copper pipes, yes, this is actually the most terrible case when you can pass the test of fire, water, fame and notoriety by power - this is the most terrible test for a person. gagarin did brilliantly, he did brilliantly, he treated people without any arrogance, and it was korolev’s choice, because they were arguing about who should fly, korolev made a bet on gagarin, although titov seemed to be more intelligent, and he flew later, yes, but here is an image... of april, and already on april 26 there was a decision of the presidium of the cpsu central committee on measures to further commemorate the popularization the first flight of a soviet man into space, and behind this was, of course, work for the domestic audience, but... first of all,

of course, work abroad, foreign trips, gagarin was planned by several departments at once, both the ministry of defense and the kgb, and the ministry of defense, but in the spring of sixty-one he already visited czechoslovakia, bulgaria, finland, great britain, poland, cuba, brazil, canada and hungary; in just 3 years he visited more than 20 countries. and naturally, and naturally, ours are very they wanted to organize gagarin’s visit to the united states, but it was difficult there, because the official authorities at that moment were promoting their first hero, so to speak, shepard, so they opposed gagarin’s visit, then they tried to come in from the side through a private initiative, through a public organization, everything like it started to take shape, but then it came crashing down. crisis, the visit to the united

states did not take place, well, then one day , in my opinion, while flying from somewhere to somewhere, gagarin gave a press conference at the airport for american journalists, but in principle, well he was not given the opportunity to visit the usa, but to a large extent this was compensated by the absolutely fantastic success that met...

safety precautions, which led to his death, but he certainly wanted to fly again, the top management opposed this, because it was a risk they didn’t want gagarin, of course, yes, if in soviet times everything here, all these... issues

of the space race and so on, they were covered in such darkness of severe secrecy, then in the united states, of course, everything naturally, such questions were also closed; they should not have been brought up in detail for public discussion, but some basic provisions were brought to the attention of people, say, the press. eisengaur's secretary, in my opinion, in 1955, for example, he announced the approximate launch date of the first satellite, in 1959 they already presented, well, seven future astronauts, possible, they were called the magnificent, so to speak, seven, american magazines we were happy to publish their biographies and reports. their lives and the like, that is

it was two different approaches, one open, the other hermetically closed, and we continue. today the topic of our conversation is the space race. it is worth saying that the americans, having lost the start of this space race, then sharply raised the stakes, so, one can put it figuratively, that is, they announced the preparation of a lunar program, and this was also announced, which is worth recalling, which many people here somehow forget, even during... and behind this there was a document, and it was

said there that as a first step the united states and the ussr could choose to land a small group of about three people on the moon for scientific purposes, and then return them to earth. that we have slowed down development, this is one of the versions, our wonderful scientific journalist, by the way, a friend of golovanov, vladimir stepanovich gubarev, who, unfortunately, recently passed away, is also an absolutely great journalist, of course, so gubarev regarding secrecy, firstly, yes, i remembered that

korolev wanted to launch journalists into space, there was such an idea, and that if it weren’t for korolev’s death, his early death would have resulted unsuccessful operation, when we operated, we... discovered, in general, a sarcoma in the intestines, as a result, he did not know whether the heart could withstand anesthesia, the heart could not withstand it, and there is one version, which the queen’s daughter later developed, that they couldn’t insert a breathing tube into him because of problems with his jaw, she wrote that it was because of the beating during interrogations, well, it’s unknown whether he died from this, but the fact is that his heart couldn’t stand it, he basically left at a very young age for a designer for a person of his caliber, 50 years old, korolev - he wanted to open space more to the public, excuse me, i remembered an anecdote about journalists’ flights, supposedly this is how gagarin was asked, is it possible for a journalist to go into space? and gogarin answers,

of course, of course, but first let them learn to write the truth about the earth, a good, good joke, so - one more thing about the lunar program, and korolev believed that, judging by a number of memoirs, which guborev also wrote about that the soviet union could not win the lunar race, the resources were incomparable, it is known that we had a failure with the luna-8 spacecraft, with the flyby of the moon, an initial failure, then they flew around successfully, but, thank god, they didn’t dare to send a man, because for the flyby, yes, because... the risk was too high, they were too behind, the americans were in the lunar race won, although again there are conspiracy theories that the americans were not on the moon, uh, but not a single person is in the space industry, that’s just a fact in itself, yes, i’m not even talking about measurements, about that, that they caught transmissions from there, that

our signal reflectors were recorded from there, yes, who were not interested in the advantage of the americans, but there is not a single person in the space program, including our modern one. serious people who are involved in astronautics, who would deny the presence of americans on the moon, after the defeat of the soviet union in the lunar race, there were other projects, and the project of rapprochement in the era of détente was the soyuz apollo project for docking ships, which was covered in the press and which became really very an important factor in cold war détente. if we talk about the queen, what was his genius? again, as guborev said, everyone is used to walking up the steps. and he jumped over the step, and he was aware of the risk and aware of the possibilities, he had an amazing instinct, he was not a scientific genius, he was a genius organizer who managed to gather people, who knew how to manage them, who knew how, by the way, very important,

uh, had intuition, engineering-scientific intuition, they argued, uh, when it was necessary to send a device to the moon, without a person, yes, they argued: is there dust there or is there a hard surface? they argued, argued, korolev thought, thought, listened to various arguments, then he took a piece of newspaper and wrote: the moon is solid, but no one knew whether it was solid or not? then sergei pavlovich korolev learned this better than others, no one corresponded to this principle in practice as much as korolev, who highly

valued professionals, not cogs, but creative professionals, in this i see his genius and uniqueness, i attended several meetings held by korolev, he invited the main specialists whom he knew well and young ones like me, there was, for example, a question about fuel for the rockets of the future, kerosene or hydrogen, he asked everyone, including me, i couldn’t offer anything smart, different from what was said, but i stood up and expressed my opinion, only a lot later, i realized that korolev taught everyone to say what they thought. again, this is a lesson for many modern leaders. yes, we are probably already finalizing it, but i can only say one thing: yes, the collapse of the soviet union dealt, of course, a powerful blow to our cosmonautics, this cannot be denied, this fact, well, what can i say, well , now with a general rise. in russia , naturally, astronautics will rise, we need to catch up, after all, we

have, so to speak, baikanur, we have plesetsk, we have the eastern cosmodrome, and launches take place regularly, the importance of astronautics is often underestimated, we are surrounded by the fact that we have thanks to space, this applies not only to some fundamental... scientific research, this concerns fasteners on clothes, the first, yes, corresponding fasteners, velcro, were invented for space, and computers, the internet, satellite navigation, all this is a consequence of space technology, a lot of medical technologies were tested for the first time within the framework of space programs, this is all thanks to which we can not only develop science, develop our human well-being, but also earn income, but what... they also often don’t understand, you need to invest in fundamental things so that later it will have a practical effect, and our knowledge of the world around

us thanks to astronautics has increased sharply, improved dramatically, this continues to this day since then, the fact that space is a thing that can bring people together, and even the people who participated in the space race, they understood that it brings space closer together, so we can only hope that this rapprochement will someday be real will take place, space... this was a historical podcast russia-west on the swing of history, today we talked about the space race about the competition between the united states and the soviet union, pyotr romanov and sergei solovyov were with you, study history with us. all episodes of the russia west podcast on you can watch the swing stories on the channel one website.

i am pilot cosmonaut anton shkaperov, this is a podcast of space stories, and today my guest is a wonderful person, space architect, designer, artist, engineer, galina andreevna balashova, she came to our studio with her granddaughter olga vinogradova, as well as karina dimir , she led the process. translation of a book just about galina andreevna. today we will talk about the life path of galina andreevna and her work in the space industry. hello. hello. galina andreevna, please tell us about your childhood, youth, who were your parents? my dad was an assistant forester. his name was andrey fedorovich bryukhov. in general, he came from a large noble family and was a good musician. at school i received a silver medal. dahl applied to the architectural institute to enter there,

i passed the exams at this architectural institute in drawing and drawing i passed exams, i had everything else, i had a silver medal and other subjects, i didn’t i was required to show my skills, according to the drawing i received four according to the drawing. televaz, and i got a c, but as a result i got into the institute, because half of the applicants didn’t pass at all, because they had bad grades, i’m talking about...

a wonderful artist, and yuri nikolaevich shverdyaev was an architect, very talented, and he, in fact, was a student of the famous architect zheltovsky, in moscow there was one of the most famous architects - this is zheltovsky, just yuri nikolaevich, after the death of zheltovsky, another 40 years taught in his workshop, zheltovsky’s workshop, and... nikolaevich, at the first lesson of our group of the first group, told us that our task of architectural, so to speak, teachers, these are mikhail fetrovich olenev and yuri nikolaevich syurdyaev, was to give us taste, and that was the main thing is that they didn’t teach us how to do it,

how to get used to the taste, but they simply drew what they considered talented. they were both talented people, in our fourth year mikhail fetrovich olenev died, and of course, we were very sorry, and yuri nikolaevich for another 40 years taught at zheltovsky’s workshop, since i entered this institute, this workshop, there was a very good attitude towards us, in total there were five girls in the group, the remaining 20 people were men and... of these five girls, only one of them accepted me for a diploma , yuri nikolaevich shverdyav took the diploma, i had all a’s in architecture, a residential building, a small, then a large flower shop, i had an a, and i graduated from the institute, where did you end up, what

did you do after the institute, from the institute i was sent to work in kuibyshev , now samara, and then it would be... quite famous people studied with you at the institute, your classmates, daneli, he turned into, we just have a photograph, this is where you and him are, i was a skier, so daneli was also a skier, here we are with him, just like you are a skier, at some competitions, this is at competitions, i was at the institute

competitions, so that means i was different there. i rode fast and was a normal skier, but the next year, i studied at the architectural institute for 6 years, and my friend alone, yuri pavlovich, studied for 6 years balashov, he was ill a year later than me, he graduated from the faculty of physics and technology at moscow state university, he studied at this institute. he graduated from this institute the next year and came for me, we were friends when we studied at a ten-year school in dmitrov, and he came to me when i worked for 10 months in kuiboshev, he came to me, one might say that he came for me , we were actually friends at school,

i came to woo you, yeah, we got married in kuiboshev, became husband and wife, and i from... asked the head of the hypro aviation industry, where she worked then, asked to return to moscow, to moscow to her husband, to yuri pavlovich balashev, he was already working in the city of korolev, in the space field, the head, sergei pavlovich kolev, bureau, number one, which is in korolev, i forgot a little, yes, when he arrived in moscow, he was already working. at the korolev company, what did he do there? he was working on the descent vehicles, calculating the thickness of the descent vehicles. and it turns out to be a heat-protective layer a heat-protective layer of 20 cm, in my opinion there was a heat-protective layer, yes it is, and it is the same today, yes, he was working there and

i entered the descent module of the soyuz spacecraft, so we see a dark outline , just this thickness and what saves us astronauts when we return from space to earth, yes, he worked there and i went to work at gipratis in... i lived in lobnya, every day i went to work in losinka, there was gepratis, but after six months i was laid off because i was from the ministry in moscow , means, they laid off people who needed to be placed somewhere, we were cleared out of this geprotis of young scientists, architects, i worked there for less than six months, then i found myself in space. i had to look for a job in korolev, in korolev, my husband talked at his place in this very enterprise, at

the enterprise where he worked, he got me a job in this same enterprise, where people worked with spaceships, but there was also an additional department, the department of the main architect, this is the chief architect for the territory of this plant, that is, you... so my husband had already agreed that i ended up working in the department of the chief architect at this, at this plant, which was attached to this city, this and the city plant were considered

to belong to this space city, space architectural city, and there i worked for several years old, the architect was the chief kazansky, his last name was kazansky, he was a good man, but he was not, was not an architect by... he was not an architect by education, i was the only architect by education, that means with the help of yuri pavlovich came to the city of korolev, there we rented a private apartment near the city, there was already a woman there, and i worked, there was a department of the chief architect and the chief technologist, the chief was also chief, there were several chief workers, but... but they were with factory, they didn’t work on ships, they worked at their place of work, but how did you start working on ships? so

i started working on ships like this, then sergei pavlovich korolev was working on ships, as a general designer, he had yes, as a general designer, he was in charge, in he had a fiaktist department, a fiaktist cosmonaut, this was already a design bureau, a design bureau inside the enterprise. there was a spacecraft enterprise where workers worked, well, who designed and created spacecraft, and ships, in the beginning it was vostok, voskhod, and then modern unions designed voskhod, it was korolev, korolev had people, descent vehicles did, ascended into the sky on these descent vehicles, descended... descended to the ground, also in descent vehicles, and their descent vehicles were very small, only they rose, the first cosmonauts, flew around

the earth, again landed quickly, and korolev began to think about what to do, after all, flying out for one day was quite a bit, and that was enough, meaning to rise in the cradle of the descent vehicle. in the same cradle of the descent vehicle, and to fly around the earth, well, one orbit, two orbits, but to fly in space for a long time in these descent vehicles, in such recumbent ones, they are soft, will be difficult, of course, of course, to stay for a long time, of course , hard, in a confined space, very small, and there is no more than three cubic meters on three astronauts, and even considering that they are in spacesuits, yes. they had to fly for a long time in these same inlet devices in which they rose and fell to the ground,

they couldn’t live long, they had to...

when the program was in the seventy-third year , the apollo soyuz program was just beginning, this is the first international project that was between us, space, us then the soviet union and the united states of america, you were instructed to develop symbolism, yes, a patch, yes, yes, i made this emblem just like this, sometimes like that, and the last, last option was docked ships, here. and we see that it was the crew members who signed it: lionov and kubasov, it was signed that the author was an artist, by the way, well, this is us, the artist balashova, in america they signed that this is a completely different artist, that is, you were under such secrecy stamps , that you were not allowed, me, i was not allowed all the time, even, that is , finally, several decades passed there,

but we can safely say that this is the real one. you also worked a lot on other space symbolism - these are badges , and probably pennants of different 28 different badges with different countries, and when probably there were interspace flights, sometimes with france, sometimes with '. you too, me, all of me, an artist on this topic, i was, korolev was there for a very long time, so to speak, accepted my drawings, signed korolev, well, except for the ship union, but i mean the household compartment, emitting the apparatus, you took direct part in the development of space stations, soviet space stations, world stations, as i understand it, well, i can say that it has been done, the russian segment of the iss is practically a copy of what you did for the station.

world world, yes, the world is big, you know, this is the working part, and there was also a living part, yes, well, on the left to right there are two cabins, they are now on the iss, no, now there is a remote control there, a large remote control, here is shown this part, this residential part, where four people are sitting behind this remote control in cabins, well , yes, we are just now seeing the international prototype. station and its russian segment, yeah, then everything is the same, the only thing i’m saying is that it has undergone changes, we don’t have chairs, experience has shown that we don’t need chairs there, the only thing is that we have a handrail on the floor and we just hold on to this handrail with our feet, being, for example, around the table, that’s where these green boxes are now, there is a table at which we eat, do experiments, i don’t know medical and so on, and i want to tell you thank you, that only in russian cabins, here are two the cabins

on the left. hello, the vremya program is on air, studio ekaterina andreeva, happy victory day to everyone. a holiday that unites all generations, a parade on red square in the stands are veterans of the great patriotic war, among the participants are the heroes of a special military operation. strength and power parades in honor of victory day throughout the country, from the far east to

the western borders. bye. the brightest shots. reliable partners, a reception in honor of the heads of the delegation who came to moscow to celebrate the anniversary of the victory and bilateral negotiations at the highest level. the matter of technology, the supreme commander-in-chief supported the initiative of the fighters to actively use the latest developments during the special operation. details of the meeting in the kremlin. a direct hit in an apartment building, ukrainian militants are again striking belgorod and the surrounding area, the latest data on the dead victims. the thread of common memory, the immortal regiment campaign this year in new formats. on the ground in the air on city streets on the front line in the northwestern military zone. 80 years since the liberation of sevastopol. memoirs of participants in the events and declassified archival documents. a true patriot, whose deeds

lives. 20 years ago in grozny, akhmat kadyrov, a politician who managed to hold the chechen republic together in its most difficult time, was killed. they died themselves. from hunger, but saved a unique collection of seeds during the years of the siege, a feat of leningrad scientists in our special project, the science of winning. the voice of the generation of front-line soldiers. 100 years since the birth of bulat akudzhava, poets and composers, whose songs are not only about the past, but also about the future. a sacred holiday for each of us, victory day, celebrations throughout the country and a grandiose parade on red. victory day unites all generations, we move forward,

relying on our age-old traditions. report by konstantin panyushkin. amazing may 9, a sudden spring snowfall covered the entire ceremonial capital. palaces and cathedrals of the kremlin, ruby stars and golden double-headed eagles. covered with snow minens-pozharsky, a mechanized column on tverskaya and pushki on the embankment of the moscow river. due to bad weather in the early morning, military personnel came out onto red square in winter jackets, over their dress uniforms with awards, and guests made their way to the stands through snow-covered christmas trees along the walls. the kremlin, and these lawns near the first building, the working residence of the president, have actually been green for a long time. vladimir putin met foreign leaders invited to the parade in the armorial hall of the senate palace. this is the president of guinea bissau, greeting in russian. again, in russian, although it’s not very audible, the president of laos is talking to vladimir putin, what is called on his feet. the cuban leader and his wife arrived in the kremlin, here is the president of fraternal belarus, the conversation with whom the day before lasted until

the middle of the night, in the morning vladimir putin even asked alexander lukashenko to remind me exactly what time they separated. that is, they didn’t see it for a few hours, well, when the presidents of tajikistan, kazakhstan, and kyrgyzstan arrived. turkmenistan and uzbekistan, the time has come to take their places in the stands, here along with the heads of state, participants in a special military operation and the most important guests of the parade, veterans of the great patriotic war. vladimir putin greets everyone personally, meanwhile, at the chimes exactly 10 am. the holy war opens every parade every time, while alexandrov's music sounds, the stands they greet and see off the victory banner while standing. when. sergei shaigu's convertible drives out of the gates of the spasskaya tower, and the first congratulations begin. congratulations on the 79th anniversary of the victory in the great patriotic war. finally, president vladimir putin takes the floor

and addresses the military personnel, separately highlighting the participants of the military military district. i congratulate you on victory day, on our most important, truly national, sacred holiday. attitude to the memory of the great war.