and well, an instruction, or something, yes, what needs to be done, i never suggest quitting smoking, drinking or stopping shopping, for example, it’s pointless to do that, you need to do the opposite in the opposite direction, in my opinion, that is, essentially uh, you need to do two very simple things, the first is that you can absolutely safely buy everything that costs less than 500 rubles. i don't know that it won't matter, i just don't, i don't, i understand your reaction. but believe me , the whole of russia is watching us now, i just don’t need it, i know you don’t need anything at all, that’s what business, you don’t need anything, you already understood this too, i’m giving you a direct instruction, your task is to buy something every day that costs less than 500 rubles, it can be anything, go down to the subway, there in the passages absolutely a lot of absolutely unnecessary things are sold. you know how much it costs there, not

500 rubles. no, if you try, you will find something for, in the end there are stores, everything is 349 or something like that, no, i understand everything, if you don’t want 500 rubles, let it be 1.00 rubles, but your task is to find buy something, just buy some kind of nonsense every day, but it should not be food that you eat, and it should not be food that you put in the refrigerator, it should be something completely material, then yes, well, i, too, i really don’t know the laces, so you go along... you buy, you take, just remember my vote , you buy, by the way, i need it, i lost the white one somewhere, so, here, accordingly, your task is to buy every day, what -to buy, you have to do it once a day for 500 rubles. the second thing i suggest you do is i don’t know whether you will do this or not, at some point you are sitting at home and out of boredom , scrolling through some kind of marketplace, probably yes, often, and when i’m in a taxi, something like this is happening, and it’s not a sudden question.

after that, if you want to do it, then you buy, but i have a feeling, especially judging by your reaction, that this will be more than enough, thank you very much, you know, a previous psychologist told me about the technique, in my opinion, it was called 21 days or something like that, if you like a thing, you take a photo of it, and if after a month you haven’t changed your mind about buying it, then you go buy it, i tried it, it didn’t suit me much, well, that’s why.

it just, just covers our unbearable pain of loneliness. and if suddenly, dear tv viewers, you want to sort out your problem or resolve some issue here in the studio with us, you can fill out a form to participate in our program, which you will find on the website 1tv.ru. you can watch all episodes of the triggers podcast on the website of the first channel 1tv.ru. hello everyone, this is the podcast of schrödinger's cat, and i am its leading scientific journalist grigory tarasevich, our guest today is alexander karpov, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, scientist-secretary of the laboratory of nuclear reactions, joint institute for nuclear research, hello, here we are today. this topic

may be a little strange for those who are accustomed to such a strict division at school into physics and chemistry, look, this is our anniversary year, the studio. which is named after einstein. there is an element named after mendeleev, already much after his death. what makes them special is that they do not exist in nature. and einstein's element was obtained as a result of thermonuclear explosions, as

a side reaction. in general, why does the periodic table reach somewhere and then stop? well, first of all, we probably need to say what it means in nature, yes, because nature, we usually say what uranium means when. element with number 92 is the heaviest in nature, we mean first of all the earth, maybe the solar system, well , everything that comes to us on earth from somewhere from space, in this sense , uranium is indeed considered to be the heaviest element, which is found in such gigantic macroscopic quantities, and some of the heavier elements are found on earth, but many... in the universe, where these elements are synthesized, continuously , yes, in principle they can be there, the same einstein and fermat, of course they are, in the broad sense of understanding nature in the universe, they exist, but we don’t find them on earth, we don’t find them, because on earth we we can find those elements or those

isotopes of these elements that are either stable or those that live without decaying long enough to survive on the earth, let me remind you that the earth in general... initially after the big bang we had hydrogen and a little helium, there was nothing else special . well, one in three, yes, for something even heavier, even a little heavier than hydrogen and helium to appear, the stars need to light up, and then the stars can create new elements to a certain

limit, in my opinion up to iron, if i'm not mistaken, well, there are two types of reactions that in principle, humans are used to obtain artificial elements, but in order to obtain a new element, you need to change the nucleus, that is, change the number of protons, we can do this, in fact , nature does it in two ways: either by merging the nuclei of lighter elements, they are like two droplets of liquid, they approach each other, merge, the nucleus of a heavier element is obtained, and then an atom is formed, that is, like a structure where there is a nucleus and electrons, this is the number one way, this is exactly the way nature produces elements, as you correctly said, iron, nickel, something like this, is heavier than iron, nature cannot do this, because in order for stars to burn, fusion reactions must proceed with the release of energy, so until iron they go this way and that way, and heavier than iron, they , on the contrary, begin to move with the absorption of energy,

so the star cannot move further, it simply goes out, and the only way that remains is with the help of neutrons, this is the beminus type of decay. decay, this is, uh, when , well, one might say, an extra one appears in the nucleus neutron, and which benefits from becoming a proton, then it can do this due to this weak interaction, due to beta minus decay, it can do this, more electrins and electrons and antineutrinos fly out, but they leave the nucleus, in fact there was a neutron in the nucleus, it became proton, there was iron there, iron with number 26, then an extra neutron decayed, which got into the nucleus, became element number 27, another neutron hit it, it decays, you get element with number 28, nickel, and so on, that's it such a ladder we can with you move up up up, these two processes are responsible for the fact that we have the periodic table from iron to uranium,

well, to put it more simply, everything that our world consists of, which we eat, feel, put on our feet and what -also, it was created either in... something that is heavier, for this more serious events such as supernova explosions were needed, if i’m not mistaken, but this is also a stage in the evolution of stars, and i also read that such heavy ones as here, for example, is gold, here is my ring, and it did not even come from a supernova explosion, but from an even more monstrous event of the collision of neutron stars, it’s difficult for me to imagine, here i have a ring, in it are atoms of gold, in them are nuclei that appeared due to the fact that somewhere in space huge bodies collided with frenzied energy and compressed other nuclei, so

a little fantastic history, but as i understand it, you lower this fantastic story to the ground and do it in your laboratory, almost, that is, if you understand what they do in laboratories, then this method with neutrons, which you talked about when you talked about the ring , a about supernova explosions, collisions, mergers of neutron stars. yes, everything, everything is true, but in this way a person can produce artificial elements from uranium to fermium, and einstein and fermium, that is, from ninety- two, starting from ninety-third to one hundredth, these eight elements can be produced in this same way , irradiating with neutrons, from the hundredth, that is, starting from the 101st element, from mendelevium, the only way that a person can use is fusion reactions for... synthesis, that is in the same way that nature, on the contrary , produces the lightest elements, man

can only produce elements heavier than one hundredth in this way. i will again simplify a little, that in the laboratory where alexander works, they make reactions that even the collision of neutron stars does not reach. and your laboratory is one of the leaders in the world in the number of new elements created on the periodic table. and if you now open the modern version of the periodic table, you will see such names, for example, who is our 104th element, reservefordium, rutherfordium, 105 - dubnium, because the institute where alexander works is located in the city of dubna, this element was named in honor of this city, and this decision was international, so flrovium is what we have 114, 114 element of flrovium. not in honor of moscow,

in honor of the moscow region, because dubna is located in the moscow region, i will correct it a little, this official decision is written in honor of the moscow region and the ancient russian land of muscovy, the location of the joint institute for nuclear research, therefore, in general, in principle, it is in honor of the ancient russian state of muscovy. look, you said that out of eighteen new elements, 10 were synthesized in dubna, and

many of them were synthesized in the most, well , probably unpleasant years for science, these are the nineties, how did it happen, in the nineties, no, these elements were not exactly in the nineties synthesized, but what was done in the nineties was a completely technological breakthrough, in fact, preparation was underway, preparation for the team, preparation of equipment for... those experiments that gave the ability to open the six heaviest elements. this really was, well , in my opinion, some kind of miracle. at that time , the laboratory was headed by yuri saakovich oganesyan, he managed to assemble an international team, in addition to the countries, members of the institute, it included american laboratories, the largest american laboratories, livermore and okrich, so we... have 116 liveri and 117, tennessee, where the oprezh

national laboratory is located, we were able to concentrate efforts in order to bring the technology to this level sensitivity, so that experiments that had not been possible for about 15-20 years anywhere in the world could be done, and indeed the technology could be improved hundreds of times. come on. let's discuss the following question: how is a new element created, in quotes? as i understand it, a whole factory of super-heavy elements has now been built in dubna, that’s what it’s officially called, yeah, as you understand. photo of the accelerator from there, but how do you even make a new element? well look, as we said, in order to make a new one element, you need to merge two nuclei, the nuclei are charged, positively charged, as we remember from the school physics course, charges of the same name repel, therefore positively charged nuclei, they repel each other in order for them to come into contact with

, let’s say, negligibly small, but still, there was a non-zero probability that they were able to merge. they need to bring each other, overcoming these repulsive forces, for this they need to be accelerated, accelerated, and to speeds that are approximately 10% of the speed of light, that is, approximately 3000 km/ second, that is, through these channels, pipes, i don’t know what it’s called, you just need an accelerator, elements fly at a speed of 3000 km/second, and how do they hit some kind of target, absolutely right, how are they accelerated and how to determine what ... and what not, well, the accelerator that is used is called a cyclotron, in fact, its entire operating principle is based on the fact that a magnetic field allows you to rotate a charged particle, in general it should, according to a school physics course, a charged particle in a constant magnetic field moves around the circumference, and

accelerates the electric field, that is , plus or minus a charged particle. the pre-prepared ion flies between plus and minus, accelerates, then we must change the polarity so that next time it accelerates again and does not slow down, and the magnetic field turns the resulting trajectory into a spiral, that is, as the speed increases, the radius of the orbit grows, and we get spirals, the beam moves along this spiral, and gradually accelerated by the electric field, in the end it comes out and hits just... these the channels that we see on the screen, these channels go to the experimental halls, where there is a separator, a target, after it a separator, after it a detection system, what happens next, here is a particle flying, particles of what you use as dart you send? if we talk about

the heaviest elements, say ferovis or aganison 114, 118? then for the synthesis of this last - five, six elements , calcium was used as a bombarding particle, it is very a rare isotope, calcium 48, and the targets are isotopes of transuranium, that is, artificial elements, because calcium is element number 20, in order to get element 114, we lack 94 protons, that is, we need to make the target from element number 20. .. this is plutonium, that is, we take plutonium with number 94, make a target out of it in the form of foil, and irradiate thin foil with a beam of calcium 48 s, as i said, with a very small probability we will hit the core with a core, also with a small probability this is two the nuclei will merge, you will get a new kernel

element, which must cool down, because it is in a hot state, and then, having flown out of the target, it... will fly through the separator that we see on the screen and the red thing, yes this is the red thing, that is, right in front of it this is exactly the box where the target is located, the beam flies out from behind the wall, hits the target, which is located in the plastic box in front of the first red element, and then there are separator elements, and which allow all background events or debris , if so possible say, separate and deliver to the detector only what we are looking for, atoms of superheavy elements, and so element 118 was obtained, which received the name genisyan, and so element 118 was obtained, but then we had to take the target from california, that is, for in order to make 118, then to supplement the twentieth calcium it was necessary to take california, element number 98, and when they merged they gave element

number 118, which today is the heaviest known. closes the seventh period of the periodic table, well, it’s clear that in in a simplified form, it seems that, oh my god, you took a piece of an element, threw another at it, happiness and glory came, but it is clear that this is a complex process, and it is also complex because the heavier the element, the less it lives, in theory, so 118 element, how long does it live in nature, the isotope that we know, does it live a little less? milliseconds, that is, a millisecond is a second, the well-known flood of element 118 lives for a little less than 1. seconds, but i understand correctly that... there is a hypothesis of the existence of islands of stability, the so-called, which suggests that it is possible

to get there far away, to the region of super, superheavy elements, and there may be something more stable there, which decays there not in millionths of a second, but manages to live for a while, you know, the picture seems very romantic, boats, the sea monsters your wife drew, great from a physics point of view. what is this about? well, the picture, yes, this one is like that, it’s called such a map of nuclei, yes, only an artistic interpretation of it, in general in science such pictures are used in the sense that the nucleus consists of neutrons and protons, and such maps of nuclei or maps of isotopes are depicted, where the number of neutrons is plotted horizontally and the number of protons vertically, so in the lower left corner we will have the lightest nuclei, uh, proton, for example, and there are isotopes of helium and so on further, in the upper right corner we will have the heaviest nuclei, and then there is the stability of the nuclei,

it resembles some kind of marine theme, because there is something similar to a continent that ends with the eighty-second element lead and bismuth, which are the heaviest, most stable elements, that is, elements that have a stable isotope, there is a certain peninsula where thori and uranium are located, such as uranium is depicted as such a beacon, the last element in the natural periodic table and then we we see how the stability of the elements decreases, decreases, falls, and we actually reach the edge of the world of nuclei, the edge of the world, that very thing, and indeed it was predicted in the sixties it was predicted that if we will go to very heavy elements in the region of 114 or...

islands of stability from the search for superheavy elements, we found this island, discovered it, you can scream earth, you can scream earth, you can scream earth, because these are the experiments that were done in dubna at the beginning of the millennium, they just prove that the island of stability exists, we did not get to its center, these very stable isotopes, we have not yet been able to see, we have not been able to synthesize, but until... the shore of the island of stability we really we got there, we see that as we take small steps towards the island, the lifetime grows quite quickly, that is, there, well

, on average, adding one neutron to a superheavy element, we increase the lifetime by about 10 times, yeah , this is truly a gigantic figure, which suggests that we see this increase in stability and we very very very... we hope that indeed such elements in the very center will live for these predicted thousands, maybe millions of years, well, you talk about increasing the number of neutrons, and if we talk about protons, your vertical ruler reaches approximately 124, well, approximately yes, but could there be a large continent of stability outside the screen, i recently read an article where american astrophysicists analyzed...

there is a prediction that except this first island of stability, there are others, indeed the most distant, quite large island, was predicted at around 170, exactly 160, approximately element. the only thing is how reliable are these predictions? to say, well, i think that no one will undertake it, because nuclear physics is a science based on models, on our model ideas about the nucleus. the quality of the predictions of these models very much depends on how far we have moved from the known region, from the region of nuclei that we know experimentally, mm, hope that these nuclei can live long enough... long, well, in general, it’s difficult, because, well, what is generally considered, what determines the end of the periodic table? it is believed that the table mendeleev will end, in principle, where there

is stability. the nucleus is charged, protons, like similarly charged particles, they strive to disintegrate the nucleus, there are nuclear forces that, on the contrary, strive to keep it in a compact form, the confrontation of these two forces determines the stability of very heavy nuclei, and the heavier the nucleus, the more these repulsive forces, coulomb forces, they become stronger, more powerful and more powerful, and faster and faster they try to destroy the core, that’s exactly...

it is believed that this is exactly the process nuclear fission, it limits the world, nuclei and the world of atoms, it is predicted that somewhere not very far beyond the 120th element, we will just reach lifetime values ​​that will not allow us to experimentally register these chemical elements, then they will live so short that the nuclei that we simply will not be able to detect them, there are other predictions that these will not be ordinary dense nuclei, they may turn out to be nuclear bubbles, this is such a structure when we have a loose one, like a drop of liquid and a bubble where protons are closer to the surface, this will prolong the stability of the nucleus, and nuclei in this form can exist much heavier, there is also such a prediction, but this is still in the realm of predictions, well

, coming back of course. mendeleev, how many years have passed, how many steps forward physics has taken, but it is clear how the nucleus is structured, and an infinite amount is known about the nucleus, but unfortunately, we do not know the exact form of nuclear forces, that is, those forces that hold nucleons, protons and the neutrons that make up the nucleus hold together, we know everything about the second force, coulomb, yes, but about nuclear forces we... we don’t know their exact mathematical form, we only have nuclear models, that is, a model is, in any case , our idea of ​​the object that we are studying , it can be better, it can be worse, these models can be very complex and very close to reality, but they still remain models, any model has limitations, from the point of view of nuclear theory, this is the building block that is missing for , so that nuclear science...

well, after all, if without the equation formula, on at the level of metaphors, the core is, i don’t know, a snowball, a brick wall, a drop, some kind of lattice, what is it? well, there is such a model, yes, a liquid drop, yes, from the point of view of which the nucleus is a drop of very dense matter, a drop of such nuclear liquid, with rather sharply defined edges, in order to understand what density this formation is, then ...

that is, they are so light, it turns out in this sense that the entire mass of the core and all the density is concentrated in a small core, everything else is emptiness, what are they working on now? became possible after the characteristics were improved hundreds of times in the nineties, but it turned out that 20 years have passed, and after 20 years the experimental technology can be made dozens more, well, maybe up to 100

times better than 20 years ago , that is , a new accelerator has been built, more powerful, more efficient, new separators, and we are now already doing the first experiments, so far on known elements, we see... that the productivity of this complex has increased tens of times, the number of atoms that are all laboratories of the world have accumulated throughout history, we can collect the same amount and even go through it in a 30-day experiment, this really shows that we have reached some other, some new qualitative level of conducting experiments; in fact, there are two tasks for the new accelerator complex : first task number...

according to predictions and the first experimental estimates, it says that, well, the decrease can be from 10 to 100 times. this does create difficulties in conducting experiments precisely because a new experimental complex, a factory of superheavy elements, was built. that is, we technically gain a factor of about 30 in efficiency, this, we hope, will give us the opportunity to reach 119-120 elements, the synthesis of which will be

30-40 times less likely than the synthesis of the elements that are already the heaviest known, well, that’s it- still, we can probably assume that those schoolchildren who entered first grade this year will see tables by the time they study chemistry. mendeleev is slightly longer than now there are already 119 there will be 120. yes, this is a task, generally speaking, it is on the agenda of several laboratories in the world, including ours, we, of course, hope that in the next year or two we will be able to build and stage such an experiment , and it will be successful, and we will be able to declare that the first elements of the eighth period of the table are open. mendeleev, but let's go back to einstein and mendeleev, when they made their discoveries, they first of all, of course, thought about understanding the world and did not really think about the applied significance, of course, what enormous practical significance

mendeleev had for chemistry and the resulting industry, medicine, and so on. with einstein, everything is more complicated, but he is also often needed, and what could be the applied value of your research in theory? well, why in theory, in general, nuclear science has given the world a lot, and you can remember nuclear energy, but electricity, recently, there are probably a lot of such discoveries, fundamental nuclear sciences are used in medicine, these are medical pharmaceuticals, and radioactive isotopes , which are used for diagnosis and therapy. the most serious diseases, oncological ones, first of all, which are created on reduced copies, accelerators that were made for fundamental research, the same nuclear reactions and knowledge about nuclear reactions

that were studied in order to do fundamental science are used, there are specialized accelerators for therapy oncological diseases, some... registration methods are used, for example, there was a method for registering particles when a particle fell into plastic, then damaged matter. etched according to the parameters, the resulting pores were determined what kind of particles they were, this was the detection method, then they realized that they could take a polymer film, pierce it right through with heavy ions, treat it chemically and they would get a membrane, a membrane with hole sizes, with pore sizes, which cannot be made in any other way, with clearly calibrated pores and now... these membranes, they are called track membranes, they are simply now experiencing

a boom in the development of various products, first of all medical and industrial, all sorts of filters, all sorts of them, even some artificial skins, and they are trying to make them on the basis of a track membrane, this is what is done by the perhonorod from nuclear science, and is done using the technology that is used for fundamental science, if a little ...

we are the world, the laws of nature that govern this world, the boundaries of this world and so on, these are all useful things, they are obtained as a kind of by-product. here's what we talked about today: can a bomb be made or not? no? you know, sometimes when they comment on the discovery of new elements, i heard several times that, well, for example, this is a step towards the energy of the future or something else, you know, to do -

well, the very idea of ​​your institute is precisely the bringing together of peoples through science, and not

some aggressive technology of the institute, science brings peoples together. well, it seems to me that this is where we can complete our program, may the power of science, which brings people together, be with you, may the power of chemistry and physics be with you. it was kude schödinger's podcast and i its host, grigory tarasevich, our guest today, alexander karpov. scientist-secretary of the laboratory of nuclear reactions of the joint institute for nuclear research. watch all episodes of the podcast schödinger's cat on the channel one website and may the power of science be with you. hello, this is the baden baden podcast. its host is konstantin severinov, today we

will talk about genetic diseases, oncology, especially genetic diseases of children. our guest is mikhail maschan, doctor of medical sciences, professor, director institute of experimental and molecular medicine, center for pediatric hematology named after dima rogachev. hello, mikhail. hello, konstantin. we have statistics, they are as follows: annually in russia. these are all tumors, all of the entire pediatric oncology - these are 3,500 patients, 3,700 to be precise, but our area of ​​interest also includes patients with hereditary blood diseases and hereditary diseases of the immune system, what are called hereditary immunodeficiencies, yes, these are diseases in which

the immune system stops working as a result of some kind of breakdown - at the genome level, yes, breakdown, most often inherited. in total, the number of patients annually who are part of the area of ​​interest, the center, the area of ​​our competence is about 5-600 people. at what age can the debut of such a disease occur? here the question is a little broken down, because when we talk about childhood cancer or oncological diseases in children, we are talking about several dozen, at least, and maybe several hundred different diseases, and... for each there is its own statistics, but if we talk about the most common tumor in children - this is acute lymphoblastic leukemia, this is a tumor from cells that were going to become cells of the immune system, lymphocytes, but along the way there was a failure, they turned into a tumor, for the island of lymphoblastic leukemia, what is called , well

, the peak, if you want, the incidence occurs at the age of 4 years, but a child can get sick immediately after... birth at 18 years old, and you said that it is inherited, that is, these are children of parents who are already sick, why in general, why does this occur at 4 years old, why not immediately? the first thing is whether this tumor has a hereditary cause, and the answer, unfortunately, is not entirely unambiguous, i would say, most likely no, yes, that is, if we take all patients with acute leukemia, the proportion of patients with a hereditary predisposition, with some kind of hereditary factor - then - about 10%, but no more , according to various estimates, from 5 to 10%, by hereditary factor you mean that the parents are also sick, or have some kind of predisposing gene, or a mutation that predisposes to the development of a tumor, directly inherited tumors, and those when a parent passes on a tumor by inheritance, this of course almost

never happens, this is a completely unique situation, but there are genes that seem to predispose to development. these are the genes that are passed on from generation to generation, that is, it’s just a separate gene, that is , you and i don’t have such a gene, but someone else has it, we don’t know, maybe you and i have such a gene, or rather, we are talking not about a gene, but about some kind of polymorphism, yes, that is, a a variant of a gene, some kind of amino acid substitution, which works a little differently, that is, it is a damaged version of the gene; healthy people also have such a gene, but people with a predisposition or disease. it is slightly changed, and you know what these changes are, you generally need to know, if a patient comes to you, what is the cause of his genetic disease? yes, of course, the answer is yes and yes, because, firstly, there are breakdowns that greatly affect the behavior of the tumor, yes, there are mutations

that make the tumor insensitive to conventional therapy, well, here is the simplest example of a gene that is very well known in oncology, not only in pediatric oncology, but also in adults. the p-53 gene, yes, which encodes a protein that controls cell death and the cell’s response to genetic damage, but if such a damaged version of such a gene is inherited, then - firstly, the patient has a much greater risk of developing various tumors, including also because in this case , cell death is good, that is, if this gene is damaged, then the cells do not die. she's dying does not know how to die when needed, yes, that is, she does not obey instructions and does not die, for example, patients with mutations in such a gene, for example, do not respond well to conventional treatment, they require special treatment.