the swedish union would have collapsed miserably, apparently the russians thought, maybe the white sea , maybe not like that, it won’t be so rich, maybe this state won’t be so russian, apparently they decided, thought, decided, without all these, maybe it might be better to win, the battle of poltava immediately put russia among the european states, let's remember that sweden by this moment is a very powerful regional power, almost a world power.

goes to poltava very carefully, peter avoided unnecessary risks. actually there is such a thing performance: peter, determination, storm onslaught, there and so on, like a bisek almost with iron and blood. peter is very careful. peter - in the period after narva, here, by the way, is an interesting nuance. history does not know the subjunctive mood, but imagine what would have happened if charles x had not gone after augustus to poland, yes, but had turned immediately after poltava to finish off peter. it is possible that history could have gone a different way. charles 12. made a fundamental strategic mistake, and peter ii used a small strategy wars, strategies of attrition, strikes swedish troops in the niva region, in livonia , gradually recaptures the cities, then recaptures narva itself without the noise with which his defeat was associated, in the same way, using the strategy of attrition, slowly, using the strategy of squeezing out land, he forces, in fact, charles xii to depend on the convoys and leave in the end. to

mazepa, although the story with mazepa was a surprise for peter himself, mazepa in this sense demonstrated loyalty, unlike many previous hetmans, but this is already details , he never followed the strategy of crushing the enemy, he was a very careful commander, a fairly cautious ruler , few people here think about why , in fact, as many as 12 years passed between poltava and the non-state world , what happened, we don’t have much about it somehow thinks. some believe that the whole point is in charles the twelfth, this is his character, he was generally, well, he was stubborn, he was stubborn, he didn’t give up, and so on, there, nevertheless, he returned home, after some time, which means he he has a lot of plans again, and now he already wanted the russians to become allies, then all these negotiations ended, because charles x was somewhere in norway during the storming of another fortress, which means he died, came in and... sister, everything froze,

what is peter doing? firstly, no panic, he was sure that by this moment the russian army, the russian fleet were capable of defending russia. secondly, politics began, enforcement of peace, you said, they went there, beat up to poltava, the same thing, they landed troops on swedish soil, they went and did not touch the churches, the civilian population did not touched.

those who vouched for him, there were guarantors , must take his place, a very rigid system that caused opposition, but nevertheless, it provides it, he provides the army with personnel, the army needs to be consolidated, accordingly, tax reforms from here, this most famous per capita tax, therefore the censuses that began, revision tales, yes, which allow you to count how much of the population, how much can be taken from it, then all these famous incomers, yes, when and this... where to take

taxes, and the first was, according to - to me, a yard sheremetyev's man, palace.

to subjugate the residents , there must be control over the residents, symbolically, peter i returns from the great embassy, ​​in addition to the fact that he chops off the heads of the archers, takes part in torture, he cuts the beards of the boyars, with his own hands, and then after a while he also shortens the floor of the caftans, that is, albeit petty, but control, including over the personal lives of the inhabitants of the state, and all this together adds up to that pyramid of reforms, because... and peter is very difficult to study chronologically, because here and there, yes, we are still talking about them in hindsight yes, yes, because otherwise it is really chaos, peter i works on the stimulus -response principle, in the first place initially, the fleet, the army, and then everything that follows, but in the end

it doesn’t work out in some kind of simple pile, in general quite orderly , the buildings that existed after his passing away, all historians, in fact, they chronology as... i said, it is almost impossible to build there, because everything is going on at the same time , being adjusted, corrected, expanded, is canceled and so on, only then , based on the result of the reforms, they say: these are peter’s reforms, but how to do this in this time of turmoil, in this great turmoil, you can only look like this and quickly jump out of there, because there is little, little, nothing, peter corrects his own mistakes, one of the first reforms is carried out, having arrived from the west, having looked at the mayors in the elected cities, immediately those who elect mayors, they have more benefits in trade and craft, which means they will get richer, so imposing a double salary on them is rolling back, understands that i’ll go too far here, this will further be characteristic of his reign, he succeeded everywhere,

reformed a lot in all areas, and of course it didn’t work out everywhere, somewhere it worked out great, let’s say, well, military affairs, but... in historical terms, so to speak, peter even got rid of foreign advisers, because it was after peter, after peter , salaries were leveled, they were leveled, no, they were, but the generation of russian officers was already rising under peter, and of course industry.

practically stopped purchasing, that is some species were also purchased, but in general they switched over to their own production. the failure, of course, was agriculture, because the country was so exhausted, the villages were drained of blood, so of course, it was simply impossible to take a step forward here, well, since we took a step into the industry there, let’s say. we continue to deal with peter. reforms in the historical podcast russia west on the swing of history, you said, in general, peter understood perfectly well that war requires money, money and money, so here the military question, the military reform, it dragged everything else along with it, of course it was due to education that progress was made here in some special

areas of education, but in general , of course, the country remained illiterate, the same as it was, so who received it? so to speak , a certain education, these are of course specialists, because they were needed , nevertheless the academy was created, no, the academy was created in st. petersburg, schools were created, schools were created, no... a lot was done, at the expense of the peasantry everything this is being created in addition to the fact that the peasants were building st. petersburg, in addition to the fact that the peasants were driven away, they were also building the same azov fleet, which allowed them to take the azov the second time , and also thousands of people were moved, and then tens of thousands, and then hundreds of thousands, manufactories petrovsky, their number under peter increases by an order of magnitude, but at the same time - who before peter worked in the few manufactories, was there free wage labor, among other things?

fisheries, realizing that it does not work very effectively now, they are sometimes simply for nothing are transferred to merchants with the obligation that the merchant must fulfill state orders, army orders first of all, the main source of development is still the state, and so this strengthening of serfdom is a huge problem that also needs to be talked about, because the main source of reforms is tightening serfdom, yes, yes, it did not begin under peter, here they would be wrong... they are right, they attributed to peter a sharp tightening of serfdom, it began the conciliar code, eternal enslavement, but peter i, of course,

tightens these screws very tightly, and uh, up to the fact that the peasants , and like the former black-sown peasants, that is, state peasants, they are now all state-owned, they level out the various subgroups, state- owned peasants also do not have the right to free movement, if you get drunk, you end up drunk in a neighboring village, you are forcibly expelled. to shave beards, it is unlikely that this would greatly help,

so to speak, reforms and a controversial issue, a controversial issue, one can argue, because of my beard, i think that it is impossible, impossible , it was not necessary, but were these very ones necessary? mandatory camisoles and tobacco, foreign camisoles, the lifestyle needs to be changed, the lifestyle needs to be changed long camisoles, a different type of movement, humiliation of human dignity, why are they forced to go to church in a foreign

costume, why are these same beards unfortunate and so on and so forth, tobacco forces, it’s generally difficult to imagine now, but in russia she didn’t smoke, she didn’t smoke, for smoking they tore her nostrils to the point of petrak, yes, here, that means, they are forced to smoke, without this russia would have been possible before peter is, in fact, on the verge of the possibility of becoming a dependent country, and the history that eventually overtook poland, three partitions, no poland, the ottoman empire, the sick man of europe of the 19th century, who is being bullied by everyone who is not too lazy, who, miraculously, actually largely miraculously, thanks also to ataturk, at the beginning of the 20th century , persia, which it itself had stolen, retained its very sovereignty.

well, history in general loves paradoxes, such jokes and so on, later peter became very close friends with leibniz.

one thing the light of peter the great did not foresee, so let’s not reduce those opportunities today to peter alone, yes, because the potential, yes, the country had enormous potential, managed to use it, your teska solovyov, a famous historian, he wrote, that russia was ready, was waiting for the leader, the leader appeared and russia stepped forward, if

we talk about failures, peter i, of course. made a huge bet on the fleet, well, firstly, russia never received a merchant fleet, and the navy partially rotted after peter, that’s also important understand, russia is a maritime power, russia has become a land power with a fleet, but a sea power, this is a very difficult question: it is peter’s heirs who are to blame, it was not enough resources, but the fact remains a fact, in russia there are incentives for development, call a spade a spade, let’s yes...

first channel 1tv.ru. hello everyone, on the first channel of the podcast, everyone wants to fly and i am its host,

leonid yakubovich, you and i will not fly anywhere today, today we will sit and remember. a man-legend, a man, who glorified our country for many, many years, the man with whom, probably, this delightful journey into the sky began for so many of our pilots, our airplanes, those that outstanding pilots of our time still fly. we will talk today about valery pavloviech chikalov. this year marks the 120th anniversary of his birth. he was born on february 2 , 1904 in the village, and perhaps, one might say, in a small town called vasilyova, he was the tenth child in the family, as his sister notes in her memoirs, he and in his childhood he was so springy, all shabut, you could never catch him, he

endlessly ran back and forth, he was a bundle of energy, at the age of 8 he was free... a neighbor, a neighbor worked in today's times at an aviation enterprise, well, how can i say, an enterprise , it was a small warehouse where airplanes were assembled, and he built chkalov, valery pavlovich, who, by the way, in childhood, i must tell you, was called not valery, but valerian in honor of st. valerian, and for quite a long time until about twenty-fifth

or twenty-six for years it read like that valerian, and then became valery, changing his name, he worked with a foreman assembler at this same aviation enterprise, here is the second case, from the yegoryevsky school an order comes for one person to study as a pilot in this very yegorye. school, i must tell you, the same neighbor who arranged for chkalov to work at this very enterprise was in love with his sister, they were going to get married, and he did not want to part with his bride in any way, and invited chkalov to go to this same yegoryevskoe instead school, which is what happened, in the twenty-second year chkalov entered the yegoryevsk school, where he studied until the twenty-fourth year, then took a course at borisaglevskaya. among other things, he graduated from the school of military pilots; even then there was the serpukhov higher aviation school of

air combat shooting and bombing. so, that means he finished all this, in the twenty-fourth year he became a fighter pilot in the air force, in the workers' and peasants' red army. by the way, an amazing fact, we are all used to seeing chalov in the film as a huge man, such bear. russian, who could easily and freely perform some incredible acts there, in fact he was 60 meters tall and weighed 65-66 kg, but at the same time incredibly muscular, and his psychophysics developed so that he was absolutely exactly 100% fit the definition of a fighter pilot, he, like a child, was in love with... this toy called an airplane, from the very beginning he did something unimaginable, it was impossible to stop him, then in the squadron where he came, there were nupors, i took this with me

of course, this is an airplane of a later design, but nevertheless, i want to show you what he did for this on this very plane, which was impossible to do at that time, at least in the minds of those who flew on these same airplanes, on this plane, which, generally speaking , was supposed to fly smoothly, well, not only did it do loops, imelmans, this is when the plane rises like this, then turns over and continues flying, all this would be nice, and also like this, which no one did never, and with all this did it at a height that two touched the runway, of course, this led to the most perfect...

exactly everything for which he received 20 days of arrest, and made such an impression on those present that he received a cash bonus, about which later, by the way, i wrote to my wife something for which i was once imprisoned, now they are giving me money, here i would like to dwell on one point, the twenty-fifth year, that very famous incident that everyone talks about and has written about many times, this is the very legend regarding its passage under the troitsky bridge. huge the number of discrepancies, it doesn’t matter whether he flew or not, but the earth is full of rumors. so, let's try to figure it out. in the twenty-fourth year he ends up in the red army, well, a completely snotty

pilot, on this very plane he flies under the troitsky bridge, which is mortally dangerous, well, god bless him, let’s assume, but he could fly only in the twenties and no later, because with in the thirtieth year he began to fly in moscow. here again there is a discrepancy, on the one hand they say he wanted to marry olga razmovna, he wanted to marry olechka, but she had a boyfriend who worked in the nkvd, and olya seemed to say that you, well, hinted to him that he was actually nobody, and that he could already provide for his family, and chikalov, in order to prove this to her, made an appointment with her on the troit bridge. said that he would come , instead, suddenly she was standing, waiting for him, suddenly , ah-ah-ah, a plane came from above, descended in front of the eyes of those present, flew under the bridge,

which, of course, led to absolute amazement, she agreed to marry him , on the other hand, olga irasma many times said that nothing like this had happened, and she didn’t remember such an incident, i was not, of course, familiar with her, i was on very good terms with valeria valerievna, richkalov’s daughter, olga valerievna, igor valerievich, they said that everyone’s mother i once said that none of this happened, but it didn’t happen, nevertheless... where did the legend come from, how was it suddenly born, and apparently this is where it was born, when the famous director was making a film about chkalov in 1941, there was a moment that had to somehow way to mix it up, bypass it, not say it at all, the fact is that chkalov was once expelled from the party after his numerous violations and expelled from the air force, stripped of his rank, and put on trial.

it led to the fact that during the filming of a film about chkalov, the pilot borisenko flew under the troitsk bridge four times, twice during rehearsal, twice during filming,

but... one more thing, i was holding chkalov’s personal file in my hands , a lot is written there, nevertheless, the incident when he flew under a bridge and for this he was stripped of his rank and put on trial, there is none of this, although, as you understand, an absolutely extraordinary event, of course, would have been recorded in his personal file, none of this happened, but nevertheless, rumors, a legend, well, okay, let's go back a little. in the twenty-fifth year, on november 16, he went to prison, he was generally a hectic person, everything he did in the air seemed to him like something, something for which he was born, he in general, i think, i’m almost sure , he thought that he was a bird, which is why people don’t fly like birds, remember, classic, he, perhaps, even on the ground he behaved as if in the air, well, well, such

a character... well, such a person, endlessly out of the ordinary, nevertheless, on november 8, 1927, something happened that probably should have happened, probably after all fate decided to turn everything in some positive direction, well, in the end, to truly give this country a legend. so, november 8, 1927, an air parade in honor of the tenth anniversary of the great october socialist revolution, a full field of spectators, the roar of the military council in full force and the parade begins, first general aerobatics, group, then individual, what he did in the air at that time.

imagine what that means, 250 dead 250 pieces in 45 minutes, you can imagine loops, maybe 200, also nothing in 45 minutes. that is, he could do something incredible in the air, and he naturally was, perhaps, the only one who could withstand it physically, so what he did at the parade, what he showed at the parade, was completely unimaginable for those present in those days, well, not only did he spin barrels, half-barrels, slow barrels, that is, not just so the plane rotates, and he flies, then

he stands on the wing, then he turns it over... he flies like this, then again on the wing, then he flies like this again, he spun the emelmans, he spun an upward corkscrew, a reverse corkscrew in an inverted position. by the way, this figure, i deliberately focused on it, because there were quite a lot of tragic cases when pilots died because of this inverted corkscrew, it was chkalov, valery pavlovich who came up with a system for getting out of this corkscrew, an inverted corkscrew, of course, that’s all, what he was doing in the air produced, i repeat , a not completely stunned impression on those present, these are the elements that... chikalov once demonstrated, a slow roll, an upward corkscrew, flying at a minimum altitude, that is, combat use, wonderfully shown in film air by alexei german the younger, where you can very

accurately see what happens to the aircraft during combat use, during a clash. see for yourself, look. please, my little one, please, please, my little one, please, my dear, fly, fly, fly, fly, fly, fly, airplane, fly , please, my little one, please, i ’m alone, i’m hooked, let’s go, i’m coming.

these are the elements, a slow corkscrew, an ascending kick and a melman. for the first time , it was valery pavlovich chikalov who flew ishachka, this small single-seat airplane. in general, he was himself, turbulence itself, well, something was happening to him all the time, i repeat, he lived the same in the air and on the ground. and, of course, i finished the game. in the personal file it is noted, in october 228, chikalov was again convicted for an accident with an entire squadron. he was... dismissed from the army, received a sentence on january 2, 1929 , he began serving his sentence, but after 19 days he was released, at the beginning

of 1929, chkalo returned to st. petersburg, leningrad, and until november 1930, he worked in the leningrad osaviakhim, he was terribly sad, terribly sad, and the letters that he wrote to his wife were full of this sadness, that he was a lonely man... at this very time chkalov met polikarpov, began to work with polikarpov, this is the same polikarpov, the legendary aircraft designer, twice sentenced to death and twice

miraculously escaping execution, nevertheless, working in this very famous sharashka, was appointed head or chief designer of this very nii, where chkalovs was later transferred. amazingly perfect formulation, it was written there to fight the tupolev and petlyakovschina, well, that was the time, nevertheless, for testing a new fighter and the fifth, on may 5, 1935, polikarpov and chkalov were awarded the order of lenin, the highest the reward that there was, that is, both of them with... and karpov became quite significant people in all respects. so, in the year thirty-six, valery pavlovich addressed a letter to joseph feseryonovich stalin with

a request to allow him to fly from moscow to america on an ant-25 plane. this was not his idea, by the way, it was livanevsky’s idea, who... some time before this letter tried to make such a flight, but they didn’t succeed, there was something wrong with the engines, this was in the thirty-fifth, early thirty sixth year, but... you need to know the character chkalov, when he found out about this, of course, he, of course, was fired up by this idea. stalin did not allow this flight, but really understanding that if something serious happened, it would affect the general attitude of the soviets towards the country, so it was allowed to fly to the far east. so, the ant-25 plane, on july 20, 1936, took to the skies, and after 56... they didn’t make it to petropavlovsk

, the fuel was running out, the engine stopped working, they began to land, the decision was made to land on ude island, according to the recollections of those who was in the cabin, what chkalov did is, no, impossible. to say that it was something heroic, but that it was absolutely amazing, even from the words of the pilots who were flying next to him, the boyduks, the beliks, how he landed the plane on udy, which is completely impossible, was not there, that is, that is, there was absolutely not a single, well, even meter to sit down, almost just before the contact, baidukov managed to shout to him that there was a ravine, they rose slightly into the air, jumped over the ravine. chkalov shouted, guys, everyone back up, he's very

i was afraid that the plane would crash , that is, when it touched the ground it might turn over, so everyone went to the tail, in order to at least hold the tail, even if something happened to make the tail heavier, they ran, well, they crawled to the tail and it sat down, broke the landing gear, it doesn’t matter , but it was something fantastic, the world stood up , said that let's go, he took uchkalov,

they returned to moscow, there was an amazing meeting, the cars were covered with leaflets, flowers, people, the rejoicing was fantastic, people took to the streets with such a feeling that they personally have something happened, of course, they became national heroes, in may 1937 permission was finally received, they took off for the flight to america on june 18, 1937, in my hands i must pay tribute to the workers of the central house of aviation and astronautics, they brought us a phenomenal thing today : i ’m holding in my hands the navigator’s logbook of that legendary flight on the ant-25 plane, which... you don’t have

to say anything at all, i could tell you what it’s like to sit on this plane, not just fly practically, well, how can i say, well, maybe 15 minutes, but no more, i can’t even imagine being in this space for 63 hours and 25 minutes, well, probably only... a person who is not even very dedicated to aviation, if you read this logbook, then anyone in astronautics, or in flights in general, understands that this is something unusual, every other time there is icing, every other time you can read it, the oxygen runs out, it stops working. water supply valve for engine cooling and

so on, and this is an hour, one at the helm, then they change, and in order to change places in this small plane, that is, the plane is huge, but in this cramped cockpit, well, this is an acrobatic sketch, 63 hours, i repeat, 25 minutes, through icing, through absolute impenetrable fog, oxygen starvation - this is such a thing that occurs instantly , it’s not that something bad, bad, bad is happening to you, but it can happen all at once, and the person has lost consciousness, bleeding from the nose. this happens over the course of three days, 63 hours 25 minutes, almost three days, they are flying, there is sub-zero temperature on board, i want to show you, what was it, these kind of leggings, high boots, well, of course, overalls, high boots, i

’m sitting wide now, well, i must say that this is approximately this position, like this the steering wheel, he’s wearing this in this cup in... on i still felt more or less comfortable in this seat, but just try to sit in a chair for 63 hours and 25 minutes, try it, but this is flying at altitude, by the way, i must tell you, here’s another thing that the lovely girls brought me from this our home of aviation and astronautics, please note that here, although there are clip-on ears, but this is for glasses only. at that time there was no radio communication yet, and those that were flying, they worked only through this device, that is, through a walkie-talkie, they had no communication, so in 63 hours 25 minutes they were supposed to arrive, right here everything

is written, they were supposed to fly to portland, but before portland they did not have enough fuel, they land in vancouver. they had 18 liters of gasoline left out of the 6 tons that were on board, i think that america, like moscow later, had nothing like the jubilation of the amazed people in i probably didn’t know my history, it was something fantastic, but the governor was simply, simply amazed, then...

that is, impossible, not practically, theoretically impossible at that time. joseph veseryonovich raised a toast to valery pavlovich chekal, he said: “i want to drink to the legendary pilot who glorifies our country.” suddenly valery pavlovich gets up and says: “wait a minute, iva siryonovich, i do n’t want you to drink to me. i think that today all of us comrades should drink to comrade stalin.” he approaches stalin and takes it from him. him a glass, pours a full one and a full one for himself and says." joseph siriez, let's have a drink at the brudershaft. the kremlin froze, they drank, hugged and kissed. i don't know, but i think that this is the only time when someone allowed himself to kiss like that stalin. i think, that is, i have...