here i am, i still have in my head this phrase from the book, which should be more familiar to you: there was such a book by alberts, molecular biology of cells, this is such a university bible for us, yes, and there was at the very end there was a subchapter dedicated to cancer, oncological diseases, the title of this chapter was as follows: cancer, dash , genetic somatic disease. cells, in a sense this is, that is, the cells of our body, yes, the cells of our body, somatic cells - this means those cells that will not pass on their genetic information to offspring, there are germinal cells, cells that are or gametes, yes, cells that can become a new organism, yes, an egg, a sperm, they are formed in the body, if there is a mutation in these cells, it has a chance to continue in the offspring, but there are somatic cells, the majority of them. there are trillions of them in the body, here is

a genetic breakdown in such a cell, it can cause a disease, but it is not inherited, here this line between genetics and somatic and inherited genetics must be clearly understood, that is cancer is always genetics, but not necessarily inherited genetics, well, not inherited, which is why the disease can manifest itself at 4 years and at 7 years and because it is some kind of random random process. a random process, but it is not accidental that, for example, the peak incidence of acute lycosis in children occurs at 4 years of age, the fact is, the fact is that our immune system, the first years of a person’s life is the period of such formation of the immune system, yes, when the body's immune system meets all the diversity of the surrounding world from the point of view microbes, bacteria, viruses, fungal infections, from the point of view of food, from the point of view of simply... any such chemical

molecular environment, and the immune system during this period is developing very rapidly, in the development of the immune system there is such a very important stage when genes encoding antibodies, they are rearranged very intensively, that is , literally at the dna level cross-linking cuts occur in order to form such a variety of antibodies, we need millions, there may be hundreds of millions...

for so-called solid tumors, yes, then there are a little more solid tumors, if you like, maybe 10, according to some data even up to 13%, but the more we learn, the more such cases appear when we can talk about this predisposition, this is the badon podcast. and i am

its host konstantin severinov. today we are talking with professor mikhail moshchan about genetic diseases and what methods of treating them are available. well, there are also these terms. missy, i know a relapse, a relapse is the return of the disease back, this is because the same thing happened again change in dna or why it was in exceptional cases that you just described the situation when a breakdown in dna occurred again, as if a new transformative event, rather in medicine it will be described by the term second tumor, this happens, this is if if a tumor itself is a rare event, but it happens, it is a very rare event, and just in people who develop a second tumor, it is with a high probability that we find the so-called predisposition syndrome, yes, that is, they have some kind of basic defect, which, well, if you want, affects the stability of dna, a basic genetic defect, yes, a basic genetic

defect, hereditary, which affects the stability of dna, then they may have this second event, that is, the second second time a tumor can develop, it's just people who are more likely to develop tumors in general, yes, absolutely, but...

65-70, if the doctor meets with a patient who developed a tumor at an early age, for example, a tumor before 40 years of age, this rare, or if the doctor meets with a family where they many family members in the development of early

tumors, or there are family members with recurrent tumors, there it makes a lot of sense to be examined to look for the cause, this is precedent, but other things, after all, you say that...

nosciate and catch some tumors at that stage , when they can simply be surgically removed, but there is a classic situation that is widely known, there is, for example, a palipus-intestine. yes, now the matter concerns not children, but adults, and if such microtumors are removed at the polyp stage, then the tumor will not form, but if you let it calmly develop over a couple of decades, then the tumor is already at the stage of carcinoma, invasive cancer is much more difficult to treat and the predisposition of this kind of tumor can be determined simply by genetics, it can be determined genetically and compiled. surveillance program in such a way as to prevent the development of a tumor - this is a separate topic, and people are trying to develop

regimes of such preventive therapy with the help of drugs that affect the mechanisms and development of these tumors, but most often today, of course, we are talking about some kind of examination program, for example, to do a colonoscopy more than once in your life every 50 years, and then every 2 years, for example, in our country we have this, you are now talking about it as in principle something or that’s all. all such approaches are certainly being developed, i’m not ready to say how universally accessible they are, well, such a large-scale genetic examination of citizens is not happening yet, so probably here, because in general, probably, district doctors in the clinic don’t know, and probably shouldn’t know a lot about genetics, but you see, well, i i would like them to know more, at least i would like these methods to move as much as possible towards, well , patients, not only those who are already sick, yes, but

gradually turn into such a preventative story, in a good sense, this is possible not for all diseases, that is, there is no need to trivialize this until we are at that stage of development to be able to prevent the development of a tumor, even if we know that a tumor is about to happen, i said that there is good news, because in our country there will be already... 10 years, it began in the nineteenth year, but until the thirtieth year there is a program for the development of genetic technologies, i understand that the medical part there is quite significant, and this is good news, but please tell me what percentage of children who they come to you with these genetic defects, how many of them then go on to normal and full lives, let’s say, it is considered in circles that the likelihood of a cure, yes, that is , a return to normal... life without subsequent relapse in pediatric oncology is approximately 75-80%, but whether it is a lot

or a little, well, if you look historically, it is a lot, because 50 years ago it was zero, that is, there is some kind of progress here, there is certainly progress, it is happening, and i think that over these 20 years we have added about 10-15% to the overall probability of development of technology in particular. of course, due to deepening the understanding of the biology of these tumors, including through genetic diagnosis, and of course, due to the improvement of treatment, it is developing very much due to increasing the availability of this treatment, but here you know, this figure, unfortunately, is crafty, because, as i already said, these are many different diseases, these 70% or 80% of the cure consist of patients who...

have the potential for a normal psyche, it seems to me that there is such coexistence with failures,

but just some vision of this light at the end of the tunnel, the feeling that you are moving in the right direction, it allows you not to give it all up. thank you, mikhail and good luck to you and of course to your patients, thank you konstantin. hello, the vremya program is on air, in the studio of ekaterina andreeva, the main thing today. keynote speech by vladimir putin at the forum in st. petersburg. about changes in the world and the development of our country. from february 1, 2025 onwards, pensions will be increased annually not

only for those who have already retired, but also for those. who continues to work, this will be really fair, the president about the growth of our economy, 15-20 years ago, the main question was how to find a job, now, where to find personnel and support people, seven out of two children will be able to take advantage of a family mortgage at 6%, regardless of...

and there is no such need. resolution of the ukrainian conflict. agreements can be based either on the basis of military defeat, or on the basis of victory. of course, we strive and will achieve victory. the question is the question of the legitimacy of those with whom we negotiate. and the main weapon of russia, when we see what russian character is, what the character of a russian citizen is, we understand this , we rely on this, we have no atomic weapons is not necessary for final victory, in this

situation, when we have people voluntarily coming from... part of this multipolar, harmonious world. so, the main event of the day is the plenary session of the st. petersburg international economic forum and the keynote speech by vladimir putin. in an hour, the president outlined the vectors of russia’s development and our country’s position on major international topics. the global economy

has entered an era of dramatic change. despite western sanctions, russia remains a key participant in global trade. and is actively developing, with special attention to social issues: from february next year, indexation of pensions for working pensioners will resume. statement by the head of state in a report by anton vernisky. even before the start of the plenary session of the st. petersburg economic forum , the president's press secretary said that vladimir putin's speech would, of course, be devoted to the economy. this comes from the logic of the forum itself, whose motto this year is the formation of new growth points, however, without politics in this case there is also nowhere, because one phrase from this motto. again a multipolar world, and this multipolar world is now in the stage of active formation, changing before our eyes, while countries have entered into a real race to strengthen their sovereignty, both state, cultural, and economic, while countries that until recently acted as leaders global development, are trying with all their might, by hook or by crook, to maintain their elusive role

as hegemons; in general , there is nothing unusual here when a country or a person... in its in life they are trying to maintain their positions, strengthen them, but by crook is bad, by crook is good, by crook is no good. there is no need to further explain this to the guests of the st. petersburg forum, the president of bolivia, zimbabwe, and the countries that have been fighting colonialism for many years. the old geopolitical global order, which was determined by a few elected members, is unacceptable to us. in zimbabwe, we have a philosophy of being friends with everyone and no one. good luck at this stage of world development, it is of no benefit to anyone, including the united states itself. and here we, of course, see that already

the number one economy is china, and by a large margin from second place, india is the third economy in the world and the global leader in terms of dynamics, and is the global leader in terms of development dynamics. the countries of south asia and africa, where, by the way, the majority of the world’s population lives, are making themselves known more and more loudly. developing. calculations put russia in fourth place, we were ahead of japan, russia ranks

fourth place in terms of gdp, in terms of purchasing power parity, but according to putin, the main thing is not to stop there, the world is changing so rapidly that you can instantly slide down, which is why we are now actively changing the entire structure of our... foreign economic relations, so our relations with the countries of asia are strengthening, growth is 60%, from 20 to 23, the middle east - double growth, africa - 69%, latin america - 42. in general, they will have to determine the future in the global economy, but we more and more active we are moving away from the so-called toxic currencies, primarily the dollar, and are finding more and more partners within such associations as euroses and brix. here's the statement. president of bolivia directly at the plenary session of the forum. we are facing a lot of challenges, so we in bolivia believe that the opportunity to belong to the brix group

is a great prospect for our country to put into action the transformation of transformation in our country, along with accelerated industrialization. only this year, saudi arabia, iran, the united arab emirates, egypt, ethiopia - 46% of the planet's population - joined brix. and for the first quarter of this year 5.4%, that is, our rates exceed the world average, it is especially important that such dynamics are determined primarily not by the raw materials industries, and after all, only a few years on...

solid, our leading financial institutions are also they are pushing this bar higher and higher, i don’t know if this is justified or not, well, but for deposit holders this is of course a plus, this is understandable, but not i would like you germanubich, together with andreemdich, to suck everything out of other banks like a vacuum cleaner, this is the president’s appeal to german gref, the head of sberbank and andrei kostin

from vtb, a continuation of the topic. concerning banks' relationships with clients, especially young ones. vladimir putin instructed to soften the terms of family mortgages. as you know, we have extended the family mortgage until 2030. all russian families with children under 6 years of age can receive a preferential loan at a rate of 6%. i offer here additional social, special solutions, well, also in the social sphere, for families who live or want to purchase housing in...

will be valid in all regions of russia, for each, for each family who want to build their own home, for each family who wants to build his own house, this is especially important for large, large families, i ask the government to launch these programs as early as july 1 of this year, in general , reducing poverty, increasing the income of russian families, improving the quality of life is a priority of the state, the president spoke about this is repeatedly one of the tools to achieve this... here i will add an important decision that concerns the indexation of the minimum wage. in 2025, mrod will be 48% of the median salary, so it will exceed 29 rubles per month, that is, it will increase by about 15%. then the ratio with median wages will increase, so that by

2030, as agreed. was at least 35,000 rubles per month, now our country has record low unemployment, less than 3%, more precisely 2.6, but at the same time there was a staff shortage in aichi high-tech industries. even 15-20 years ago, the main question was how to find a job, now where to find personnel. to do this, we are forming a forecast of the personnel needs of the domestic economy. the federal project “professionalism” plays a big role here. it has already made it possible to begin modernizing the material and technical base, colleges, technical schools, and update educational programs for aircraft and shipbuilding, pharmaceuticals, electronics, defense and other industries. for these areas, it is necessary to prepare an order by 2028 million specialists in blue-collar professions.

to do this in the next 10 years in russia. at our meeting on february 1, 2025 and every year thereafter, pensions will be increased not only for those who have already retired, but also for those who continue to work, this will be truly fair, i ask the united russia party, together with the government , to prepare a corresponding bill and adopt it in spring session, i know that all other factions represented in parliament

certainly... this is to support in modern conditions, labor productivity is directly related to digitalization, with the use of artificial intelligence technologies, the digital platform revolution, another structural change in the country’s economy. according to putin, at least 80% of russian organizations must switch to domestic software over the next 6 years . it specialists, while the state will stimulate. to support the it industry , we will provide a number of measures, including accounting with increased coefficients, the coefficient of expenses for domestic digital solutions when calculating income tax, we will also set a reduced income tax rate of 5%. for russian it companies, it will be valid until 2030 inclusive. i ask the government to work out additional measures to support domestic software developers . with inventions in this area,

as in others in the country, everything is fine; inventors in russia have never been transferred. this year alone , more than 800 patents were registered, and new russian brands just need to go to the russian exhibition at vdnkh have already become so recognizable in the country that, roughly speaking, they have overwhelmed foreign and we already have a lot of such 100% russian companies. i would like to especially note one more point: almost all the participants in the competition, in general, many domestic entrepreneurs, support military personnel and veterans of special military operations, their families, relatives of our heroes, send their products to the units, buy things, equipment, and help hospitals. such a high understanding of social mission, responsibility, patriotism in the most direct and in the best sense of the word, it is certainly very valuable, as the president especially emphasized, it is important to realize the potential of the younger generations of russians, and supporting fertility, protecting

motherhood, improving the education system, healthcare, cannot simply be reported for reporting in an era when the global economy is shaking, and before the country faced unprecedented challenges. the russian economy is reacting.

moreover, in the case of the president of zimbabwe, a real combatant during the war of independence, as for the leader of bolivia, then presented them as fighters with rich experience, his front is economic, and it is hardly worth reminding of the pressure russia is now facing, while our country is ready for '.

unreliable partners, how to deal with this, well, yes, well, as veseryonovich said, we have no other writers, he spoke in relation to the union of writers of the ussr at one time, when beria came to snitch on them once again, he said: others i don’t have writers, well, these are the partners, what should we do now, fight with everyone, or what? but we have to to achieve, of course, such agreements and such conditions that would... correspond to our interests and would be as reliable as possible, you are right that it is very difficult to negotiate with such a public, they deceive at every step, they say one thing, do another , and this is sad, but all armed conflicts end

in some kind of peace agreements, however, as one of the former leaders of a fairly significant european country told me, all these agreements can be based either on the basis of military... military defeat, or on ukrainian. based on victory, we, of course, strive and will achieve victory, as for legitimacy

, this is directly proportional to losses, understanding our responsibility, i still proceed from what the general staff, the ministry of defense proposes, speed is important, but care is even more important about the life and health of our guys who are fighting at the front, so combat work starts from the beginning. implementation and

achievement of all our goals, we are acting according to this plan, i am sure that all these plans will be realized. but here we must keep in mind so to speak, background, moderators of the discussion, in addition to sergei karaganov, scientific director of the faculty of world economy and world politics. look, regarding nuclear escalation, we never started this rhetoric, i don’t remember the name of this lady, the former prime minister of great britain, who, when asked when she became prime minister... it seemed that she was ready to press the nuclear button, we never said that

, that’s how it all started, we simply answered that yes, we need to treat it more seriously, they immediately started talking about the fact that we are rattling nuclear weapons, we are not rattling, this is the first, second, what is use, not use, in what case to use, we have a nuclear doctrine, and everything is written there, use is possible in exceptional, precisely in an exceptional... case, in the event of a threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country, in exceptional cases, i do not believe that such a case has arisen, and there is no such need, but this is a doctrine, this is a living instrument, and we are closely monitoring that , what is happening in the world, around us, and we do not rule out making some changes to this doctrine, as a tool of deterrence, the president is talking about testing nuclear weapons, for now... according to him, a computer simulation is quite enough, but

the possibility, as they say, no one removes the full-scale experiment from the table, however, it seems that this concept seems to sergei karaganov not tough enough, i am a hunter, and i know how animals behave, if you are attacked by a pack of wild dogs or hyenas, you have a stick, then you can drive them away, beat them, drive them away, and there is a chance that you will... the answer was obviously intended to reduce the nuclear

tension, but sergei karaganov is not ready to give up so easily. again, i repeat this question, i bring it to the end. if we do not go more decisively along the ladder of escalation, then we have not warmed up even the almighty, because the almighty once showed us the way when he was for dissipation and debauchery. destroyed sodom and gomorrah with fiery rain, so maybe let’s remember this rain, let’s try to enlighten humanity or that part of humanity, who lost faith in god lost her mind. without me, maybe you will set the heat there, they are already scared, although, although, of course, one might think, about the europeans, you say, any logic is possible, which means, well,

if god forbid, it comes to some blows, then everyone... must understand that russia has an early warning system, a warning system, early warning of a missile attack, the united states has it, there is no such developed system anywhere else in the world, we have it, in europe there are no developed systems, they in this sense, more or less defenseless, this is the first, second, second, the power of strikes, our tactical nuclear weapons are three times more powerful than four. than the bombs used by the americans against kheroshima and nagasaki are three to four times, we have many times more of them on the european continent, and even if the americans bring theirs from the usa, we still have many times

more, but if it comes to that, don’t let god, if i really don’t want to, i’ll cross myself, that’s what it means, but then - you said, we’ll reduce the sacrifices, but they can increase to infinity, this is the first, second, of course, these same europeans will have to think, if that means those with whom we will exchange such blows will not exist, whether the americans will get involved in this exchange of blows already at the level of strategic weapons or not, i very much doubt it, and europeans should think about this too.

the current contingent is not enough, but we adhere, as i said, to a different tactic, we push the enemy out of those territories that should be brought under our control, in this sense we have no the need to mobilize, we are not planning this, because last year, the mobilization that we had, we called up 3,000 people, but last year, without any mobilization, voluntarily... our men, our patriotic people, voluntarily came to military registration and enlistment offices and signed contracts with the armed forces, there were... over 300,000 people, over 300,000. this

year, this year, uh, since the beginning of the year, uh, military registration and enlistment offices have come and signed contracts for over 160,000 people, every day, somewhere here more than a thousand come to military registration and enlistment offices, voluntarily. you know, when we see... what the russian character is, what the character of a russian citizen is, we understand this, we rely on this, we do not need any atomic weapons for final victory. probably, this fact also forces the western allies to put pressure on kiev , and even total mobilization in the country seems to look like it in the eyes of sponsors. we know for sure from ukrainian sources that the americans have set conditions for continued

support by reducing this level of mobilization by age 25-23 years, at 20 years old, 18, or maybe 18 right away, this is no longer our business, then let the entire current leadership of ukraine replace it, of course, i already talked about this, but what is important for us is that , that somewhere... they are gaining 30-50, last month i think they gained 70,000, there will be a decrease, what does this mean? this suggests that what they are gaining and will gain will only be used to make up for losses, there will be a small increase, as they say, yes, well, you can calculate it differently, now i won’t even give numbers name, although they are clear to us, so, uh, in this situation, when people come voluntarily, go to the front, to defend their homeland, well, there is no question of mobilization.

the president has said more than once that the main task he sets for military leaders is to protect the lives of soldiers; this is the key difference from the western concept of war until the last ukrainian, the implementation of which looks more and more real every day. kirill brainin, anna zayakina and ilya zhuravlev, channel one. much of the discussion on the plenary session was devoted to the economy, after all, it is a specialized forum, especially since today a meeting of the board of directors of the bank of russia took place on the key rate. contrary to the forecasts of experts and some bankers that it would be increased, the regulator left the figure at the same level of 16%. what does this mean in general, how will the russian economy develop? about all this in konstantin's report. the discussion began with a proposal from the moderator, economist and political scientist sergei karagan. instruct him and other tfm participants to create a group on development of a new economic model for russia, we began to strongly develop the military-industrial complex, but in general

we succeed at random, but in my opinion we do not have a master plan, i feel that we will not have a discussion, but such a discussion, because what you said sounds offensive both to the government of the russian federation and to other structures, we are working on this... a new development strategy, we have it, we spent a whole, whole year not only doing it ourselves, that means we were doing it together with those brains that you mentioned, that is, with the business community, with their associations, at constant meetings, meetings, we did nothing, keel, so, that means you are proposing to create some structures, we have them, this is the government of the russian federation, the central bank and...