on the eve of lent, the most strictly lengthy one, for the coming 48 days believers will adhere to a number of restrictions, primarily in food, but the main thing is still to pay more attention to helping others and spiritual cleansing, which is much more important than refusing some food. lent will end with easter, this year it will be on may 4th. that's all for now, see you later. hello, i'm dmitry bak, we have the next episode of a literary podcast, let them not talk, let them read, we are talking about what needs to be read, but there are texts that are not you read them, you can only hear them, they are folklore. legends, these are fairy tales and

so on, in russian literature there is a person , there is a writer who specifically addressed the topic of folklore, the topic of folk legends, this is pavel petrovich bozhov, who was born exactly 145 years ago, in the working-class village of sissert, in the current sverdlovsk region , near yekaterinburg, today we will talk about this wonderful author with my friends. interlocutors with our guests, this is daria mikhailovna beglova, head of the house creativity in the peredelkin writers' village near moscow. hello, dasha, let’s go by first names, as in life, and this is nikita petrov, head of the laboratory of folklore in ronkhix at the russian academy of national economy and public administration, as well as an employee of the russian state university for the humanities, good afternoon niki.

but he probably ceased to be perceived only as those same fairy tales, as epics, as songs. if it could be defined using modern words, i would say that it is words, actions, images that influence emotional behavior of people, and are spread in a very similar way to how oral folklore was spread, well, this is such a dangerous definition, because obscene vocabulary, for example, will also not be mentioned by night, somehow has an emotional impact.

they live according to the principles of real folklore, but they live a little less, yes, that is, they burst into flames at this moment, on the wave of moral panic they exist for a certain time, then disappear into some oblivion. it is clear that this information, in general, in theory, well, it seems unreliable, yes, but at the same time , by spreading it, a person creates a certain symbolic authority in himself, and the goal turns out to be to protect his loved ones, but here there is a very thin gap between the legend and the truth, called the terrible term ostension. when

people, knowing a legend, turn it into reality, for example, when someone dresses up as a ghost and frightens newcomers, on the one hand it conveys tradition, a great idea. well, in our minds it somehow borders on traditional folklore, yes, he has a very difficult fate, we know about this, he was born into a working-class family, then he traveled a lot, taught, was subjected to repression several times to one degree or another, but still, what remains from him, first of all, are tales, yes, this is understandable, this is a special genre, so i’ll even ask you the question, are they for children or not, of course, but you also need to remember that fairy tales, epics,

beliefs, these are completely different levels of genre works of fairy tales, of course, this is some kind of struggle between good and evil, where is good definitely wins in the end. and this is typical for fairy tales in principle, for saying, for berlin, for belief, for mythology, completely different laws are already beginning, the characters appear completely different and they have a completely different life, and this is a kind of mixing of the otherworldly with the real world, it is necessary to say that of course we are engaged in alterations in the house of creativity, but we are engaged and we address this topic every year at the conference of storytellers. we are just paying attention, conference of storytellers, peredelkina, dsk michurinets, village of writers peredelkina, mcd what, two, three, it’s all a joke, peredelkina station, peredelkina station, yes, every year in winter, we just

address this from a professional point of view, and at the same time we do events for children, that is, too we share within the event such a children’s side, an adventure side, people get a little involved. 4 years ago, nikita petrov spoke at our first conference of storytellers and we dedicated it to the hero’s path, and just for children it was such an opportunity to write fairy tales, adults and serious storytellers really we figured out what this hero’s path is, what laws are used to build a fairy tale, a children’s fairy tale, an adult fairy tale, how urban myths are born, how they come to be.

the conference brings together a group of professional writers, researchers and just screenwriters who create both space and story and pull out, then, some folklore motifs in, well, in an audio play, so to speak, on a journey to just a children's play. so this is the process, and this is 4 years ago, this happens every year, every year we repeat the conference storytellers winter.

nearby, and this is someone else’s, it was constantly appropriated, yes, in the form of collecting fairy tales, songs , publishing texts, the grim brothers, yes, they used very similar things, yes, collecting some individual texts from all over germany, which later became national fund, and literature, folk literature , first of all, this is the awareness that what is not alien there, but what is original here , has allowed us to form a huge number of collections, i think that we now... maybe it’s worth looking at the illustration, here this the first illustration for some famous tales, well, in general, bozhov is the mistress of the copper mountain, this is the malachite box, well, these phrases are well-known, here it is , the malachite box, these phrases are known even to those who may not remember

that this is bazhov, danilo the master, danilo is a master, of course, yes, a flower, yes, a stone flower, that’s right, yes, thank you, post-folklore based - and a literary podcast, let them not talk, let them read, we continue our conversation about pavel bozhov and not only about him, that means , we we talked about collections, well, indeed , this is a very powerful tradition in russia, these are pyotr vasilyevich kereevsky, for example, and a collection of songs, a red one in four volumes, i constantly remind our interlocutors on the other side of the screen or headphones that we are talking first of all, about the time when there were no electronic media.

it in order to show it to the high society, now removing designs that somehow did not correspond to these tastes, and then it stuck in a different form, but in in reality, on the contrary, not authentically but in this way. well, these are very beautiful me, yeah , well, great, let’s now, on this basis

, return to pav petrovich bazhov, whose anniversary is 145 years since his birth, and how he worked, there’s a different context, because well, literary the fairy tale is also a fairly common phenomenon, and even a fairy tale, a fairy tale about the tula oblique left-hander and liskov’s steel blade.

a set of characters, a set of details, like prop’s, a set of functions, these are what bozhov

concentrated on collecting, and then he did not according to the fairy-tale model, not according to the model of vladimir propp, he puts together fairy tales, but puts them together in a unique way, so that there really is a struggle between good and evil, so that there are some ideas about this fairy-tale mythological reality, which he romanticizes and puts the bricks in a different way. ..

to forces more powerful than some contemporary figures, and those present in life, the hard life of people, this is an important factor in such popularity, in general an appeal to folklore, in general an appeal to these motives, it’s interesting that now we see such a picture, many young writers who come to our residence, and

indeed we see the interest in folklore, appeal to some kind of

we understand that in general interest in folklore in the 19th century arises in the beginning of the 19th century, in the era of romanticism, as a movement to the roots, to the foundations of the nation. the word to polk igor, on the one hand, is like our national apos; on the other hand, kireyevsky’s song. you can’t understand russia with your mind, you can’t measure it in general with an arshin, it has become something special. you can go to russia. only to believe, two feelings are wonderfully close to us, in them the heart finds food, love for the native ashes, love for fathers and slaves, do not sleep, do not sleep, artist, do not indulge in sleep, you are a hostage of time in captivity for eternity, hiss, be angry, my friends , swearing, you won’t salt me ​​with them, to your great regret, i

’m not going to fight with you over your lies, over your statements, over yourself, i just don’t give a damn. when in vain you resort to a saying, it will not help you again, and you will not wash away the poet with all your black blood russia, righteous blood. civilizations, film eight, russia, part two, today on the first. short circuit, how to restore everything to normal rhythm. it’s great to live about this about many other things in the program, tomorrow on the first, i ’m dmitry bak, we are now having the next episode of the podcast, let them not talk, let them read, and we are talking with nikita petrov and daria peglova about pavel petrovich bazhov. well,

i think it’s time to move on to the author’s section, our regulars. interlocutors know that in the middle of our program there is a section presenter, and i do one of three things, either i read a poem and somehow analyze it, or i read some quote from the classics, or i just show an old book from my sometimes peredelkino library, but today the book is not in my hands old, this is one of the modern editions of bazhov, and of course this is not a lyric, this is a quote from a classic, i ’ll try. a very risky thing to do now, in such an abbreviated version, a draft version, read the tale, one of the tales, it is called the mountain master, katya danilov is the bride, she remains married two or three years have passed since danilo got lost, she’s completely out of her bride time, in her twenties, in our opinion, according to the factory, she’s considered too old, guys

like that are rarely matched, there are more widowers, some kind of massacre of people happened here, katya’s are old - then both died, she has a large relationship , three brothers married before sisters, married, some kind of quarrel against them, it came out between them, i’ll go...

it’s absolutely true, in this text, it’s that any profession, yes, including risky ones, it brings with it a whole layer

of good archetypal ideas, a real master, someone is behind him, this comes not from the world of people, but from somewhere from that mysterious world, you can learn, but you still need to receive some kind of gift, of course, well , we already mentioned novales, very valuable what nikita says that... every profession has a secret, any, and a teacher, and a pilot, and a curator of cultural professions, probably yes, even, but nevertheless, it was the work associated with underground mining of ores in german romanticism that was very with great honor, yes, this is exactly the story, ore, and the word ore itself means, by the way, blood is ore, red, this is what needs to be snatched from nature, as it were, right? literally the blood of the earth , the blood of the earth, yes, behind this, of course , there are some kind of guardians, yes, it could be miniatures or gnomes, but in the german traditional picture of the world, the mistress of the copper mountain,

of course, for example, is there for the money in the traditional russian picture of the world there were mythological characters like leshev or the same robbers, and also quite historical people, distant from us, it was these once secret forces that laid the foundation for that treasure, and you need to get it, get it with help. more work, and here bozhov also introduces such an element, i would say, competition, socialist competition, that only a person can do this for real, so he chooses the human world, socialist competition is a great story, because, of course, it has such a context industrialization, the working class, there is nothing opportunistic here, but it coincided with such global trends, it is very important to say that here, after all, it is not ore, but pebbles, stones. exactly the urals, this one the region, even for those who have never been there, is connected with such a combination of very different things, on the one hand, practical,

business, yes, that is, demidov factories, metal mining, and this is still felt in yekaterinburg and chelyabinsk - these are industrial centers, on the one hand this is such an industrialization, on the other hand there is a special industrialization, not like in kuznetsk, for example, what mayakovsky wrote about, there is a city there in 4 years, here there will be a garden city, lips turn left from the cold, but lips whisper in harmony, in 4 years there will be a garden city here, this is also a prey nature of some things, but here are stones, this is an important point, semi-precious, as they are officially called, yes, there are quite a lot of them, they are only like that here.

you know what else came to my mind, forgive me, i’m a little back, it’s not surprising that at the dimidovs’ plant a collection of kirsh danilov’s manuscripts and russian poems was found, it turns out that this is creativity, on the one hand, yes, what we now call folklore, this is some kind of constant work , yes, quite difficult to tear out from the depths something semi-precious, precious, in order to bring it to people, they walk as if side by side, that is, curious, very important, well , kirshi yes...

yes, but there are some others there, that’s one thing, but semi-precious stones , even in the official name there is some kind of metaphor, you love the mayakovsky metro station, wonderful, i adore it because it’s radonite, yeah, it’s a beautiful pink stone, which, in combination with these metal arcs, was invented by alexey dushkin, great, wonderful architect, including underground kropotkinskaya, novoslobodskaya, too his handiwork, but mayakovskaya, the mayakovskaya metro station is simply the personification of bozhov, semi-precious, semi-precious, yes, these rhodonite ones are wonderful things, but there are no stories based on bozhov’s tales in the metro, although it’s really surprising how many stones were brought from the urals, i’m suggesting a topic , for up to new stations, yes, well, the metro has its own mythology, metro 2, metro 3, etc., there are even novels on this topic, that is, everything connected with the underworld.

okay, well, let’s now consider how persistent this tradition is, well, yes, pavel petrovich bazhov, such a wonderful founder of a whole movement, initially the word itself is not a fairy tale, a fairy tale in general must be said that here it is a very successful hit in the terminology, so let’s try, let’s start with a fairy tale, literally, what is a fairy tale, revian fairy tales, that is

this is true, some scripture. before how many souls you have and people’s fairy tales - this is , well, an analogue of the modern census, but in the 19th century, dead souls arose precisely because the interval was temporary between the next revision fairy tales and the death of people, all they remember chichikov what he did with it, yes, that is, he faked it, conventionally, well, he lied, one might say, attributing dead souls to himself, and over time, the word fairy tale began to be perceived in the completely opposite way.

for the first time, this story really somehow comes out in a completely different literary circle, already from such a local one, and again here is nature and culture and creativity and investment and economics, well, bazhov really had such quite serious popularity already in quiet times, at the end of his life found such all-union popularity , we see several such illustrations - among children, we talked about how this is a children's story, this is a drawing of bazhs at a meeting with readers, that is, it really has gained wide popularity, now, perhaps, in these times, which again they force us

to look for some kind of support, here we must say about the connection, by the way, between ibazhov and peredelkin, i can’t help but say naturally, yes, because the permian who wrote a great novel did not live in the alteration. even in the construction of a house, which means he sent to permik, he has a lot of addressees, a lot, a really gigantic body, a completely different god, and this is interesting, well, we’ll just end by mentioning that there is olga slavnikova with

a novel 2017, there is alexey ivanov, but olga slavnikova simply there are hunters who mine these very stones in the nineties, in a word, this tradition lives on, bazhov’s work is passing away. in the immemorial times of romanticism and further, further, further into the past, when folklore stories and works were formed, are at the same time next to us, literally next to us, all this continues, like literature, like art, like life, i am very grateful to you for this conversation, i think that it was useful to all of us, i thank darya beglova, the head of the house creativity. in the writers' village of peredelkino, i sincerely thank nikita petrov, head of the theoretical laboratory of folklore in ronkhix. thank you dasha, thank you nikita, see you, all the best to you, our dear

interlocutors, i say my usual phrase, which i love very much, read with pleasure, dear friends. hello, i'm pilot cosmonaut anton shkaplerov, this is a podcast. russia is a great space power; it never ceases to explore new horizons in the space industry. the first artificial earth satellite, the first man in space, the first woman in space, the first spacewalk, the first dockings, finally, the first feature film shot in space, this is russia. today my friend, cosmonaut pilot, hero of russia, oleg artemyev, is visiting me. completed his first flight 10 years ago, oleg, hello, hello, hello,

why did you choose the space industry, there are many other interesting professions , maybe there is an element of chance, since i wanted to get the best education, well , in my youth i thought that astronauts had the best education, i went through all the autobiographies of astronauts, there were military pilots, there were engineers who graduated from mine. mstu named after baumman and i followed this path, got an education, but before i got it, i had a very good meeting, so significant for me, i met vladimirov aleksevich at a lecture solovyov, who is now the general designer of the energia rocket and space corporation, and he is also the flight director at tsup, and he spoke so interestingly about space, about the management of the station, so simply. that this simplicity captivated me, that

an ordinary person can fly into space , then control spaceships, stations, everyone who was at the lecture then, they all wanted to follow this path, but someone succeeded, someone - no, you studied for 6 years in baummanka, well, at baum university, where one of our best universities countries where i think there is the best technical education, and one of the best, but we don’t have any bad universities, we all have good ones, and what discovery struck you most in astronautics? i think the coolest discovery is that the life that we have on earth can also survive in space under aggressive factors, such as the factors of space flight, under radiation, i will come - yes, microorganisms that were found during the experiment test, this is one of the simplest, most interesting , most favorite experiments, which are only. cosmonaut, because , well, firstly, uh, there is a discovery, yes, well

, that is - it was placed on the outer surface of the station, such plates, well, this is a box in which two probes were screwed in, and these probes were unscrewed from the outside, made brains, then they were screwed back in, then they returned to the ship, to the station, then they returned to the ground, then in laboratory conditions they realized that there were microorganisms there, this discovery - it made it possible to raise the level of the earth's biosphere to the level of the space station's flight of up to 425 km, now we have the next task - to make such strokes on satellites that fly higher, for this we need to catch, well, catch and fly there, i think it’s not so difficult to catch, but we will need to fly there, our next development of astronautics will help us with this , i hope that before you become an astronaut...

new sleeves are being made to make it more convenient to work, then an early modernization

of the spacesuit, it has climate control, that is, the previous system of the spacesuit, you had to constantly because, well yes, manually regulate and change the temperature , because the intensity of work outside the station changed, that is, you either rest there, then you get cold, you need to make it warmer, or when you work hard, you need to cool down, now this is no longer necessary, you set it to one temperature. climate control works, this, by the way, is the only one we have, american, yes, yes, now it is ongoing, continuation, modernization does not stop, because, firstly, there is such a thing as remarking the astronauts after the exits, and they always suggest what -that things that would improve these spacesuits, and the designer listens to comments and modernizes the spacesuits, if possible, well, now there is such a problem that, well, it’s not that much of a problem, but new materials

are replacing the old materials, so the spacesuit already needs to be modernized with those materials , which then there are these... we have alien activities ahead, when we fly, we will work on the moon there or on mars, spacesuits will also be needed there, all the best developments that we have, we are investing in new spacesuits, i i know that you took part in experiments on earth , mars 500 twice, and the first time it was 2 weeks, the second time it was already 150 days in isolation, tell me, what was the essence of these experiments and what new discoveries, perhaps, were made? this is a purely psychological experiment, why it was called mars 500, because right now the level of our technology and the projects that exist allow us to fly to mars in about 200-odd days, work there for a month and

the same amount back come back, that is approximately 520 days, and the most important part of this space flight must be done so that... the crew returns alive and well , completes the flight program, that is, this is safety, and for this to happen, this is one of the most dangerous elements of our entire space flight, and close to the ground , on long-distance flights it is the person himself, that is , you need to be able to survive in a team, and this experiment was just a psychologist, there were six people, and in fact there were many different experiments, it turned out that the most optimal crew is when there are fewer ... total conflicts, least of all such non-fulfillment of programs, such resolution experiments, these are when the crew is from four to six people, so we initially had one like that, and this experiment allowed us to work out the element of selection for such a crew for a long-distance flight, for an interplanetary flight, so so that the flight program is carried out with

the least conflicts within the crew, this is a very interesting experiment and a good project and it... it’s very cool that it is now ongoing, right now a year-long experiment is taking place, called sirius, this is already preparation for the moon, it is also partly psychological, it takes 3 days to fly to the moon, why a year - well, you understand, we have to work with the fact that - on the moon we will have a base, a lunar base, and we must work there, and i think that it should be permanent, and those people, you never know... there will be such a case that you will not be able to return there for some reason, and you need to understand how people will interact with each other, and for uh scientists who come up with all sorts of experiments, studies, they are very interested in behavior people in such conditions, this is one thing, and secondly, one of the tasks of my isolation

experiments, and those experiments that are now, is to test the experiments before they get to the international space station. or further into the future, that is, they can now be worked out on earth with those people who work here in a confined space, and how this can be worked out, this is all within the framework of the sirius experiment, yes, this is all within the framework of the sirius experiment, that is and i, when i was on my experiments, those experiments that i i was working then, i later met them on board the international space station, it was many times easier for me to work than for my partners, that is, i already knew these experiments, knew the people who came up with these experiments, supervised them, this is prevention, this all sorts of biological experiments related to human physiology, those related to which we work with blood, all of this was first worked out in isolation experiments, for a reason, we took it and sent it.