in tallinn, and viktor vitalievich - one of my assistants, filled it with some kind of drama, as if samoilov was somewhere in the lower left corner, this hero is somewhere hanging on top of her, the influence of rusevsky is clearly felt, well, rusevsky and the colotos were plowed then , of course, in the late fifties, early sixties, literally the entire generation, but yes, precisely by the seventies with...

all this was already familiar, but the actress should have already moved on to other roles, yes, she no longer had the opportunity play... the main characters are young, twenty-year-olds, thirty-year-olds, this is a different generation, again, how is it? well, probably inna churikova was lucky, yes, she switched to the roles of older heroines, mothers, bosses, because next to her was her husband, director, gleb panfilov, who selected roles for her, wrote something, and so on, in general there was well, soviet cinema is especially characteristic of this, it is known, let’s say, yes. very often

some major director always had such a faithful companion, that is, sergei polinarvich gerasimov and tamara makarov, or let’s say ivan pyryev and well, there are several there were companions and there, in general, depending on the period of grigory alexandrov and lyubov orlova , in general, the husband always came up with some kind of main role in his film for his wife. well , unfortunately, samoilova didn’t have this, and there were several more disappointments when some films even...

khamdamov started filming not according to the script, the film was closed, in fact, what happened, we eventually released this film, just under a different name, and it was shot by a different director and the script was actually written anew by other people, today we in fact, we know it as the film of the slave of love, and, unfortunately, tatyana samoilova is no longer there, but she remained in some pieces, which khandamov later dragged into the film anna karamazov, also such a dramatic plot, this...

at the turn of the nineties and two thousand returns to the cinema, people who remember her, like veronica, the cranes are flying, people who don’t write, maybe especially for her, but this is still not just a role, but this is some kind of cameo, yes, a cameo, that is when we find out, yeah, this is not just an actor or actress playing a role, and this is a value that actually does honor to everyone who watches who makes this film, because he or she, they generally appear here for minutes, maybe five,

the imaginary history of soviet cinema, and there is an elderly actress, we see her at first young, and already at such an age of memoirs, she is played by... just samoilova, her name is not lyubov orlova, but it is clear that this is some kind of strange, strange connection, herself and orlov and , in fact, thanks to television in in many ways, thanks to various biographical programs that air on primetime on russian tv, a certain canon is gradually being formed, an idea of ​​​​what a soviet marvel is, and from the point of view of this canon , the biographies of various actresses are considered, as a rule, they always end. as presented by interpreters, biographers, tragic, because if there is no tragedy, then there is no great biography, forgotten, unrecognized, necessary, yes, yes, yes, as a rule, doctors found a lonely actress in her apartment in poverty, so such a template, just a real template,

fortunately this is not about samuillova, well, to some extent about her too, alas, but still in her biography, even in her filmography, if you go with... beyond the scope of flying cranes beyond frame of anna korenina, then you can still see other facets of talent, yes, some other features that could have developed, we are talking here, in principle, about how an actress who was potentially great did not find a worthy place in the soviet cinema, well, let ’s draw another parallel, yes, there is a break in the eras of sound and silent cinema, right? the silent movie ends, and the former silent movie stars are no longer a thing in the thirties, because, for example, they don’t have voices, or they don’t understand how to reveal themselves in what role, remember the film sunset boulevard by billy wilder, and gloria of the sun, yes , yes, in fact, the great director straheim

plays the butler of a great actress, gloria swanson actually plays herself, such a forgotten star of the twenties, here we can carry out such a reign that in the nineties and two thousand we find ourselves... just in the same break of eras, when former stars of the soviet screen are trying to find themselves in this new life, and cinema is trying to find itself in a new life, because in general, only in the early 2000s does the modern russian cinema begin to take shape, which today we usually see on screens. yes, if we had done something in the spirit of sanskrit boulevard, perhaps samoilova would have played beautifully there at the beginning of the two thousandth in the last years of her life, but... alas, we only had series about love orlov, and she didn’t have enough, maybe the director didn’t have enough, the screenwriters did n’t have enough, this desire to turn to the history of soviet cinema, then at that level, yes, in the late eighties they remembered again about the twenties, but about the fifties,

maybe it seemed too close, but they remembered the thirties, the eighties, the nineties, everyone thought about their own, the two thousandths came and maybe, maybe samoilova almost didn’t live to see... this appeal, maybe again well, for you the cranes remained such an iceberg, i don’t know, some kind of summit, some sort of manblanc, everest, yes, in the history of soviet cinema, which, which is so high that it doesn’t even occur to the thought to return to it, turn to it, i don’t know, it seems that you can’t reach it, that’s me i’m already fantasizing in the role of such a kitty, the real history of soviet cinema, unfortunately, it has not yet been written. there is a topic that is developed very well, there are , as it were, biographies of people that are excellently researched, but at the same time, it seems to embrace such a modern canon, which rethinks looks at what really films, what remains from big films to this day, what kind of

legacy lies behind this or that actor, his discovery of personal achievements, this does not exist yet, and it still needs to be written, including exploring, perhaps, some new facts and ... biographies of famous soviet actors, yes, here we can only advise our viewers to watch any film from samoilova’s biography, if you have already watched the cranes are flying, if you haven’t watched it, then of course you should watch the cranes are flying, and then again watch any other film from tatyana samoilova’s filmography, it seems to me that this would be a worthy gift for her ninetieth birthday, this was a podcast of isenshtein’s witnesses and his leading film historians, natalya ryabchikova and stanislav dizinsky, we talk about how... why watch now soviet cinema, famous, beloved, half-forgotten, perhaps completely unknown, how to discover new meanings in it and get even more pleasure. all episodes of the lenshtein's witness podcast can be found on the channel one website.

hello, this is the baden badon podcast and i am its host, konstantin severinov. today we will talk about genetic diseases, about oncology, especially genetic ones. diseases of children, our guest is mikhail mashchan, doctor of medical sciences, professor, director of the institute of experimental and molecular medicine, center for pediatric hematology named after dima rogachev. hello, mikhail. hello, konstantin. we have statistics, they are as follows: every year in russia approximately 3,500, from 3,500 to 400 patients become ill with cancer. a you mean hematological and pediatric , these are all tumors, these are all tumors, all of all

pediatric oncology is 3,500 patients, 3,700 to be precise, but our area of ​​interest also includes patients with hereditary blood diseases and hereditary diseases of the immune system, then what called hereditary immunodeficiencies, but these are diseases in which the immune system stops working as a result of some kind of breakdown - at the genome level, and the breakdown is most often inherited, that is, this is the total number of patients every year, who are part of the area of ​​interest, the center, the area of ​​our competence, is about 5-600 people, at what age can the debut of such a disease occur? here the question is a little broken down, because when we talk about childhood cancer or cancer in children, we are talking about at least several dozen. or maybe several hundred different diseases, and each has

its own statistics, but if we talk about the most common tumor in children, it is acute lymphoblastic leukemia, it is a tumor of cells which were going to become cells of the immune system, lymphocytes, but along the way there was a failure, they turned into a tumor, for island lymphoblastic lycosis, what is called, well, the peak, if you want , of incidence occurs at age. 4 years, but a child can get sick immediately after birth, at 18 years old. and you said that this is hereditary, that is, these are children of parents who are already sick, why, why does this even occur, why at 4 years old, why not immediately, first, is the cause of this tumor hereditary, and the answer, unfortunately, is not entirely unequivocal, i would say, rather no, yes, that is, if you take all patients with acute leukemia, the proportion of patients with inheritance. predisposition with a hereditary factor of some kind about 10%, but no more, according to

various estimates, from 5 to 10%, by hereditary factor you mean that the parents are also sick, or have some kind of predisposing gene, or a mutation that predisposes to the development of a tumor, directly inherited tumors, and when a parent passes on a tumor by inheritance, this of course practically does not happen never, it is completely exclusive. the situation is unique, but there are genes that seem to predispose to the development of a tumor, these are the genes that are passed on from generation to generation, that is, just a separate gene, that is, you and i don’t have such a gene, pah-pah-pah, but who - so it exists, like this, maybe you and i have such a gene, or rather, we are not talking about a gene, about some kind of polymorphism, yes, that is, about a gene variant, some kind of amino acid replacement that works a little not so, that is, it is a damaged version of the gene. at healthy people also have this gene, but in people with a predisposition or patients, it is slightly changed, and you know what this

change is, you generally need to know, if a patient comes to you, what is the cause of his genetic disease? yes, of course, the answer is yes and yes, because, firstly, there are breakdowns that greatly affect the behavior of the tumor, yes, there are mutations that make the tumor insensitive to conventional therapy, well, here is the simplest example, very well known in oncology gene, not only in pediatric oncology, but an adult has such a gene p-53, yes, which encodes a protein that controls cell death and the cell’s response to genetic damage, but if such a damaged version of such a gene is inherited, then - firstly, the patient has a much greater risk development of various tumors, including because in this case. cell death is good, that is, if this gene is damaged, then the cells do not die, the cell dies poorly, it does not know how to die when

it is needed, yes, that is, it does not obey instructions and does not die, and here are patients with mutations in such a gene, for example, they respond poorly to conventional treatment, they require special treatment, including bone marrow transplantation, and another reason why it is important for us to know this genetic predisposition is so that we can advise the family how you are, you are, after all, you are a surgeon or you, who in no case, well, it’s just that doctors are usually not progeny, but doctors are about people, about some procedures. oncology was born as a surgical specialty, but pediatric oncology, of course, is far from only surgical, because most of the tumors in children, or most of them are tumors originating from blood cells and the immune system, and these tumors most often do not grow in one place, they cannot be removed surgically, they most often are immediately,

well, in some in a sense, we can say that this is the fourth stage, yes, if we speak in simple language, that is, they are. is a word that is often used, multidisciplinary, yes, that is, these are patients who cannot be cured by a doctor of one specialty, in order to cure such patient, we need coordinated efforts of people, doctors, many, many specialties, surgeons, hematologists, anesthesiologists, laboratory doctors, and the role of these laboratory doctors, and those who

decipher the nature of the disease, try to characterize these cells, to understand what kind of breakdown. understand how this cell looks, well , at the phenotypic level, how these genes behave, its role increases year by year, and sometimes it seems that day by day, yes, that is, how do you look at genes, how do your doctors look at genes, your patients, what does this even mean, look or check the state of a gene, well , historically, these were very simple, or rather, when these methods appeared, they did not seem so simple, somewhere in... in the middle, probably, of the 20th century, methods for coloring chromosomes appeared, yes, when cells in the process of division, the genetic material condenses, turns into such, well , glomeruli, if you like, they probably all present themselves, somehow in the shape of the letter x, which can be painted and examined under

a microscope. the basis of any cancer is genetic a breakdown, but it is not necessarily inherited, a very important fork that needs to be understood, that is, if a patient has a tumor, in each tumor cell there is a breakdown, yes a dna breakdown, a breakdown at the level, it can be a very big breakdown, yes, a breakdown chromosomes, the exchange of large pieces of chromosomes among themselves, and maybe a very small breakdown, like replacing one letter among the billions that actually make up the genome of the cell, but that’s the point.

cell biology, this is such a university bible for nascleral biologists, yes, it was there too at the very end there was a sub-chapter dedicated to cancer, oncological diseases, the title of this chapter was as follows: cancer is a genetic disease of somatic cells, in a sense this means the cells of our body, and the cells of our body, somatic cells, this means those cells that will not pass on their genetic information to offspring are germ cells, cells. which are either hometes, or cells that can become a new organism, yes, the egg cell is a spermatozoan, they are formed in the body, if there is a mutation in these cells, it has chance - to continue in the offspring, how do you determine where it occurred mandatory, mandatory analysis at the start is a genetic examination of tumor cells in

this case and it consists of several methods, yes there are the simplest methods, we are now... cells we are again at the level chromosome analysis has not yet reached the point of reading letters, but at the chromosome level we see that there are not 46 chromosomes in a cell, but 39, this is precisely in

cancer cells, yes, because in all other cells the child’s body is just like that of humans , yes, in a cancer cell, for example, is not 46, but 39, there is a loss of chromosomes, this is called hypoploidy, yes, that is, there are fewer chromosomes than there should be, these are the types of lycosis that are incredibly difficult to cure with conventional chemotherapy. almost all of these patients need to undergo a bone marrow transplant, but we live in the era of so-called targeted therapy, when not immediately for all options, but gradually, drugs appear that act on a specific protein formed as a result of such a chromosomal rearrangement, and for in order to give this medicine, we must know for sure whether the patient has this defect or not, there are famous examples of the so-called philadelphia chromosome -

from the type of lycosis, well, except for the actual chromosomal rearrangements, which are easy, well, in a sense, easy to look at, but this does not exhaust all the diversity, hematological diseases, there are a lot of

so-called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or, well, if you want point mutations, where one letter or several letters are replaced, this is what, yes, several nucleotides, that is, letters in this genetic code, and such a replacement. may be no less effective in turning a cell into a tumor one, but it is impossible to notice it at the level of an entire chromosome, both here and what you do then, and here you need methods of so -called dna sequencing, yes, that is, when these letters are read sequentially, actually we see, in fact, we see this as a typo in the genetic text, but what if, well , i imagine that in many countries... unfortunately, children get sick, there are countries where doctors and scientists work together to identify the causes of diseases, then, probably, articles are published and you can read it,

and after reading this article, you simply take it on faith or you begin to introduce a new analysis, and relatively speaking, the child who came to you, you must analyze him, if the nature of the disease is unknown, it must be established to prescribe the correct treatment, you simply need everything, all possible candidate points in the dna. here is a typo in the genetic code, but it is necessary to prove that this typo really affects the behavior of the cell, here it’s much more difficult to do this, and it

needs to be done quickly, this is a disease that develops quickly, you need to catch it right now, urgently make a decision based on gene analysis, you know, i would say, the sooner the better, but the starting days, when a patient first begins treatment, they basically go through this pretty standard... scheme, where this molecular information is not used, but there are at least a few diseases where it is critically important, there is one form of leukemia called acute promelacytic leukemia, it has a peculiarity: at the very beginning of the disease, tumor cells secrete substances that unbalance the blood coagulation system, and such patients have a huge risk during the first days from the onset of the disease, from diagnosis. die from bleeding or from thrombosis, at one time, somewhere in the mid- eighties in china, it was discovered that a very simple substance, an analogue of vitamin a,

oltransretinoic acid. these cells actually block this feature of theirs that causes them to turn into ordinary cells, but in order to prescribe this analogue of the vitamin, which exists in the form of tablets, you need to know for sure that this is the same promelatar lycosis, yes, that is , there is a situation, and i think there will be more such situations over time, when there is a cure , which should be prescribed only to a patient with a specific molecular breakdown, then the speed with which you find this breakdown... in general depends on the patient’s life, but so far for most patients this is not the case, for most patients this information is needed about 2-3 weeks from the start of treatment, because it greatly influences the choice of the second stage and in general further such tests allow you to find the desired answer in 2-3 weeks, yes, but as a rule you need a whole set of different tests , there is not yet a single test that would answer all questions; there is such a concept as validation. yes

, it’s very boring when you not only have to show that there is a test that finds some kind of breakdown, you also have to prove that this find will affect your chance of cure patient, and this takes years, and for some very rare breakdowns, we one of the big problems, which is now just beginning to be realized, is that the entire system there of drug development, the entire financing system, it proceeds from such a basic hypothesis,

historically here are the chemotherapy regimens, they were developed in exactly this way, and empirically selected sets of drugs that act on this type of tumor, chemotherapy, that is, the hope is, you talked about some kind of chromosome rearrangements, the medicine in this case is what kills the diseased cells. this is the meaning of this medicine, the meaning of the medicine is that it kills diseased cells, but we need medicines that will not damage normal problems, well, here are your kids, here i was with you, there are many children there without hair, well then this is all so serious, current chemotherapy, well, hair loss is psychologically important, but of course it’s not the worst thing that can happen to a person, i can, i can testify, of course, about this, but the problem is that the chemotherapy that

is used today is not very selective. it damages tumor cells more, but it affects many other cells that quickly divide, in particular skin cells, intestinal epithelial cells, but this is then restored in case of successful treatment, yes, it is restored, but this can be accompanied by severe complications, for example, infections, that is , the damage itself is restored, but it can trigger a cascade of events that can including ending in the death of a patient, for example, already treated, sometimes already finding...

with professor mikhail moshchan about genetic diseases about what methods of treatment there are, but there are also these terms remission, i know relapse, here is relapse - this is the return of the disease back, this is because the same change in the dna occurred again , or why it was in exceptional cases that you just described the situation when a breakdown in the dna again occurred, as if a new transformative event, rather in... no, will be described by the term second tumor, this, this happens, this is, if the tumor itself is a rare event , it probably happens, this happens, this is a very rare event, and just for people who have a second tumor, they have with a high probability we find the so -called predisposition syndrome, yes, that is, they have some kind of basic defect, which, well, if you want, affects the stability of dna, a basic genetic defect, yes, a basic genetic defect, hereditary, which affects

dna stability, then they can... this is the second event, that is, the second, second time a tumor can develop, these are just people who develop tumors more often in general, yes, absolutely, but in most patients a relapse is not. .. such a repeated transformation is not a re-formation of a tumor, it is rather like several cells from the original tumor survived treatment, hid, were in a dormant state, sometimes for many years, then woke up and at the same time again about the tumor, in your case, in case hematology, we are not talking about just some piece, they can, they can form a tumor in the classical sense, yes, that is , they can, it can be everywhere, but it can be in one place. there may be a tumor of some lymph node, but most often with tumors of the hematopoietic system, yes, it is widespread in the blood, in the bone marrow, in the lymph nodes, but how do you find out about the predisposition then, i understand that this is

a minority of all tumors, this is to find out about predisposition, well, there are two, if you want ways, the first is precedent, yes, that is , if there is a tumor in the family, which is generally a tumor. this is not such a rare thing, yes, it seems to us that cancer is something, well, it is not very common, in fact, what is called risk, yes, that is, the risk of developing a tumor during a person’s life is approximately 25%, yes , that is, after all, for babies, for children, for children it is very low, yes, but i mean the total risk of a tumor and the peak is for the tumor of adults, about 65 years old, 65-70, if it occurs with a patient , y whose tumor developed at an early age, for example, a tumor before 40 years of age is rare, or if the doctor meets with a family where many family members develop early tumors, or there is a family member with recurrent

tumors, there it makes a lot of sense to be examined to look for the cause , this is precedent-setting, but other things, you still say that the risk is, in principle, high, the second, second way, which will probably gradually dominate as such full-scale genetic research enters the practice of medicine, is will be, you know, like a finding during a medical examination, yes, that is, in fact, that is, you donate your sample, you ask for a blood sample, a study is performed such as whole genome sequencing or whole exome sequencing , some genetic variants are found that affect... medical risks, including on oncology, if the cure rate grows, as you said, exponentially over the years, due to the interaction of doctors, of course, apparently the families of patients, philanthropists and scientists, then this is still, that is, it seems

that there is some light at the end of the tunnel, well , at least a small one, well, to be honest, in our profession, without not seeing this light, it would seem to me very difficult to live and work, because of the number of failures with which a doctor. .. in this area i have to deal with during my professional life, it greatly exceeds the possibility of a normal psyche, it seems to me that there is such coexistence with failures, but only some visions of this light at the end of the tunnel, the feeling that you are moving in the right direction , it allows not not throw it all away. thank you, mikhail, good luck to you and of course to your patients, thank you konstantin. without thinking of amusing the proud world, loving the attention of friendship, i would like to present to you a pledge more worthy of you, more worthy of

a beautiful soul, holy, full of dreams, poetry, lively and clear, lofty thoughts and simplicity. to the poet's anniversary. hello, the program is on air, in the studio of ikterin andreeva, the main event of the day. film crew. in the place of a monstrous terrorist attack in the kherson region, 22 died as a result of a strike from naty weapons on grocery store, shot down by a ukrainian mi-8, counterattacks of the ukrainian armed forces were repelled, which

our defenders in the special operation zone also did during the day with defense reports. almost a thousand agreements totaling 6.5 rubles. business results of the st. petersburg international economic forum and the reaction of the western press to vladimir putin’s keynote speech. tanks, all-terrain vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, captured western equipment at an exhibition in the urals, where kamikaze drones are made. with the help of which nato vehicles are converted into scrap metal. after 33 years, the investigation into the cases of the murder of igor tolkova, one of the most notorious mysteries in the history of our show business. volunteers searched the whole world in the sverdlovsk region and found children who had gotten lost in the forest a few days ago, which helped them survive.

tomorrow monday there is mourning in the kherson region, the death toll as a result of the barbaric attack of the ukrainian armed forces on the village of sadovye has increased to 22 people, 15 were wounded . a grocery store was hit, civilians were hit with nato weapons. our film crew is working at the scene. report by vitaly katchenko. here are the results the first arrival, hymers targeted a grocery store in the center of the village. walls are destroyed, there is no roof, absolutely nothing remains of the building in which the village store was located, valentina grigorievna’s house is literally 20 meters from the site of the attack inflicted by ukrainian militants on the civilian population, residential buildings, farm buildings, and now on an ordinary store on the right...

literally strewn with fragments from the criminal blow of the kiev regime, inflicted directly on a peaceful target in a simple, in an ordinary populated area, a crime that cannot be justified in any way, they beat deliberately, watched from a drone, waited for a large number of people to gather, apparently flew up, took advantage of the position, right in the center there was a cluster of people, it was like that , the dead girl was lying right there there on the edge behind the fence, how far did you get it? even more attacks are concentrated on civilians, that is, civilian vehicles within

a fifteen-kilometer zone are instantly subjected to attacks by kamikaze drones, that is, they are hit without follow-up. deceased spouses matveychuk had arrived the night before to help a friend, the owner of a store; at the time of the impact they were trying to remove the surviving goods from the destroyed building. my wife, my brother, oh, my cousin and his wife died, so many peaceful people to kill, just like that. social destruction of people, the first explosion happened, only a few died there, everyone else came and they cleared it up, it was all the people who came running to help, to help the wounded, to clear away the rubble, well, they were stupidly killed on purpose, it turns out that nine-year-old alina and one and a half year old sasha, the children at that moment were with their grandmother in a neighboring village, he and his wife and children came here, well, as i understand it, it’s like...

the village is small and almost everyone here had relatives or friends who died, the village of sadovaya is located 15 km from the line of combat contact, drones, komikazes are recorded here regularly, in the past 24 hours alone there have been three shellings, which killed dozens of people, now the alarm has also been declared, a drone has been spotted somewhere here, you need to urgently leave this place. investigative the authorities have completed an inspection at the scene of the tragedy and are now establishing a personal identity.

explode in the house, i’ve never seen anything like this, the hell that was in the house, everything, windows, doors, everything, the door was ripped out of its hinges, in my bedroom this piece of shrapnel flew into the window, wrapped around it, behind the curtain, tore off the curtain , that's it, guys,

how scary, now to the situation at the front, our combat pilots, drone operators, rocket launchers, artillerymen, hit... the northern group of troops, six counterattacks were repelled in 24 hours, up to 180 militants were destroyed, units from the south, west, east and center they also improved the situation in their sectors, the enemy lost more than 1,300 people and a lot of equipment there, here is footage from the avdeevsky direction, the crew of the mstas installation burns another abrams tank, the target is controlled... the score is 1:0 in favor of the russian armed forces. drones are indispensable assistants on the front line of the 110th brigade of the 1st army corps in their small production. they assemble new drones,

restore and reflash the old ones. the products of our craftsmen work not only in the air, but on the ground. dmitry tolmachev will tell you more.

now one of the best operators in the team is checking the drone’s carrying capacity, range, and controllability again for hunting. these are infantry, these are lightly armored vehicles, these are heavily armored vehicles, it all depends on the skill of the operator and, again, on the equipment that he carries with him. to the point where you can even raise dugouts, if you fly there closer to them with the right charge, you can raise dugouts, that is, well, this thing is very universal. one of the brigade's areas of responsibility is krasnogorovka, to west of donetsk, where fierce fighting is taking place right now. here the operator of a reconnaissance drone records how, after an accurate hit in a trench, two clearly wounded or shell-shocked enemy soldiers try to hide in a nearby shelter. great, great, i continue, but to no avail our bird flies there. and this is another product

of the engineers of the 110th brigade. we call this in our language simply trolleys, transporting for various purposes, it sounds smart . ground robotic complex. before testing the next the specimen has the finishing touches left, we are trying to disguise it as green grass , covering it with camouflage nets along with the immediate cargo that will be there. fast, passable, almost invisible in the grass. this so-called ground-based drone is assembled quickly and is relatively inexpensive. the wheels are from hoverboards, that is, the control board is the same. everything is simple, everything is accessible, but an indispensable assistant on the front line, he goes around everything, small craters, overcomes it calmly, that is, with a load, without a load, also all this, and how much weight can it pull, well...