little ones, what this slacker did just now, she danced, danced, not having sewn the cuffs on me, i sewed them on a long time ago, sister. danced without smoothing my collar, i smoothed it out a long time ago maryana’s sustrika, here he is, she danced without

thinking about how tired i was, getting ready for the royal ball, i boiled coffee so you could refresh your strength, now i’ll bring it, not insolently, she has an answer to everything, she does everything to drive us crazy , don’t feed her bread, just let me argue where your father is, ungrateful, where is he... this monster, i saw him in the forest, not far from our house, mother, what was he doing there, talking to the king, with the king, with the king, with the king, talked with the king, why didn’t you tell me about this, where are you, yadomina snake, idver, idver, i... here, darling, where were you, in the forest, what were you

doing there, and i wanted to fight a mad bear, why, well, to take a break from household chores, darling, look me in the eyes , look me in the eyes, is it true that you spoke to the king, the honest truth, little wife, did you ask the king for an increase in your salary? something didn’t occur to me, yes, but you asked the king to include me and my little ones in the book of the first handsome men of the kingdom, well, something, dear, well, how can it be, it means you talked to the king and nothing i didn’t ask him, of course, because we talked to him so simply as friends, a poisonous snake, right? i was upset before the ball, why do i have to do everything myself,

i work like a horse, i run, i fuss, i beg, i ask, i beg, i charm, i get and achieve, i have such connections that the king himself could envy me, but this... monster, no, no, no, it's decided, i will drive you out of your own home, and you will die in the forest, and your mad bear will eat you, no, no, no, mother, don't , please, look what i did , this i made a rose from satin weasels, it ’s just like a living flower, what an ugliness , what bad taste, it could be pinned on

your ball gown, it would be so beautiful, but if you don’t like it, i’ll release it, no, give it here, give it here, here, give it here , you said it was tasteless, but you said it was ugly, don’t give it to her, my dear little ones, there’s no need to be angry, there’s no need to quarrel, to stop all sorts of arguments, i ’ll take this flower for myself. are our ball gowns ready, which i ordered you to sew in one night? yes, mother, show me what a lack of skill, i will reign or perish, a foreigner who had no legal rights to the throne , accompanied. during the 34 years of her reign

, catherine earned the glory of a wise, fair ruler. she radically changed the country and, like peter the great, received the epithet “great”. she waged victorious wars and annexed new lands to the empire. wrote laws and carried out reforms, he is 34, she is 10 years older, soon they will not talk about the darkness as the most influential person. russia, but even relying on male help, the empress always reserved the final decisions for herself. empire, catherine ii. premiere. today is the first one. potemkin was preparing the main surprise for the woman he loved. the sevastopol

harbor appeared before the eyes of those present. to the ninetieth birthday of yuri gagarin. i would love to visit everywhere, but i’m afraid that there won’t be enough time to visit everywhere. gagarin was a flash, a smile, communication; he was the face of the soviet union, which suddenly appeared to the whole world. simplicity of attitude, sincerity, this is the most important thing, sincerity. he really wanted him to be the godfather, he bought me around and carried me around. this is neptune, and yuri alekseevich was the king of the seas of the oceans, very funny.

made me a man , but you can’t find me as a wolf, i have 50 million pounds at stake, put it on me, you will be a wolf, we will have a house, i promise you, your wife was kidnapped by very dangerous people, they can kill her, come to the arena together tomorrow at 10 am with a wolf, why do you need a wolf, are you afraid of me, shoot, you are the culprit of all troubles, 6 7 8 stop abrek final episode on sunday on the first.

yes, cinderella, it seems you wanted to run to the park, stand under the royal windows, you can, you can, you can, dear, you can, yes, just tidy up the room first. wash the windows, three floors, knocked out the kitchen, the beds fell out , plant seven rose bushes under the windows, sort out seven bags of beans, separate the white ones from the brown ones, know yourself, brewed coffee for 8 weeks, well, i can’t handle all this in a month, mother, hurry up, hurry up, dear.

they separate me from the ash and the fact that the fire has no strength... kali i’m in the kitchen, i’m friends, i’m friends, no matter how hard i bake, i’m so proud, i don’t always get drunk, but because i’m so good, i’m torn in the morning. until

late at night, anyone can order, thank me, no one wants to. i hide my sadness, i don’t cry, but i sing. i smile for good measure, but it’s not like i’ll never go

anywhere from being bald. hello, goddaughter, godmother, dear godmother, you always appear so

unexpectedly, yes, i love it, but last time you appeared from a dark eye like a hearth, and today you came through the air, yes, i’m such an inventor. you still can't get used to how i change easily, i admire, i love so much. there haven’t been any miracles yet, it’s just that we are real fairies so impressionable that we grow old and younger just as easily as you people turn red and pale, grief makes us old, and

joy makes us young, you see how happy it made me to meet you, i’m not asking, dear , how do you live, were you offended today, 24 times, of which in vain, 24 times, did you deserve praise today? 333 times, but they didn’t praise me even once, i hate those who don’t want to do anything, i adore those who work, i adore you and i hate your evil stepmother, i would have turned her into a frog long ago, but unfortunately, the old woman has great connections, let’s talk about you, do you want to go to the ball? yes, godfather, very much, but i can’t, don’t argue, don’t argue, you will go there, it’s terribly harmful not to go to balls when you deserve it. but i have so much work, godmother, today your friends will work for you, boy, the hares will weed out the beds

, the mice will sort out the beans, the cats will grind the coffee, and the roses, and the roses, and the roses will grow themselves. now, now i will do miracles, i love this work, boy, magic wand, first of all, let's roll the pumpkin here.

thank you, dear baptism, wait, silly, how can you ride in a carriage without horses? oh, thank you, dear godmother, wait, fools, how can you ride in a carriage without a coachman, the miracles are not over yet, coachman,

in 5 minutes you will serve. porch, well, now i can go, right? oh, my dear, she’s still essentially a girl, how can you go to the ball in such a dress? is it really me, yes, is it you! you can believe me, i see right through all people, everyone, even those whom i love very much, and i see clearly that in a luxurious ball gown, you have remained the same, nice, hardworking, kind girl, don’t remain like that, it will bring you happiness, now let’s go, i myself.

forgive me, i'm not a wizard, i'm just learning, but let me say a few words, listen to me, let's listen to him, a good boy, an excellent student, reads a lot, even writes poetry, well... boy, we listen to you, dear cinderella, i watch you work all day long, you have golden hands, amazing patience, and you are very kind, you and you don’t know this, but i have become terribly, terribly friends with you, even though i’m not a wizard , i’m just learning, but let me tell you that friendship helps us do real miracles,

these are glass slippers, they will bring you happiness, because i am everything i yearn for this in my heart. take them! thank you dear boy, i will never forget how kind you were to me. now remember, my dear, remember firmly, the most important thing is that you must return home exactly at 12:00, okay, at midnight your new dress will turn into old and poor,

horses. they will become mice again, the coachman a rat, and the carriage a pumpkin, so i remember, well, i will firmly remember this, boy, thank you, dear godmother.

hello! finally, i’m very glad, allow me to introduce myself, king, don’t bow down, don’t do it. backpacks on the steps, this is very dangerous , hello, don’t take off your glove, i’m very glad that you came, hello, hello, oh your majesty, what a nuisance, your beautiful lace collar tore in the most visible place, where, look, what a horror , what a disgrace, why didn’t my courtiers report to me about this, cowards, liars, liars! i’m leaving, i’m leaving immediately for the monastery, if my courtiers are behaving so badly, say goodbye shockingly, what

are you, what are you, king, well, how can you get upset over such a trifle, ayyyyyy, well, don’t, don’t, i’ll make it up to you like that. that nothing will be visible, and you have a needle and thread, of course, i’m thrifty, well in that case, so be it, i’ll remain on the throne, sit down with your majesty, like this, so that you don’t have to with the handy one, just sit peacefully, don't move around or i'll inject you, can you imagine? you can’t, i’m so glad to see you, i adore... new mysterious guests, old friends, of course, are a good thing, but unfortunately you already know them by heart, for example, puss in boots, a nice guy, smart, but when he comes, he’ll take them off

boots sleeps, somewhere by the fireplace , doesn’t jump with me, doesn’t run, or , for example, a little boy, but he plays for money all the time, but try, find him, it’s a shame, and most importantly, everything is in the past for them, their fairy tales have already been played out, while you, believe me, the fairy-tale king, you are standing on the threshold of amazing events, really, honestly royal, well, that’s all, it’s just making noise and capriciousness. miracles, nothing is visible, you have golden hands, and you say so simply,

so sincerely, i’m terribly glad to see you, let’s go! write down, mommy, the prince looked at me three times, smiled once, three times, sighed once, once, sighed once, once, then five, and the king told me, “i’m very glad to see you.” one time, one time, ha -ha-ha, one time, ha-ha-ha, one time , come on, come on, it's blowing here, it's blowing here, one, one time, one time, in total, three times, and for what? to you we need all these notes, don’t stop

us from having fun, you monster, he’s always grumbling, such a score, 5 and 3 - 9, a total of nine signs of attention, the highest is high, well now, my dears... and i will achieve an order to recognize you as the first beauties , 10 signs of attention.

look who came to us, you’ll find out who it is, well... mysterious and beautiful stranger, what a smart boy, right, why are you pale? why are you silent? sir, i’m silent because i can’t speak, well, don’t believe him, he can do poems, and speeches, and compliments, come on, i’ll present you all your courtiers, you are not tired on the road, no? what are you saying, did i rest on the road?

gentlemen, let me introduce you to a girl who has never been here before, supernatural, sincere, fabulous, sweet, let me introduce you to my ministers, and the minister of ballroom dancing. gentlemen, marquise

depadetroi, your majesty, your majesty, i know this girl, this is a girl, this is a girl, a wonderful christmastide, a very impressive compliment. and you don't recognize me? i don’t dare, we will now play royal forfeits, no one assigns any forfeits, no one takes away any forfeits, whatever the king wants, that’s what everyone does, the first forfeit is yours, how do you like it here? i like it very much, well, in that

case, sing something for us and bald something for us, that’s good, if it doesn’t break, what a nice girl, son! now i’ll tell you my song, a children’s song , a little magical, it just makes your soul happy, it’s called a good bug, stand up, children, stand up, stand up, stand up. there lived a kind beetle in the world, an old mutual friend, he never grumbled,

screamed, did not squeak, his group of wings crackled, strictly forbade littering, stand up children , stand in a circle, stand in a circle, stand in a circle, you are my friend and i am your friend, an old faithful friend, we fell in love with jacques, the old man, dobrik, he is a perfect man, he has everything...

and who is this sweet old man who dances all the time without music? this is the kindest wizard in the world, he cannot refuse anyone any request, evil people took advantage of his kindness so terribly that he plugged his ears with wax, and now they don’t hear anyone’s requests, but also music, make sure that my

daughters are taken to book of the first handsome man kingdoms, okay, listen. “first, beauty, it’s the fault of the lady, the next trick is yours, do something caustic, kind , magical, wonderful and pleasant for everyone present, it’s very simple, your majesty

, don’t be scared. just don’t be scared, i was expecting miracles from tonight, so they , but still, where are we, you and i were transported to a magical land, but where are the rest? everyone is where he likes, the magical land is great, but we are not here for long. a person can get here for only 9 minutes and 10 seconds and not one meg more, what a pity, really, yes, you are sad, i don’t know, can i ask you one question, maybe, one of my friends.

also a prince, also quite brave and decisive, also met a girl at the ball whom he liked so much that he was completely at a loss, what would you advise him to do, or maybe , maybe the prince just thought that this girl... so i liked it, no, he knows for sure that nothing like this has ever happened to him before and will never happen, you’re like a dream or

a vision, suddenly i’m not smart enough to touch you, suddenly i forget to drive us. singing and in despair i wake up, suddenly i forget for a moment and wake up in despair, neither words nor tears will touch you. well, my angel, but i will understand, you yourself, yourself, you understand that you are with me, but i will understand, yourself, yourself, you will understand that you are with me, dear, kind. mystery guest,

sweet, kind, mysterious guest, your time is up, your time is up, end the conversation, end the conversation.

we have returned from a magical land, i don’t know, i think not yet, but what do you think? and i think so too. let me invite you to the next dance, oh your lovely one. sorry, marquis,

but our guest has already been invited by me. you know, prince, i had days when i was so tired that i even dreamed that i wanted to sleep, but today i’m having so much fun that i’m dancing, and i want to dance more and more, magical country, what a success i had there, what kind of re-manufacturers, some kind of antukhas! thank you, the wine that we

drank with you in the magic zucchini from the magic glass was fabulously beautiful. try to guess what i'm thinking about right now, are you thinking about how good it was to eat ice cream? i'm very ashamed, prince, but you guessed right.

here's happiness, you came to me. an hour, another whole hour and 15 minutes of time i have, an hour, dear cinderella, i have to tell you very sad news, sad, don’t be upset, but the king ordered all the palace clocks to be set back... back, but he wanted the guests to it was, we danced more, which

means that i have almost no time left, almost completely, i beg you, don’t be upset, i’m not a magician, i’m still learning, but it seems to me that everything can still end very well. the best ice cream in the whole world itself chose him. what's wrong with you?

thank you, dear prince, thank you for everything, for being so caring, for being so polite, affectionate, kind, i have never met anyone better in the world, why are you talking to me so sadly, because ... . because it’s time for me to leave, no , no, no, no, i can’t let you go, honestly, i can’t, i can’t, no, no, i ’ve thought it all over, i would tell you straight out after the ice cream that i love you , my god, what am i saying, don’t leave, you can’t, stay, you can’t, well, i’m really not as funny as this it seems to you that it’s all because i

like you very much, because it ’s not good to be angry with a person for this, stay, well... forgive me, i love you. the boy got so excited.

dear cinderella, in order to cheer you up at least a little, i grabbed this ruby

​​glass of ice cream, try it from those... you give me, and then i will return the glass to the palace. thanks, would you like some? here you go. in college they wore a shirt with a sundress and a shirt with a poneva, pick some modern shoes, maybe a bitch nose or something to make it look daring, and as for the men's suit, we will make a red wedding shirt, kaluga dough, in fact it turns out, this is a gingerbread that is eaten with a spoon, all for the sake of sweetness, so that there is happiness , body dough, the bride and groom, hurray, here's copper money for you you people were not

poor, happiness, health, home. we are playing a wedding, the premiere is on march 10 at the first, the three of us broke into the bank in masks, started beating, shooting, it was very scary, a private bank was robbed in donetsk, your cells were cleaned out, viktor fedorich, find it, you will take this case yourself, this is a chance. you will move to the major league, lieutenant colonel igor melnik, is now involved in the donetsk case, they should not get too far. the main intrigue is whether ukraine will sign an association agreement with sevelos? we do everything right, everything will be fine. you are now offering me to distribute power with my own hands. only a real crisis on the maidan will allow you to retain power. what do you need

from me? we need you. tymoshenko is the only man in ukrainian politics, the americans are bringing a lot of weapons here from poland, we are coming with torches on the maidan, are you going to shoot at civilians? i will not give such a command, transfer it through the maidan, the premiere is from march 11 on the first, there is information that they want to liquidate you, what happened, boy, you got sick, i knew it. 40 servings of ice cream, you ate too much, what a shame

40 servings since you were 6 years old, you haven’t allowed yourself such excesses, i froze my stomach , i didn’t touch the ice cream, dad. if you didn’t touch me, you really didn’t touch me, then what’s wrong with you? i fell in love, dad, yes, yes, i fell in love with our simple, kind, mysterious guest, but she she ran away so quickly that the glass slipper slipped off her foot and remained on the steps of the stairs.

isn’t it so, well, okay, so be it, i’ll stay , boy, i fell in love, what happiness, this is misfortune, nonsense, she doesn’t love me,

fairy-tale kingdom, you hear me, we listen to your majesty. did a girl leave the gates of our kingdom in one shoe, how many shoes did she have on, one, one , blonde, blonde, blonde, and how old is she, about 16. pretty, very, yeah, i understand, no, didn’t leave, didn’t leave and no one left, so why did you

question me in such detail, fools, out of interest, your majesty, don’t let anyone out, understand, lock the gate, understand? “soldiers, do you know what love is, my only son is the heir, he fell in love, fell in love seriously, you understand what kind of thing happens, as soon as he talked to the girl, seriously, how she ran away, it happens...” me, well now do, we will travel with the minister back and forth across the country to look through telescopes, and you will look for a bride

with the help of this glass slipper, that the girl for whom the glass slipper will be just in time is the prince’s bride, of course, of course, now go to my treasures.

i wish you good health, everyone, forgive our ignorance, it is known that it is indecent to appear without boots in front of houses, but only sir, don’t excuse me, they are seven-league, i see it, corporal, why did you put them on, and to catch the prince’s bride, here, with we’re simply worn out with these seven-league boots, they carry the devils to... god knows where, past the target, you won’t believe, damn, past how many we rushed through the girls at full speed, and scared even more half to death, let your daughters try on the shoe, please, please, but what number, i just can’t know, but only the one for whom this shoe is exactly the prince’s bride , the shoe is just on the foot of one of my daughters, call the king, corporal, call the king, i assure

you, the shoe is just on the foot of one of my daughters, i will be very grateful to you, well, you understand me, and gild, thank you for that, but what about without trying on, two barrels of wine, no, i can’t do it without trying it on, an order is an order, anna, maryana, maryana, where to go, press your thumb, well, well, press your heel, heel, no, you don’t have other sizes, no way, madam. what should we do now? cinderella,

she has golden hands, she can do anything. cinderella, well, we sometimes. but you should n’t be angry with me for this , i always wished you well, it’s you who repay me with kindness, you can do anything, you have golden hands, golden hands, mother, little darling, put on this shoe, for me, and not...

if the shoe will fit her foot, the prince will marry her, mother, well, i can’t, well cinderella, well, i beg you, well, my baby , my dear, my beloved daughter, well, i can’t , well, cinderella, well, help anna, well, help anna, for nothing, go say goodbye to your father, i ’ll survive, from his own home, you know my connections, he will die on a cloak, in a prison in a pit, well, don’t, hey, hubby, mother, okay, i, i’ll try.

oh, congratulations, anna. your royal highness, but now they will dance in my palace. i will establish my own rules with them. maryana, don’t cry, widower king, i’ll give you a home. it's a pity, the kingdom is not enough, i need to wander around nowhere. it’s okay, i’ll quarrel with my neighbors, i

can do that. soldiers. to the palace, trumpeting behind the royal mother-in-law, step, march, hurray! i don’t know what’s wrong with me, but just falling in love,

i suddenly broke up.

i don’t know what’s wrong with me, i just see, i see that with my kindness i have ruined this. what with your kindness so far?

“i scared you, my child, don’t be afraid, i’m not a robber, i’m not an evil person, i’m just an unfortunate prince, i’ve been wandering through the forest since dawn, i can’t find a place with grief, you don’t know who was singing here now in forest, somewhere nearby, haven’t you met anyone?” i feel so sad as never in my life, i need, i definitely need to find one girl and ask her why she offended me so much, i don’t see you, but for some reason i think that you are

a kind girl, help me, help me. wait, wait, wait, wait, i don't know, maybe i'm crazy, it wasn't you who sang, here in the forest now, and there's something very familiar in the way you shook your head, and that golden hair, show me your face. where are you, where are you, where? respond, respond,

if an evil wizard has bewitched you, i will kill him, if you are a poor, ignorant girl, i i'll just be happy about this, princess. mother, if you don’t love me, i will accomplish many feats, you will please me, finally, respond, say something, where are you, where are you, respond, where are you? lie down, where, where is she, my dear, where is she, my daughter, here she is. your majesty, my dear son-in-law, well , here’s some more nonsense, how stupid is

this, look at her leg, sir, why should i look at the leg when i can see from her face that it’s not her, but the shoe came with her leg, it’s still not her, no, the word of the king, the golden word, the crystal slipper came with her foot, her foot, therefore she is the prince’s bride, you yourself told the soldiers so. “that’s right, the soldiers, yeah, they’re silent, uh, no, the business is done, dear son-in-law, damn it, what a nuisance it’s turning out to be, what should we do now, marquis, dance, of course,

what’s wrong with you? and it’s not enough for you, barsha, this doesn’t mean anything,

the unknown beauty also lost this shoe in the palace yesterday, but the unknown beauty’s shoe was a little too big, intrigue, i will, i will complain to the king, i will complain about the king, i will your majesty. perhaps you will find another daughter, sir, you will, please don’t giggle, who is this girl, and this is my own daughter, cinderella, sir, she is as kind as i am, out of love for her father, she helped anna put on her shoe. but i didn’t know anything, suddenly i look, she’s sitting in the garden and crying bitterly, look why,

onna, she look, she, she, prince, prince, i’m a prince, fabulous. i can’t stay in this kingdom any longer, oh you snake, my little ones are following me, and also the cows.

i’m not a magician, i’m just learning, but friendship helps us do real miracles, well done, boy, i give you an excellent rating for this,

change your clothes, honey, your wedding is coming soon. they're screwing around, but cinderella never said if she loves me? i don’t like to admit when people are prevented from sorting things out.

and the boy pash will also achieve his happiness. the prince will have a daughter, the spitting

image of cinderella, and the boy pasha will fall in love with her in due time. i will gladly marry the boy to my granddaughter, i adore the amazing qualities of his soul, loyalty, nobility, ability to love, i love, i love these magical feelings that will never, never end. she once came to russia to become the wife of the heir to the throne, but now her life was under threat. the emperor was preparing to place his mistress on the throne, and, according to rumors, he was preparing a chamber in the shleselburg fortress for her legal wife.

almost the entire capital, the guard, the senate, and the courtiers were on her side. it was necessary to act immediately, then she declared: “i will reign, or i will perish.” she will spend a third of a century on the russian throne. in history, like catherine the great. she will educate her subjects, carry out administrative reform and expand the boundaries of the empire. in her bold projects, she will rely on loyal associates, friends, like-minded people, on those who were called favorites.

frost was blowing from the window, but sofia augusta knew that as soon as she closed it, she would immediately be drawn to sleep, and she should learn the language as soon as possible in order to understand the country, she stayed too long, in the evening a fever began, the doctor said that it was pneumonia, mother i already wanted to call lutheran pastor, but the princess replied: no, the priest must be russian. after this incident, people at court began to look at her

differently. in st. petersburg they recognized it as theirs. soon she converted to orthodoxy, receiving a new name ekaterina alekseevna. and the very next day she became engaged to the heir, the future emperor peter ii. from now on, her fate was forever connected with russia. princess sophia augusta friederike of angelzerbsk came from an ancient german princely family, but her family was not rich, and her father was service to the prussian king. according to the plan of empress elizabeth petrovna, after marrying her nephew grand duke peter. catherine's main task was the birth of a legitimate heir, but events did not develop at all as planned. the relationship

with my husband did not work out from the first day. the newlyweds simply did not have common topics for conversation, while catherine enthusiastically read publications on history and philosophy, peter, as if a little boy was selflessly playing with a soldier until the night. but this was not enough, weeks, months passed, years, and there

was no marital relationship between peter and catherine, the grand duke’s wife felt rejected and humiliated. having learned about this, empress elizabeth was indignant, she insisted that peter be examined by a doctor, after which the heir underwent a minor operation, the effect was unexpected, he abruptly abandoned childhood games and plunged headlong into love adventures. peter has a passion, maid of honor elizaveta

vorontsova. the tsarevich did not hide his passion from the court, spending time with his beloved almost all the time showering her with expensive gifts. catherine took this as another slap in the face from her husband. meanwhile, she herself was already pregnant. it was elizaveta petrovna, concerned about the prospects for the appearance of an heir, who advised.

life, as much as possible, avoided communication with strangers. the traditional way of life was changed by peter i. by his decree, the presence of women at holidays, assemblies and balls became mandatory. this so transformed the way of life of the court layers of russian society that peter himself soon wrote about the fall of the naravs, he reproached the youth for

their dissolute behavior.

sounded like a password, as soon as they met, the two fans of philosophy could not stop talking, and soon became inseparable. ekaterina dashkova, maiden name vorontsova, was the sister of the favorite of peter ii. elizabeth, and his goddaughter. unlike...

the order of st. catherine, which, according to its status , was only a member of the imperial family. the grand duchess took the new humiliation hard. however, hope soon settled in her heart. grigory orlov was known as one one of the most popular guards officers. a reckless handsome man, a brave man, a woman's favorite. he became the first true love of the grand duchess. seeing how her legal husband treated her, grigory clenched

his fists and became oblivious. but how to directly challenge the heir to the throne could cost not only his career, but also his life, yet orlov believed that sooner or later he would avenge his beloved. peter does not deserve the russian crown, which means that gregory will do everything to ensure that this crown goes to catherine. and his brothers will help him with this. father of five the orlov brothers died 3 years after the birth of the last of their sons. this loss

brought the brothers together... their friendship has just become legendary. the place of the head of the family was taken by the eldest of the sons, ivan. the younger ones revered him as a father. ivan managed all the family's estates and his authority was recognized by his brothers unconditionally. gulyaka grigory especially gave him a lot of trouble. ivan said that while arranging grisha’s affairs, he got tired like a dog. alexey served in the leipvardiya preobrazhensky regiment with the rank of sergeant. fedor , as a young man, took part in the seven years' war, having earned the reputation of a brave man, a tall, stately villager, of a cheerful disposition, he remained the favorite of the brothers who called him.

were tied up, the empress carefully protected the russian throne from any hint of scandal, even with the most bad game everyone had to keep a good face. elizabeth would never have given her nephew permission to divorce. however, the state's health did not deteriorate rapidly. there was no doubt about the fatal outcome. if. peter will ascend the throne and receive full power, this will have the most unpredictable consequences both for russia and personally for catherine. with his unbridled character , he can do anything, including arresting

his wife and imprisoning her in a monastery. the idea of ​​a palace coup was in the air. the closest people, orlov, dashkovo, suggested that catherine wait for the death of elizabeth to take power before peter was declared emperor. but the grand duchess stopped her supporters. she is pregnant, and not from her husband from her beloved grigory orlov. in such circumstances, catherine. could not count on the support of the nobility, even with a calm attitude towards adultery, the birth of children out of wedlock remained a reprehensible phenomenon: the child was deprived of

the right to bear his father’s surname, and his mother was subjected to general condemnation. they tried to get rid of unwanted babies, remove the fetus, or throw the child to strangers. which often led to the death of children and mothers. however, many nobles did not remain indifferent to the fate of their illegitimate offspring. it happened that they adopted them, or gave them surnames consonant with their own, taking care of their education. the great russian poet mentor of the imperial family, vasily andreevich zhukovsky, was born from an extramarital affair between the landowner bunin and his concubine. the russian composer, scientist and chemist alexander borodin was the illegitimate son of a st. petersburg bourgeois woman and the georgian prince gidovanishvili. until the age of 8 , he was considered a serf by his father, until he gave him his freedom and bought him and his mother

a four-story house in the capital. in order not to compromise his mother, alexander called her aunt. outside breck were born. architects andrey voronich and karl rossi, artists. 25 on christmas day in december 1761, empress elizaveta petrovna died. peter ii took the russian throne. his very first orders shocked the army of courtiers. being.

hearing about the fire, the emperor ordered

the horses to be pawned. and now gregory is holding his first-born son in his arms. catherine only had a few minutes to spend with her newborn son. the house was already burning down; we had to hurry to take the baby out of the palace. the sons of catherine and grigory orlov were named alexey. in the early years he was brought up in the family of commodore vasily shkurin, at the age of thirteen received the surname bobrinsky. subsequently he became the founder of the count's family, lived a comfortable life and died in 1813. ekaterina knew from her own experience what problems mothers of illegal births face. to alleviate their plight, she built a moscow

orphanage, where they opened a hospital for women forced to give birth in secret. women in labor could come to the hospital at any time of the day or night, without giving their names or even revealing their faces. every day. dissatisfaction with the emperor was gaining new momentum, but peter did not seem to notice this. he introduced the hated pro-russian order in the army, prepared for an unpopular war with denmark, mocked orthodox worship and continued to publicly bully his wife.

for several months now , peter had been postponing his coronation to overthrow the uncrowned emperor. was not considered a great sin, because he had not yet acquired the status of god’s anointed. with the instigation of grigory orlov and his younger brother alexei, the guards regiments became the center of the conspiracy. the guard remained alone a combat-ready part of the russian army and often

became the main power tool during a change of power. the guards regiments were located directly in the capital and stood guard in the palaces, and the guards officers belonged to the highest strata of the russian aristocracy, involved in domestic politics. it was the guard that helped alexander menshikov enthrone peter the great’s wife, catherine i. having completed the vardean units. grigory orlov, his brothers and catherine herself understood whose side the guard was on, who ruled the empire. but military force was not enough to make the coup look legitimate in the eyes of society, and this is exactly what catherine cared about, so

her closest friend dashkova became the second center of the conspiracy. nervous, impulsive, always on the move , she attracted the attention of high society to the plight of the empress, forced to suffer from her husband. largely thanks to the efforts of dashkova. the idea of ​​a conspiracy captured the minds of the highest aristocracy, and one of its supporters was the influential nobleman, nikita panin. nikita ivanovich panin, prominent russian diplomat politician, educator of catherine's son, paul's heir. during his time in europe , he became imbued with the ideas of a constitutional system and dreamed of implementing them in russia. exactly. panin led the party that stood for the overthrow

of peter ii, but believed that the throne should go to tsysarevich pavel, as a descendant of the romanov dynasty, catherine, panin and his supporters. they intended to make regensha with her eight-year-old son, but the role of regensha did not suit either catherine herself or grigory orlov. meanwhile, the situation became tense to the limit. rumors spread throughout the capital that catherine had been arrested and there was unrest among the guards. the next morning , his brother alexei ran into grigory orlov’s house. he said that one of the participants in the conspiracy. was exposed and taken into custody, this meant that the threat of arrest hung over the orlovs themselves; they had to act either slowly or never. grigory ordered to saddle a horse to

follow catherine to petergov, when suddenly his old acquaintance appeared. stepan perfilyev - adjutant of the emperor. plans had to be changed on the fly. he rushed to petergov alexei. at 5:00 am on july 9, alexey orlov arrived in petergov. he was brief. "everything is ready to proclaim you, catherine got into the carriage without even combing her hair. at about 8:00 in the morning, catherine, accompanied by the orlovs

, arrived at the barracks of the izmailovsky regiment, where the autocratic state was declared. 40 km from st. petersburg, at any moment he could move the faithful he sent army units to the capital to try to suppress the uprising. dashkova convinced catherine, in order to prevent bloodshed, she must be ahead of arresting her husband. the two women put on mandirs

semenovsky regiment, saddled the horses and led the guards behind them. peter ii was in extreme confusion. having learned that the guards led by catherine were approaching, he sent envoys to meet her. but they swore allegiance to the empress. only the next day did peter admit the obvious. he has no one to lean on. on june 29 , 1762, after spending just over 6 months on the russian throne, the emperor signed an abdication, was placed under guard, and then transported. to robsha, one of the remote royal estates. grigory and alexey orlov they emphasized that when they started the coup, they did not count on personal gain. immediately after catherine’s accession to the throne, they submitted a petition, begging to be released into retirement, but the empress

did not intend to say goodbye to the brothers who became her support on the throne. to ensure the strength of their positions, the russian queens needed male support, both personal and political; they chose those they loved and trusted for the role of closest advisers; they are usually called favorites from the french word favor, that

is, disposition, favor. catherine the first wife of peter i, relied in everything on peter’s friend and comrade-in-arms alexander menshikov. anna ioannovna gave almost all power in the country to her lover ernst biron. elizaveta petrovna was secretly married to alexei razumovsky, the son of a simple ukrainian cossack. then she chose the young, talented ivan shuvalov as her favorite. the first of catherine's favorites was grigory orlov. being the beloved of the ruling empress is not only an enviable role, but also an extremely responsible one. the favorites became confidants for the monarch and advisors. they directly influenced government policy. honors were often showered not only on the chosen one, but on his relatives and friends. but what if

there was another strong woman next to the empress. this is exactly what happened to ekaterina dashkova. the sovereign’s longtime friend did not attribute the main role to herself in the coup. she did not even hesitate to declare that catherine owed it to her. meanwhile, tragic news came from robsha. just a week after the arrest , peter ii. passed away, catherine was beside herself,

now in the eyes of her subjects, she became the murderer of her husband, she, who was so proud of the fact that she came to power without shedding a drop of blood. details of the death of the emperor. will hide as before, but he had another rival, palace etiquette, orlov

no longer wanted to keep his distance from the woman he loved, he allowed himself to publicly hug the empress and speak affectionately to her, which shocked the court. such an appeal lowered catherine’s prestige; she tried to reason with her favorite. stormy... quarrels began to happen between the lovers, after which the queen cajoled orlov with generous gifts. although flirting was extremely widespread in the world, its rules were distinguished by emphatic theatricality, and never violated the principles of modesty and chastity. love relationships remained the lot of the boudoir. they were not flaunted; on the contrary, they were carefully hidden. compromising the name of a beloved and boasting of love victories was considered unworthy.

grigory could not find a place for himself. why does your loved one delay the announcement of their engagement? is she really that worried about what people will think about it? she is empress, she is free do what he wants and love who he wants. in reply. destroy grigory orlov and all his brothers.

the russian nobility rejected the idea of ​​the empress entering into a marganatic marriage. this term denoted a marriage between a representative of the reigning house and a person of lower origin. in the case of a marganatic marriage, neither the spouse nor the children inherited the wealth and... titles of the parents of the spouse with a higher social status. catherine did not want to obey. deal with subjects that they are not touched. catherine even decided to raise the issue of her marriage at the state council. a tense silence reigned. finally,

nikita ivanovich took the floor. old rival of the orlovs. the empress does what she wants, but mrs. orlova will not be the russian empress. the issue was closed. the hops were swirling.

betrayal from agula, it was like revenge. the empress knew about this, but did not find the strength to break with her favorite. there were fewer and fewer people around her whom she truly trusted, and most importantly, she loved gregory. in september 1771, terrible news came from moscow. a plague has appeared in the city. the authorities realized it too late, people died in the thousands, meanwhile the mother throne exploded in rebellion. people rushed to the bogolyubskaya icon of the mother of god at the gates of china town, many left a monetary donation. archbishop ambrose, knowing about the danger of infection, banned mass prayer services and ordered the icon to be hidden.

the money brought was sealed to stop the distribution. infection, but someone started a rumor that the archbishop decided appropriate all the funds for yourself. as a result, he was torn to pieces by the crowd. the rioters plundered the miracles of idonian monasteries, rushed to destroy rich houses and plague hospitals, and captured the kremlin. only thanks to the troops under the command of general pyotr yarobkin it was possible to suppress the riot and establish quarantines around the city, but the epidemic. catherine knew only one person who, rushing into this horror, would be able to save the mother throne. she sent her gregory to moscow. arriving in the city, orlov ordered the creation of specialized infectious diseases hospitals, increase the total number of hospitals and raise

doctors' salaries. the city was divided into 27 sections, on the territory of which the registration and isolation of patients was carried out, as well as the removal of the dead. and most importantly, those infected who underwent treatment were offered financial support. men discharged from quarantine received 15 kopecks at city outposts. per day, women - 10. married people discharged from the hospital received 10 rubles. singles - five each. at the same time, a loaf of rye bread cost about one kopeck. this measure has become a more effective means of attracting people to hospitals than the strictest prohibitions. count orlov personally visited hospitals and checked the quality of care for patients. the epidemic has gone downhill. after its completion , a medal was minted in honor of grigory orlov with the inscription russia

has such sons in itself for... delivering moscow from the ulcer in 1771. victory over the plague made catherine believe that her grisha was capable of much. the empress put him at the head of the russian delegation, which went to negotiate peace with the ottoman empire. the russian-turkish war had been going on for 4 years and both sides needed a break. however, although he was a good organizer and a brave warrior, grigory orlov was completely devoid of diplomatic talents; he acted blindly. demanded that turkey recognize the independence of the crimean khanate. the ottoman side refused to discuss this issue. the negotiations ended in failure.

catherine's hopes were not justified. she began to grow cold towards her favorite. on the way to st. petersburg, gregory was turned around by the royal couriers, giving him an order from the states, return to yours. estate for an indefinite period. arlov received rich compensation, an estate of diamond services, and the main title of prince of the holy roman empire, which catherine specifically begged for him from the austrian emperor. gregory took these gifts as a bitter mockery. unaccustomed to losing, he consoled himself with the thought that catherine would regret her decision. and then... he will return to court in a blaze of glory. meanwhile, nikita panin, a longtime enemy of the orlovs, celebrated the victory. he strengthened his

influence at court and even found a new lover for catherine. the young horse guard alexander vasilchikov settled in the rooms that he had recently occupied. dent sought her favor. catherine knew grigory potemkin for a long time, since the time

of the palace coup. all these years, the tall, handsome, witty man was in the shadow of his mother-in-law, grigory orlov. when he himself appeared at court, he did not hide his feelings. he clearly aspired to become the empress not just a loyal servant, but something more, but the empress did not notice this for a long time. gregory aleksandrovich potemkin, being a sergeant of the horse guards, participated in the conspiracy that brought catherine i to power . he was awarded a promotion over another guardsman, formalized the orders of the deputies to the settled commission, carried out other orders of the empress, and then went to volunteer for the war with the turks. potemkin

distinguished himself in the battle of hatin, participated in the battles of focsani, larga and the famous battle of cahul. on july 27, 1770, major general grigory potemkin was awarded the order of st. george, third degree. a correspondence began between potemkin and the empress. and in one of the letters she asked him not to risk his life in vain. after reading the letter, potemkin immediately rushed to the capital. it was the spring of 1774. she was probably circling. he is 34, she is 10 years older. soon potemkin will be talked about as the most influential person in russia. over time

, grigory orlov again gained access to the empress, as a good friend, nothing more. one day, leaving catherine’s, he began to go down the stairs and saw that he was meeting rises happy. rival, when the two grigori drew level, potemkin greeted and asked: “what’s new at court?” orlovli grinned. “nothing, just you are going up, and i’m going down.” this is the last of the legends about the great favorites of the great empress. according to some estimates, during the entire reign of catherine ii. the cost of maintaining her favorites amounted to about 92 million rubles. this was comparable to the amount of external internal debt of the russian empire.

archipelago expedition against the turkish fleet in the mediterranean sea. in chesme in the battle, the enemy fleet was completely destroyed, and alexey received the right to be called orlovchesmensky. in the same expedition, his brother, fedor, showed himself heroically, commanding the ship. after the rise of potmkin, the orlovs resigned. they were putting the estate in order. successfully

farmed; the world's most famous russian horse breed, the oryol trotter, was bred in the voronezh province at the stud farm of alexei orlov. catherine was resting after working with papers when grigory suddenly appeared. after a short fall from grace, he received the right to return to the capital. at the same moment a ringing sound rang out. whose dog is this? - ekaterina asked in surprise. orlov answered my wife as if nothing had happened. this is how the former favorite informed the empress about his marriage. declaration of love. festive concert in the kremlin. premiere, today on the first.

stearsman bourbon is a product of the stellar group. you don’t need to read 200 volumes about russia or attend one anse concert. the audience keeps saying, well, that’s how they are, they don’t walk, they float, it’s always a mystery, and it’s your secret, and it’s not a secret is revealed, no, the folk dance in the form in which we teach is not taught anywhere in the world, just like that, sometimes you have to work, these are dances for the viewer, these are smiles, hopefully he learns that the ring...

"to love the women whom "you can't love," said grigory. cousin katenka zinovieva grew up before his eyes, and he always took care of her like a brother. katya turned 15 when her parents died. 4 years later, forty-year-old grigory felt hopelessly in love. katya reciprocated. church the law prohibited marriage between such close relatives. however

, orlov was true to himself; he again decided to make a breakthrough. it is not surprising that the news of gregory’s marriage to his own cousin turned into a scandal. the decision of the senate was harsh; the newlyweds were separated and sent to monasteries for marriage. considered invalid, but unexpectedly for everyone, this decision was canceled by the empress. moreover, she granted the newly-minted princess orlova the court title of state lady and gave her her portrait. what was behind this generosity? being friendly with your ex favorite, a secret feeling of guilt or the understanding that... true love in their circle is

a rare thing. it happened that the official favorite of the empress found a heartfelt passion. the orlovs were traveling through moscow, once saved by gregory from the plague, but human memory is short, lumps of dirt flew into their carriage, a marriage

not approved by the church was condemned by people, none of their acquaintances, count igrafin, came to their wedding. raised glasses of champagne surrounded by their own serfs. their quiet happiness turned out to be short-lived. after 4 year ekaterina orlova died of tuberculosis. unable to withstand this blow, gregory lost his mind. he spent the rest of his days in his own, and the four orlov brothers carried the coffin out of the house to put it on the funeral road, but the horse guards officers asked for permission

to carry the body of their commander themselves to the final resting place. the empress had a hard time with the death of her lover, friend, comrade-in-arms, the man who helped her take the russian throne. during the 34 years of her reign, catherine gained fame as a wise a just ruler, she radically changed the country, and like peter the great received the epithet great, this would not have happened if... from her youth catherine had not learned to surround herself with loyal and talented people, but even relying on male help, the empress always left the final decision to yourself. in honor of her first favorite, catherine

named the famous indian diamond, which he gave her for her name day in 1773 . the government did not order it. the second challenged the long-time geopolitical enemy, the ottoman empire. empress i understood that now was the time to declare russian rights to the fertile black sea lands, so that the whole world could hear about it. she was not the first woman

on the russian throne, but the glory of her reign eclipses the achievements of many male monarchs. under her, the already greatest state received new territories in the west, in the south and in the north. during her reign, the country's population almost doubled; for 34 years, 8 months and 8 days, catherine ruled the russian empire, which stretched from the baltic to the pacific ocean. going to visit newly annexed lands, catherine recalled another trip. 43 years ago, the young princess angel tserpska crossed the russian border. when the girl first saw

these endless expanses, something stirred in her soul. the future empress realized with all her being. that her destiny was forever connected with russia, and this feeling, as strong as first love, bronzed her into the garden. the very heart, the territory of the russian state took shape over centuries, its basis was the muscovite kingdom, which arose after the liberation of the ancient russian principalities from the power of the horde khans. during the reign of ivan the terrible, the remnants of the golden horde became part of muscovy. the movement to the east continued under the kings of the romanov dynasties. and by the end of the reign of alexei mikhailovich, the muscovite kingdom included the left bank of ukraine, thanks to the victory

of peter i in the northern war with sweden, russia received new lands in the baltic and was proclaimed an empire. at the beginning of the reign of catherine ii, the russian empire was the largest state in the eurasian continent. but vast territories.

she dreamed of bringing enlightenment to russia , fair laws, uniform for the nobility and the common people. meanwhile, the son of the smolensk nobleman, grigory potemkin, devoted his days and nights to his favorite pastime, studying. quickness of mind - phenomenal memory, knowledge of languages ​​brought him a gold medal from moscow university. a trip to st. petersburg to introduce the empress herself to elizabeth petrovna. it seemed that

a brilliant academic career awaited the talented young man. however, returning to moscow, grigory began to appear less and less often in classes. the university library did not have as many books as the students wanted. he ran behind the iconospassky monastery, where the old book collection of the slavic-greek-latin academy was located. i read avidly, the authorities did not approve of frequent absenteeism, the young man was expelled, everything had to start from scratch, potemkin moved to the capital and entered the guards service, he soon found himself in a whirlpool of events that would dramatically change his fate,

grigory, the officer introduced himself, and now potemkin rode next to her, with the woman he would love for the rest of his life, with the empress, who from now on ruled a huge power. first of all, the empress decided to count the number of subjects in order to determine the tax potential of the country. but there was another reason: catherine wanted to get to know the people better, for whom

she was now responsible before god. at that time, military teams were sent to villages and cities to carry out inspections. they held people for a head count. often the census was accompanied by beatings, extortions, and residents fled from these events like from fire. having learned about this, catherine said: “i would also run.” she ordered not to worry the people, but to oblige the authorities in villages and cities to compile registers of the number of residents, the information received was sent to the capital, where. carried out general calculations. by the beginning of the reign of catherine ii, the country's population was 19 million people. at the end of her reign there were 36 million. the last general census in the russian empire took place in 1897 and determined the number of its inhabitants at 125

million people, with a population density of 6.7 human. for one square verst. today the population density of russia is 8.5 people per square kilometer. if in moscow this figure is almost 5,000, then in the irkutsk region there are only three. potemkin lost his head, her blue eyes became curls. it is no coincidence that they sought the empress’s favorable glance. politicians, wars, courtiers, he also tried to attract her attention, caught her glance and fell to his knees to kiss her hand. catherine, as if she had no idea about the feelings of the young guardsman, but such zeal was attributed to personal devotion. wanting to reward a loyal

supporter, she appointed potemkin to the court of the chambers as a cadet, in addition to counting. first a salary increase. the darkness grew, but the beloved woman still remained inaccessible. and then an event happened that almost deprived him of his last hope of rapprochement. it all started with the fact that... grigory fell ill with a fever, the inflammation spread to his eye, then it got worse, after improper treatment, his eye completely stopped seeing. potemkin was acutely worried about what he received ugliness, and besides, there was a rumor that

the empress’s favorite, grigory orlov, had knocked out his eye out of jealousy. potemkin stopped appearing at court; he did not want catherine to see him like this. the sovereign herself pulled him out of seclusion, ordering him to come to the court. of course, gregory could not refuse. overcoming embarrassment, he put on a black bandage and returned to the capital. even if his love dreams are not destined to come true, potemkin has no right to refuse to serve his fatherland. the empress appreciated his courage. not every courtier with a reputation a handsome man would risk publicly demonstrating such things. in addition, potemkin was witty, well-read, and ambitious.

catherine confidently entrusted him with the affairs of the settled commission. to this organ.

the blessed commission did not live up to its expectations; its participants could not reach a common opinion on any issue, and after the outbreak of the russian-turkish war, the meetings were interrupted. by this time the empress.

on the walls, among the old standards, gregory saw russians. the swedish nobleman proudly announced: “these are the banners that our ancestors took from yours near narva." potemkin remembered his father, who fought against the swedes, the blood rushed to his face. and ours took away from... the land and the city, which we still own. having learned about this,

catherine only smiled. being a brilliant diplomat, potemkin remained a straightforward man and infinitely devoted to his state, and the state knew how to appreciate this. a century and a half before the reign of catherine ii, the western border of the state passed only 230 km from moscow. by the middle of the 16th century, the empire already included the lands of eastern ukraine and belarus. however, on the territory of the neighboring state of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth there lived many orthodox christians who were subject to discrimination by the catholic majority. concerned about the position of her fellow believers, catherine the great achieved her election to the polish throne.

european-style cities, stone-paved streets, taverns and hotels. instead , here travelers were greeted by stone orthodox churches, catholic churches or protestant churches, but people in the west were often poorer, and the reason for this was wars eternal disputes over land between the gentry, and the rebellious spirit that reigned here. it survived even after entry. polish lands into the russian empire. the poles' memory of their own statehood and the desire for independence more than once led to uprisings

against the russian authorities. gregory already had the court rank of chamberlain and the rank of major general, but the court was disgusted with his intrigues. his feelings for catherine had not cooled, but now he did not give himself free rein. show them openly, what's the point if the empress expects from him not romantic confessions, but good completed task. potemkin was just looking for this kind of business, a big, real business in which he could show himself with all his energy and love. in 1768, the troops of the crimean khan made another raid on russian lands. a new russian-turkish war began and... he volunteered for it. the crimean khanate remained one of the last fragments of the golden horde. year

after year, the southern borders of russia, the ukrainian polish lands were subjected to raids by the khan’s cavalry, the khans robbed, burned, killed, took captive men, women and children and sold them for more involuntarily than the markets in the cafes of today's feodosia. any attempts by russia to gain a foothold on the northern shores of the black sea led to wars with the ottoman empire, because the crimean khanate remained its vassal. throughout the black sea region, from the danube to the don , turkish fortresses stood, threatening the southern borders of the russian empire. ivan the terrible also tried to eliminate this threat, but even peter ii did not succeed in this. now it’s catherine ii’s turn. the reports

that the empress received from the russian-turkish front increasingly mentioned the zealous exploits of major general potemkin, but without them, catherine knew that gregory saw and felt her, he himself wrote to her about this. about tatar thugs who justified their nickname by cutting off the heads of dead russian soldiers, about frightened christians who sought protection with army convoys, about pursuing a fleeing enemy, and for the first time openly about what awaits, will not wait for a new meeting. after reading ekaterina.

threw these messages into the fire, but remembered them by heart, in her response letters potemkin felt much more attention than he received, while at court. during the war, grigory alexandrovich received not only combat experience, he learned the customs of the crimean tatars and local peasants, he saw the luxury of the vizier and the villages devastated by the ottomans, he saw real life, real ones. people and not from the windows of a palace or carriage. the khan's nobles fled to the russian army and abandoned their numerous wives from goremov. potemkin sent these women to the russian borders so that they would not die of hunger, and allowed single kerosene men to choose future wives from them. there were also many christians on the territory of the crimean khanate,

greeks and armenians. the people who lived here were cheerful, quick-witted, and sometimes cunning, but always active. how grateful can this land become if order is established here and peace reigns? the fertile soil and warm climate of the black sea coast created excellent conditions for agriculture, and access to the sea would provide conditions for maritime trade and protection. borders of the russian empire, but for centuries the steppe between the dniester and the don was called a wild field; few people dared to settle here because of the constant threat of raids from crimea.

one day, a letter with a familiar stamp was delivered to potemkin. mister general lieutenant cavalier, everything that you undertake, you do out of ardent zeal for me for my beloved fatherland. i ask you not to put yourself in danger over trifles. grigory alexandrovich took this letter as a confession. the empress loves and is waiting for him in st. petersburg. by that time, the war with the ottoman empire, extremely successful for russia, was coming to an end. return

to the capital with a pure heart. dreams came true overnight, his dreams about unattainable to her beloved woman, her dream of a decisive and intelligent man,

the state did not find in gregory not only a faithful executor of her plans, but also a wise adviser. she confessed to potemkin. in everything i see burning zeal and your vast meaning. and this zeal was something to apply to. six months after the victory over the turks , the empress served the largest in russian history. mass uprising, pugachev rebellion. now it was necessary to correct errors in the government structure in order to protect the country from new riots.

we are glad to congratulate you on international women's day on march 8, i wish you what you wish for yourself, good mood, warm spring days, more joyful moments in life, it is very difficult to tolerate us men, so first of all, patience, tail forward, and the rest will be great, wonderful, congratulations on march 8, mom, i wish you all the best, mom, we love you, smiling blessings. real, i could step foot on the stars, the sun would kiss the lips of the burning ones, i wish them to spend this day with your loved ones and relatives.

catherine paid special attention to the implementation of provincial reform. for the first time he divided russia into provinces. their number has increased over the years. with a population of 4,000, in the administrative center there was a regiment of soldiers, which was supported by the entire province. in certain regions, usually near the border, general governorships or, in the russian style

, governorships arose. catherine, unlike peter the great, did not like foreign words; she introduced russians into state usage. the uprising left a significant area in ruins part of the empire, it was necessary to rebuild destroyed cities, factories, fortresses, and most importantly, take measures to eradicate the causes of the rebellion. catherine could only entrust the elimination of its consequences to a wise man. and such a person. from central russia to the orenburg steppes, the urals and siberia. the basis

for the development of siberia was the creation of a system of forts and fortified settlements. first of all, the banks of rivers and tobols were populated. irtysh, abi, yenissei. this allowed the rivers to maintain contact with the center of the state and transport supplies. almost no other roads did not exist, and the route from... to moscow was not possible all year round, in order to provide the garrisons with food in siberia lasted several months, and the message began to be populated by peasants, so large settlements appeared next to the towns, which later became siberian cities, occupying the lands of the indigenous inhabitants was prohibited, these peoples lived by their crafts and from which they paid the state yasar, a tax in kind with fish, meat, but most often... for the soft gold of siberian sables, martens, arctic foxes, which entered

the russian treasury, huge payments were made abroad money. from 1640 to 1650, the fur trade provided up to 20% of the income of the moscow state, which is about 145 thousand sable skins annually. for 70 years from 1621 to 1600.

“she melted in his arms, but even surrendering to her passion, she did not allow her feelings to prevail over reason. when it came to matters of state, catherine always reserved the last word for herself . these questions became more and more over the years, here is the fight against the abuses of officials, the management of national outskirts and the construction of new roads. in 1730, the government began developing the siberian highway, a road from moscow to lake baikal and further to distant china. east. the route also gave a new impetus to trade with

china, from where tea came to russia. the southern branch of the siberian highway will later be called the great tea route. under catherine , the first russian tea trading company, perlov and his sons, was founded in 1787. a special clan of tea traders appeared, who were called teapots. it was from this time that tea began to be sold not only in the capitals. but throughout in russia, the more influential potemkin became, the more enemies he had, in order to stay at court it was necessary to have a party of loyal supporters, but grigory alexandrovich neglected the behind-the-scenes game, he relied on the support of catherine. this turned out to be not enough,

the nobleman forced the empress to choose potemkin or their loyalty. then catherine made an extraordinary maneuver. she alienated grigory alexandrovich,

but before parting, she secretly married him. over time, catherine's heart will be occupied by other younger ones, although less talented nominees. potemkin will defiantly stay away from them, not showing his jealousy in any way, but for now, having retained peace in the winter palace, he left st. petersburg with mixed feelings. his path lay south, to novorossiya. novorossiya is a former wild field, vast.

he laid out the administrative center of novorossiya, ekaterina slav, the future dnepropetrovsk, now the dnieper, for the construction of which he approved an estimate of 137,140 rubles and 32 and a half kopecks. these pennies amused catherine, but potemkin insisted that this was the exact estimate. to the south, the construction of kherson with the shipyard of the fortress began. the city was built from local stone, timber and iron were delivered near the dnieper, residents were obliged to keep gardens and vegetable gardens in order to feed themselves and the military

. there were fugitive peasants, since the principle from novorossiya, as before from the zaporozhye sich, was in effect in the manifesto. subjects, protect and protect their persons, maintain them on an equal basis with our natural property, temples and their natural faith. however, this manifesto remained secret for several months. the empress feared a new war with the ottoman empire interfered with european powers. order, the document was kept under lock and key, in an iron-lined wooden box. only after grigory aleksandrovich potemkin took the tatar elders’ oath of allegiance to the russian empress, the time came to publish the manifesto. from now on, the territory of the crimean khanate was declared part

of the russian empire and received the name tauride governorate. at the same time, the king of eastern georgia and catherine asked to accept his kingdom under russian protection. in 1783 it was concluded treaty of st. george, according to which eastern georgia recognized the protectorate of russia, and catherine acted as the guarantor of its independence and integrity. the agreement equalized the rights of georgian and russian nobles, allowed them to establish trade with...

karsikans, polish jews, albanians, poles, swedes. during the time that the newly acquired southern territories were being settled, catherine changed several favorites. in his letters, grigory alexandrovich invariably conveyed his regards to her next chosen one. the empress jealously followed her grisha's new novels. having learned that he had begun a relationship with ekaterina sinyavina, the empress immediately married her to the ambassador to england, count varontsov, and sent her abroad. later , his serene highness had an affair with the greek sofia glyavone, the future countess pototskaya, to whom catherine reacted favorably, and although

potemkin did not remain without female attention, their spiritual closeness was difficult to replace with something, which... importantly, their views remained united to the state structure. in in crimea, as throughout the russian empire, religious tolerance and respect for national characteristics prevailed. in local schools they taught not only in russian, but in greek, tatar, and italian. not only christian churches, but also new mosques were built here. by order of potemkin, the koran was printed for the tatar mole, which was not reprinted by the last khan. and the tatar aristocracy received the privileges of the russian nobility. was included in the bureaucracy . already the next generation of tatars had surnames formed in the russian manner,

bikgulatov, khangireev, aslanov. thanks to the policy pursued by the authorities of the empire, the population of the novorossiysk region quadrupled in two decades, the population of crimea increased two and a half times in just 7 years. the development of vast territories was not cheap for the treasury. potemkin's opponents gossiped that large funds allocated for development of the black sea region were wasted, but ekaterina rejected all these accusations, she did not doubt the honesty of her friend for a minute. already after the death of potemkin and catherine, emperor paul i appointed two senate audits of the financial activities of grigory alexandrovich. their result was the complete acquittal of his serene highness. moreover,... the treasury remained in debt to his heirs, since potemkin often spent his own money without waiting for the promised allocations.

the decision to personally visit the new southern possessions had been brewing for catherine for several years. and now, finally, the time has come. everyone, both allies and enemies, must see that russia is firmly entrenched in the black sea. from st. petersburg the route lay in towards kyiv. here, accompanied by high-ranking nobles and foreign ambassadors, catherine boarded the galley dnepr. a whole flotilla followed her. the golden corrupt purus turned around amid shouts and cannon shots. the empress was looking forward to getting to know the pearl of the russian empire, crimea. meeting a person whom she continued to love.

potemkin, in turn, was preparing to present novorossiya and crimea in the best possible way. along the way , travelers saw rich villages, blooming gardens and fat herds along the banks. his serene highness was confident that... they would begin to bring the greatest profit to russia, but what they saw was so similar to a miracle that many did not believe in its success and later started talking about the so-called potemkin villages. the expression potemkin villages means a false appearance of prosperity. it was first introduced into use by the saxon envoy to the russian court, georg von gelbick. he himself did not participate in the journey, but believed that the settlement was on the shore. dnieper - these are painted cardboard shields, peasants were allegedly brought from other provinces along with in herds and drove along the river from place to

place. although this ridiculous story has been refuted many times, it has long been entrenched in the mass consciousness. the dream shocked catherine. on the site of a recent desert , a city grew up with a fortress, barracks, shipyards, a port, an admiralty and an arsenal. lots of residents, noisy bazaar. even the austrian emperor joseph ii, who joined the voyage in kremenchug, endlessly criticized potemkin’s projects, said in surprise. this. it already looks like something.

in front of the empress's eyes, three ship of the black sea navy. catherine looked at potemkin with delight, to whom this look was dearer than all his victories. a rich table was laid in the inkerman palace of sevastopol, but due to the tightly drawn curtains, the hall was in twilight. potemkin was preparing the main surprise for his beloved woman, the empress and her retinue went, at the sign of the prince, the curtains were drawn aside... sevastopol harbor appeared before the eyes of those present. your majesty, this is the russian

black sea fleet. said the most illustrious, the guns hit, on the ship glory of catherine the kaiser's flag rose, the empress personally, before the frozen ambassadors lay eight bays and a snow-white city. the black sea fleet was created jointly by all of russia. the ships were built at the voronezh and kherson shipyards. belarusian peasants provided them with canvas and ropes. tula and ural workers cast cannons and

manufactured weapons. lost in her thoughts. once upon a time, when she first arrived in this country, she was shocked by its power and strength. now she has turned into a real autocrat, the mistress of a huge empire, which she expanded like no one else another of the russian rulers.

years and decades passed, catherine the great’s views changed, but one thing remained unchanged. love for this vast land, whose name is russia. we congratulate our beautiful women on march 8th and confess our love to them, it was some kind of impulse, i was the first to confess my love, told him that i love him, and he hung around for a while and asked me why, without you ,

i cry without...

mancacher whiskey, a product of stellor group. catherine the second led victorious wars and annexed new lands to the empire, wrote laws and carried out reforms. the senate awarded her the title of mother of the fatherland, but in the eyes of some subjects, she was still a german who had illegally seized the throne. and the moment will come when empress catherine the great will face the greatest rebellion in russian history. catherine the second came to power as

a result of a palace coup, overthrowing her husband from the throne. emperor peter ii. many believed that the coup was being carried out in favor of her son. pavel petrovich and his mother will only be a regent until he comes of age, however catherine chose to be crowned empress herself. as a result, a party of paul’s supporters formed at court, headed by tsarevich’s educator, vice-chancellor nikita panin. they were waiting for the opportunity to change power again.

ekaterina alekseevna understood that her position was very precarious. everything was complicated by the fact that for 20 years now a man had been secretly kept in the shliesserburg prison, who was listed in the documents as a famous prisoner; it was ioan antonovich, the legitimate russian emperor, dethroned when he was young. ioan antonovich or ivan iv, who was called the iron mask of russian history, was

the great-grandson of tsar ivan v, the elder brother of peter i. he received the right to the throne long before his appearance in the world, when empress anna ioannovna officially appointed the unborn son of her niece anna leopoldovna as her heir. in october 1741, the two-month-old baby ivan was proclaimed emperor, 3 weeks later he was not killed during a palace coup, he spent almost his entire life imprisoned at shliiselburg castle in strict isolation. the meeting with twenty-two-year-old ivan antonovich made a depressing impression on catherine. the prisoner's speech was strangely disorganized. he seemed mentally ill. the empress sympathized with him in her own way. she

considered that he could be placed in a distant monastery, especially since the prisoner expressed an inclination towards monasticism. ivan antonovich himself did not pose a danger to her. but he could easily become dangerous. carried out secret instructions when mirovich , unable to stop mirovich, security officers burst into cozimat, ioan antonovich was already dead vasily mirovich, second lieutenant

of the smolensk infantry regiment, came from a little russian, old, but impoverished family and was distinguished by morbid ambition. in 1763, he asked for a transfer to... mirovich himself hoped to fly to the top of the career ladder. after the investigation, mirovich was executed by beheading in public with a large crowd of people. for edification. after several decades of a moratorium on the death penalty, this made a strong impression. while

studying the mirovich case, ekaterina it seemed that the rebel officer was guided by someone’s skillful hand, and a lot pointed to vice-chancellor banin. at this time nikita ivanovich. shpanin, counting on the empress's gratitude, presented her with a project to create a state council of permanent members. this project was significantly limiting.

9 years after mirovich’s rebellion , a prisoner, don cossack emelyan pugachev, escaped from prison a thousand miles from the capital in kazan. returning from the turkish war to his native village of zemoveyskaya, he tried more than once go in search of a better life, then to the terek, then to the kuban, until he ended up in prison. there was no way he could return home. there was only one thing left to do, gather a gang, about three dozen dashing heads, and you could take a nice loot for a walk around the orenburg province. go farther away, at least to turkey, with

big money life is good everywhere, in the summer of 1773, after 2 months of wandering, emelyan pugachev appeared near the egg. town settled at the inn of the cossack abalyaev. taking a closer look at the owner, he asked him to bring reliable people for an important matter. and

announced to the cossacks that he, tsar peter fedorovich, who miraculously escaped death, was the all-russian emperor. emperor peter ii, at birth karl peter ulrich galshtinsky, grandson of peter i, son of his eldest daughter, anna. born in germany, as a teenager, he was brought to russia and proclaimed heir. after the death of empress elizabeth, he ruled for exactly six months, after which, as a result of a coup d'etat , he soon died under unclear circumstances. the official cause of death was hemorrhoidal colic. empress catherine ordered a public funeral for pyotr fedorovich. the body was exhibited for 3 days in st. petersburg for farewell. nevertheless , there were persistent rumors among the people that peter ii.

imposters often appeared when the circumstances of a monarch's death were in doubt. russian history knows three false dmitrys, who took turns posing as tsarevich dmitry, the youngest son of ivan the terrible. at least three dozen self-proclaimed petrov fedorovichs appeared in the first years of catherine’s reign, including among the cossacks, and pugachev knew about this. a the empress at this time was occupied with news from the turkish front. the war with the ottoman empire began with a series of high-profile victories for the russian army and navy. catherine was waiting for news of the defeat of the enemy. but the turks were not going to give up. catherine demanded decisive action from commander-in-chief pyotr rumyantsev. the war, which lasted for four years, had to end. knew that she would soon

face a new threat, and it would come from the distant borders of the russian empire itself. cossacks from time immemorial have retained a special status, lived in paramilitary settlements, protecting the borders, for this they had a number of freedoms, salaries and supplies from the state. they were not part of the regular army, but were recruited to participate in military campaigns. the yaid cossacks , who settled on the yaik river in the 15th century, today the ural river, stood out for their special waywardness, however, since the time of peter i, the russian government gradually reduced the number of cossack freedoms, even the atamanov were now appointed from above from st. petersburg. in 1772

, the yaid cossacks committed a desperate an attempt to regain their former rights, but their rebellion was defeated. the authorities mercifully executed the instigators of the riot, and then finally liquidated the cossack circles. the cossacks lost their last remnants of independence and harbored a grave grudge against the government. it was at this moment that the self-proclaimed sovereign pyotr fedorovich arrived to them. pugachev extended his hand and the cossacks. getting on their knees they kissed her, but looked at her suspiciously; to confirm their majesty they even had to show a supposedly royal sign, a birthmark. after that we started talking about the needs

cossacks ugachev thought quickly, he promised the yait cossacks to return their former rights and freedoms after they helped the sovereign to be on the throne. the cossacks , for the most part, understood that this was an impostor, but in order to regain their rights, they needed a leader; to stand under the banner of the tsar himself was a kind of insanity, but the people would flock to him in droves. in addition, it is easy for impostors to control by threatening to expose him, but emelyan understood something else: in order to attract supporters, it is enough to find a pain point and promise to fix everything. and not throughout the country, in a specific village, at a specific factory or among neighboring peoples, the decree of the self-proclaimed king to the yaid army flew to show the villages, with the promise of will and bread for the abolition of oppression and

fines. at this time , the wedding of tsarevich pavel petrovich and princess welhelmina of heson-darmstatt was celebrated in the large tsarskoye palace. in orthodoxy natalia alekseevna. many at court, especially paul's tutor, count nikita ivanovich panin, expected that the empress would finally give up the throne to her son.

right in... and therefore no longer needs a mentor. outwardly everything looked very good. nikita ivanovich retained the post of vice-chancellor and was showered with favors. but he lost the opportunity to influence paul, the tsarevich’s party lost this time, catherine made it clear that she was not going to give up the throne to her son. people were already flocking from pugachev.

having learned about this, the local authorities were wary, realizing that they could not hesitate. pugachev went on a campaign, he occupied fortresses, captured supplies, weapons, artillery, and gathered new supporters. if at the beginning of the campaign, his army consisted of only 70 people, but a month later there were already 2,500. at the end of september, pugachev encountered resistance for the first time. it turned out yes. when it was all over, pugachev staged a show execution. the commandant of

the kotishchevo fortress, colonel ilagin , was skinned alive, and his wife was hanged. the children of tatyana and nikolai ilagin will be shot by pugachev’s cossacks a month later. pushkin wrote from the words of his contemporaries. wounded, they crawled towards each other and hugged. their bodies, thrown into the bushes , remained in the same position for a long time. executions those inflicted on the impostors became the impetus for massacres in areas affected by the riot. the number of victims during the entire uprising cannot yet be determined. the bund gradually

assumed proportions that even kugachev did not expect. the rebels moved to orenburg, the center of the entire province, to which the yaid cossacks were subordinate. the orenburg governor, lieutenant general reinsdorp, preparing for defense, tried to cause discord in the camp. punters, he summoned afanasy sokolov, nicknamed khlopusha, a serf peasant who was serving lifelong hard labor. for his crimes, he was whipped, branded and stripped of his wounds. reinsdorb ordered the flapper to kill pugachev, or at least find out how many guns he had, for which he promised katarzhanin freedom. it's scary. and what a deal, kill the tsar himself. lapusha

began by counting the guns and almost ended up on the gallows for being too curious. he was saved by a friend who, having heard about reinsdorp’s instructions, took him to pyotr fedorovich himself. it took a long time to get to st. petersburg; those in the capital did not quite

understand the scale of the riot in the orenburg province. in addition, all troops and military generals were on the turkish front, the situation was becoming critical. “ekaterina was also hurt by the fact that the rebel called himself her late husband, gravin assured that while there was no reason for serious fears, there would be military personnel in st. petersburg who could suppress the rebellion, he suggested entrusting this to the elderly major general vasily kar, catherine agreed, but her concern did not leave her. here the empress was also delivered manifestos that were sent out by the lies of the emperor. pugachev began

the information war immediately after the start military operations. his manifestos were distributed far beyond the regions affected by the riot. people from... from orenburg by residents of tatar settlements were involved in their writing

, and after 10 days he corresponded in 700 km of the kazan province. pugachev led the army to storm orenburg, he promised people beyond that that by robbery they could get 10 rubles per person in money for a good caftan. emelyan got into the role of the emperor so much that in response to all the persuasion not to get under fire, he just waved it off, the cannon would not kill the king. he delighted the army with his courage, but i couldn’t take orenburg. pugachev’s first failure gave rise to doubts in his army. is he really an emperor? the cold came early. ugachev took his army for the winter to the cossack village of berdy and began a systematic siege. they decided to take orenburg out of the plague. in the byrds , pugachev occupied the best house, which was guarded around the clock by personal guards. there were two cannons at the porch, and the rest of the artillery was located nearby on the sleigh.

having learned that the orenburg governor reinsdorb, a dane by nationality , pugachev decided that the decree written in german, is more likely to convince him to surrender. summoning the captured officer, he ordered the message to be translated. the cossacks were surprised, everyone knew that emperor pyotr fedorovich was half german, so why did he need an interpreter? and pugachev took a sheet of paper, the pen began to draw gogulins, similar to letters. he explained to the cossacks that he was writing in german and offered to read it. the cossacks were convinced that the sovereign was strong in languages, and the decree translated by the officer was sent with a faithful cossack woman to orenburg.

at a meeting of the military board. katerina doesn't i believed my ears. she believed that the bond was already depressed. but it turns out that the sent detachment was defeated. the cossacks and bashkir cavalry went over to the side of the rebels. and her general kar left the army without permission and went to moscow. it was necessary to drive the scoundrel out of the army so that his spirit would not be in the capitals. instead, send the general-in-chief who returned from the front. bibikova with all powers. catherine had to personally oversee the suppression of this rebellion. the uprising has already spread to the volga and kama. riots began in kazan provinces. ugachev moved to the ural factories, there was something to profit from. guns, weapons, ammunition, local treasury.

traditionally, entire villages were assigned to factories. the so-called factory peasants were used in auxiliary work, cutting down timber, preparing charcoal, and digging ore. they were paid pennies for their work; cut off from their arable land, they fell into real poverty. they hated factories fiercely. ugachev, by royal decree, abolished this duty and the men went to destroy the hated factories with him. wherein professional factory workers who received good salaries and...

turned out to be a viscous nightmare, a turkish war that could not be ended, a peasant bond that could not be suppressed, endless efforts that led to nothing to break the circle of their ill-wishers, catherine called grigory potemkin from the front. he was endlessly devoted

to her, his love gave her the strength to live. but the premonition of trouble did not go away.

did not understand the viciousness of her fate and destiny, because tsar peter fedorovich already has a wife, tsarina catherine, then he turns out to be

a bigamist, or what? emelyan ivanovich only brushed aside her questions, it’s none of your woman’s business, but pogachev’s. there was a secret that even his closest circle did not know about, but his legal wife sophia was waiting for him with an eleven-year-old son and two daughters. what the cossacks did not know about, the empress quickly learned. that means emelyan pugachev. an order immediately followed to arrest the impostor’s wife and children, and publicly burn the house and

scatter the ashes to the wind. however, those who came to the zimoveyskaya village authorities did not find either pugachev’s family or the house. the impoverished sophia, together with her children, moved to her mother in the village of isaulovskaya, where she went to beg, and sold the house to a new neighbor. he figured it out. kazan, his former house was again dismantled and returned to its old place, only then burned to calm restless minds. and at the end of december 1773, the offensive of government troops began under the overall command of general bibikov. feeling that victory was eluding him, pugachev fled to bashkiria, near orenburg the authorities seized

i clap, his head was cut off, but pugachev had no time for his comrades, now behind every bush he saw his death, cossacks were whispering nearby, otherwise they wanted to give him away. his decrees and promises by the people of the urals brought him help that he no longer expected. nothing was lost, everything was just beginning. small nations living in the lands of the urals and siberia did not know serfdom and were considered. they were assigned lands for pastures, hunting and fishing. they paid taxes, the so-called yasak, with furs, fish, and horses. but the promised rights did not release

them from the willfulness of the authorities of the tax collectors, who often demanded more yesah than was required. the breeders took away lands from nomadic peoples by deceit. the enmity between the peoples themselves outside the pasture area did not stop, in particular between the bashkirs and kalmyks. pugachev’s promises to eliminate these injustices brought a significant part of the bashkirs and other peoples to him, but at the same time led to an exacerbation of hostility between the peoples themselves. ugachev needed new forces; in the volga region, where he was heading, the largest segment of the population remained serfs and the impostor quickly figured out how to replenish the army. on july 31 , 1774, his personal decree was issued, according to which the peasants were exempted from nabarin’s work, from all taxes and from conscription duties.

everyone was declared personal. freedom, which, according to kugachev, meant the registration of all peasants as cossacks. the impostor abolished serfdom a little. ugachev was greeted as a savior. pushkin would later call his trip along the volga a triumphal procession with bells ringing, the priest’s blessing and bread salt in every new village, village, town. the abolition of serfdom began. the loud impostor had no resources to carry it out in reality. the decree contained nothing with pugachev’s tempting promise, although it said who and how would distribute the land, where taxes would come from to support the state system, and how the army would be formed without recruits. nobody thought about this. the peasants began to take away the land of the landowners and kill the clerks. officials were hanged in cities.

shops and stores were robbed. approximately it is estimated that more than 3,000 nobles were killed in the summer of 1774 alone. at the same time, many peasants hid their lord’s children, risking their lives and the lives of their relatives. catherine called emergency meetings. the uprising has already reached the boundaries of the moscow province. vice-chancellor. nikita panin demanded that his brother general anshef peter panin be appointed commander-in-chief of the troops, giving him the powers of a dictator and power over investigative commissions in four central provinces, including moscow. general panin would have the right not to agree with government its actions and execute any suspected rebel. the panin brothers

led the party of tsarevich paul. the empress understood how dangerous it was to give power to her political opponent, who would receive a powerful weapon to carry out a coup. grigory potemkin came to the rescue. he convinced the empress to sign panin's appointment, but with some amendments. he got almost everything he wanted, except for two key points. the moscow province was not given to him, since the riots there had already ceased, and the right to control catherine reserved investigative commissions for herself. so panin had the broadest opportunities to suppress the rebellion, but under the control of the empress. on lands cleared of rebels, general. organized real

terror; to intimidate the population, he ordered rafts with pugachevites on wheels and suspended by the ribs to be sent down the rivers. the number of people subjected to various types of punishment under panin’s sentences was about 20 thousand people. catherine would not have lasted so many years on the throne if it had only been possible for the army. rereading. manifestos, she delved into the reasons for his success, they rebelled not against her or even for the impostor king, everyone rebelled for their own, for painful things, everyone went against the specific injustice they encountered, to which the authorities turned a blind eye. much had to be changed in the country, but first of all it was necessary to stop the rebellion.

fedorovich has already sent one more fantastic than the other to conquer moscow, that tsar peter 100 regiments, that his son pavel and his wife came to him in orenburg. before the rioters news arrived of the death of general bibikov, who died of illness. popular rumor attributed this merit to the impostor, but emelyan understood that... or later the whole undertaking would come to an end, he could not defeat the regular army, the goal of the entire war for him came down to one thing : to loot more and then flee.

the city began to form combat detachments and patch up fortress walls, and sent out calls for help. soon news came that one of the detachments of government troops under the command of lieutenant colonel mikhelson was hastily heading to kazan. pugachev hoped that kazan would greet him with bread and salt, but unexpectedly encountered resistance not only from the tsars. troops, but the population of the city. the empress's decree played its role. on july 12 , the assault on the city began, the rebels poured into the streets, looting and killing everyone who did not hide in the city fortress. soon kazan forgot.

the rioters spared neither the elderly, nor women, nor children. the defenders of the fortress, dismantling the wooden roofs and removing the doors, did everything to prevent it. the heat from the burning building of the kazan prison barely had time for pugachev’s arrested wife sophia to run out along with children. not believing her eyes, she rushed to her husband. at first pugachev was taken aback. the cossacks surrounding him were wary, but the impostor quickly regained his bearings and ordered sophia and the children to be taken on carts to the camp. and explained to the cossacks: this is the wife of my friend, emelyan pugachev, who was tortured for me in prison. at

this time , mikhelson’s detachment was already approaching kazan. after the forced march, the men and horses could barely stand on their feet, but mikhelson decided to immediately attack the pugachites in order to take them by surprise. the battle continued. 3 days ended with the defeat of the rebels, who lost all their guns. having retreated from kazan, pugachev headed to the don. mikhelson moved along a parallel path, preventing him from turning towards moscow. potemkin brought the long-awaited news to the empress. the war with the ottoman empire is over, kuchuk signed the kaynorji peace treaty. catherine could feel like a winner. the peace conditions were unusually beneficial for russia. crimea gained independence from the sultan, significant territories of the black sea coast went to the russian empires. it was as if a heavy stone had been lifted from my shoulders. external affairs were in relative

order, now it is possible to fully engage in internal affairs and send troops of experienced generals against the impostor. ugachev moved down the volga, heading towards astrakhan. on the way, his army was joined by detachments of don cossacks. having learned from government decrees that the rebels are commanded by someone they know, amelka pugachev. the dances went out of their way to see the leader, pugachev, driving past them, only turned away, and under astrakhan everything was his the entourage heard the collapse of the besieged city; one of the cossacks, loyal to the empress

, screamed at the top of his lungs, great, amelyan ivanovich, this was the end, catherine had long... suspected that panin's brothers had evil intent against her. now she has received proof of this. one of nikita panin's secretaries, pyotr bakunin, reported on his boss. the empress became aware of all the circumstances of the conspiracy and its participants, including the tsarevich. it was especially painful, her relationship with her son deteriorated every day and that was undoubtedly the majority. her guilt, but to go against her own mother.

on september 5, 1774, near astrakhan, pugachova was overtaken by a detachment of government troops. after the battle, no more than 400 people remained from pugachev’s army. emelyan persuaded the cossacks to go to the zaporozhye sich, then to the galmyks, then to persia. but tired, devastated people wanted to go home. yaik. kubachev felt how power was slipping out of his hands, and saw how the cossacks gathered in a circle and whispered. i understood that they wanted to buy forgiveness for themselves at the cost of his life, but hoped that he could persuade or escape. it didn't work out.

on september 9, cossacks from pugachev’s inner circle captured him and handed him over to a detachment of government troops under the command of podchik general alexander vasilyevich suvorov. suvorov himself conducted the first interrogations. the cossacks who betrayed the impostor were released to the foreman on bail. the list of conspirators brought repentance to the mother.

“i don’t even want to know who these unfortunate people are,” said catherine, and without unfolding the list, she threw it into the fireplace. this gesture made a strong impression on pavel. he had no idea that all the names are already known to catherine from danos. the empress did not pursue the conspirators. but i couldn’t trust any of them anymore. in november 1774, the main participants in the uprising - 85 people, were transported to moscow for a general investigation, led by the moscow governor-general, prince mikhail volkonsky. chief secretary of the secret expedition of the senate stepan shashkovsky. catherine herself

officially withdrew from the process, but closely followed its progress. she categorically prohibited torture so that people would not they built themselves up in vain. panin's supporters sought the death penalty by quartering for fifty people. the heir's party sought to connect catherine's name with the bloody massacre of the rebels. so that the question arises in society: is it worthy to reign of a sovereign who allowed such turmoil in russia? but catherine ensured that the death sentence was imposed on only six, kugachev by quartering, and five of his closest associates by hanging. it was a sunny, frosty day, but pugachev did not feel the cold. "i'm sorry people

orthodox, sentenced to quartering , emelyan prepared for a long pain, but he did not know that the empress ordered to soften the executions and cut off the head immediately, darkness came instantly, 1243 people passed through interrogations of all secret commissions, many rebels were executed on the spot by military leaders, because the remnants of pugachev 's gangs continued to operate until 1775. both pugachev's wives, ustini and sofia, with their children, were kept in a fortress in karelia, where they ended their days.giving a point on the occasion of the end of the war with turkey, catherine was extremely kind. when the tired empress went into her office, accompanied by

grigory potemkin. he conveyed to her the request of the cossacks to move the village of zemoveyskaya, where pugachev was born, to another place and rename it potemkinskaya, so that there would be no memory of the rebel left on the don. the empress agreed. she also ordered the name of the yaik river, where it all began, to be changed. the river was named ural, and the yaida town became ural. december 19, 1774.

special charters were introduced for nobles and cities, a separate manifesto limited factories in use were assigned to christian factories, determined the length of the working day and increased wages. bashkirs and kalmyks were essentially equated with the cossack class.

the tatar bashkir princes and murzas were given equal rights with the russian nobility. pugachev's uprising was the last mass uprising in russia until the revolution of the 20th century. alexander sergeevich pushkin, the first serious investigator of the pugachev rebellion, will write about it. god forbid we see a russian rebellion, senseless and merciless. those who plot with us impossible revolutions, either they are young and don’t know our people, or people are hard-hearted, what a foreign head to them. i would love to visit everywhere, but i’m afraid that there won’t be enough time to visit everywhere. gagarin was a flash, a smile, communication; he was the face of the soviet union, which suddenly appeared

to the whole world. simplicity, relationships, sincerity, this is the most important thing, sincerity. he really wanted it to be him. named after gagarin. premiere, tomorrow on the first. mitya, i made you a man. can't you find me a wolf? £50 million is at stake. put it on. you will be a wolf. we will have a home. i

promise you. your wife was kidnapped by very dangerous people. they might kill her. come to the arena tomorrow at 10 am with... wolves, why do you need a wolf, are you afraid of me, shoot, you are the culprit of all troubles, 5, 6, 7, 8, doomed, final episode, on sunday on the first. when empress catherine arrived in moscow in 1775, she was confused. after the brilliant victories over the ottoman empire over the robber, she expected popular rejoicing, but there was none.

russia and will give the empress the right to be called great. many

years ago, the german princess sophia friederike augusta, baptized ekaterina alekseevna, came to russia to become the heir-wife. throne. she tried with all her might to understand and love this country and its people. she observed ancient customs, knew proverbs and sayings, learned to take a steam bath, and wore russian dress. she visited the temple more often than others, while still managing to observe those around her. in church she noticed. how clearly the hierarchy of russian society was built, representatives of different classes were each located in their assigned place,

in accordance with the formula "god, king, nobleman, peasant." in the middle of the 16th century, the nobility... made up only 4% of the population of the russian empire and was certainly subordinate to the monarch, but it was a force with which the emperor had to reckon. the total wealth of only large aristocratic families sometimes exceeded that of the king, and coups d'etat organized by noble clans became far from uncommon in the country. 8% of the empire’s population were cossacks, merchants, representatives of the clergy, artisans. people. the largest part of the population, more than 80%, remained peasants. most of the peasants were

serfs. state or state-owned peasants who lived on lands owned by the state were called free rural inhabitants. by the middle of the 16th century, 44% of the peasant population of the empire were considered free. in the first years of her reign , catherine was inspired by the thoughts of european enlighteners that all people are equal, and freedom is a natural human right. the empress was determined bring these ideals to life. to draw up a new set of laws of the code. she convened a commission, which included representatives of all nationalities of all classes of the russian empire, with the exception of the clergy of the serfs

. the code was to become a kind of social contract between classes. but after working for a year , the commission did not develop any new laws. the question of the abolition of serfdom. caused fierce disputes among the deputies; the absolute majority of the nobles were against the liberation of the peasants, in as a result, the empress dissolved the established commission, and during the pugachev rebellion , the peasants clearly showed how they understand freedom when they destroyed estates and killed landowners along with their families. undoubtedly, russia needed reforms, since the settled commission failed to fulfill its role, the empress took over. on november 7 , 1775, catherine ii adopted an establishment for

the administration of the province of the russian empire, a document that defined the principles of local government, which existed, with short interruptions, until 1917. central an element of the transformation was the new administrative-territorial division of the country. the number of provinces increased by more than one and a half. the number of counties almost tripled. catherine ii renamed many large rural settlements into cities. 216 new cities appeared on the map of russia. far from the capital, many new bodies of government and control over the population appeared, and officials arriving in the provinces set new standards for the culture of behavior. in addition, catherine ii redistributed power between the center and the periphery, in benefit of local elected bodies. residents

of remote areas have the opportunity to decide. many questions on their own, as a result, there were significantly fewer reasons for protests and unrest. in addition to provincial reform, the transformation system included the creation of courts and social protection bodies independent from the government. a new network of schools was established in the cities, based on the class-lesson system, which still exists today. all these measures contributed to increasing the level of education, internal discipline and legal awareness. what does that mean? and more stable development of russian society. it was a difficult time for the empress. she felt that, despite all the victories and blessings, her subjects preferred the heir paul, who had not yet done anything for the country. however, she herself deprived

him of this opportunity. pavel remained. for her, an eternal reminder that she came to power as a result of a coup, and that at any moment, as a result of another coup, the throne could go to her son. their relationship became increasingly tense. paul's place in the administration of the empire was taken by catherine's favorite, prince grigory potemkin. he, and not paul, became a member of the council at the highest court, and also in fact the head of the military college, the first person after

the empress, with him they...

directly into the royal hands and ordered to send them to government institutions from the senate to local courts, which was charged with investigating each case. the empress demonstrated to society that the government would not look at crimes of this kind with indifference. a strong man, as much a subject as anyone another. happening. sodist soltykova was rather an exception. most landowners, distinguished by their cruel attitude towards serfs, ended their lives in complete ruin. for the estate to prosper, the landowner had to take care of the peasants and manage their farm wisely. one of the richest landowners of the empire, count pyotr borisovich

sheremetyev, in all his affairs. after him, conduct all household chores. the possessions were no joke. 810 thousand hectares of land, more than three modern moscows. there were 21,000 serf souls, the number of then population of st. petersburg.

the garden near moscow of sheremetyev and kuskov was often called the russian versailles. in front of the palace house there was a lake on which a whole flotilla was stationed. from the lake, an alley led to a menagerie with a hunting area. there was a large garden with entertainment, a dutch house with paintings by rembrent and vandyck was hidden in the depths of a huge park, next to it was a chinese house with expensive porcelain, exotic vegetables and fruits were grown in a huge greenhouse, and fish were bred in ponds. sheremetyev's estates generated huge income. it is not surprising that the servants addressed the owner of the russian versailles no differently. the landowner had two ways to receive income from his serfs: corvée and quitrent. corvee -

a fixed number of days of work on the lord's land, usually 3-4 days a week. a quitrent is a direct payment to the landowner in money or food. almost all sheremetyevo lands had a quitrent system in use. if in the middle. in the 18th century, quitrent was 2 rubles per soul, but by the end of the century it reached 5 rubles. the total amount of quitrent in the name of sheremetyev was up to 630,000 rubles per year. small landowners more often corvee reigned. the more the master wanted money, the more days the peasant worked in his field. catherine planned to determine the size of this duty, but never put it into practice. in malarus, where the soils were of high quality, corvée labor reached 7 days a week. landowners took peasant lands for themselves and used serfs as plantation workers. in the north of the country in

the non-black earth regions, on the contrary, the owners did not strive for corvée, but letting the peasants go on quitrent meant getting a sure income. this is how they appeared artels of olonets carpenters and vladimir masons, who. was listed as a lieutenant. the young man was friends with the son of empress catherine, paul, and entertained the royal entourage with theatrical performances.

pyotr borisovich believed that court life would turn nicholas into a rake and sent his son to continue his education in holland, away from the heir paul.