the moral law, the evangelical law, yes, it is realized in history, in this sense it is a little reminiscent of the late schelling, probably, but these are different, other details, they are brought up by centuries, as people are brought up by years, about us we can say that we are like although we are an exception among peoples, we belong to those of them who, as it were , are not an integral part of the human mouth, but exist only to teach a great lesson to the world, these words will then be very often quoted in different contexts by opponents of the bolsheviks. .. those who were disappointed in russia because of the october revolution will call this lesson to the world the october revolution, quote chiodayev, in turn, critics of the tsarist regime will use this phrase in order to strengthen their arguments criticizing the autocracy and so on, a very quotable phrase, but often taken out of context, but the fact is that chiodaev really puts the west, namely europe, at the center of the world, precisely from this fragment... chiodaev will

then refuse to make an apology for a madman, which, unfortunately, none of the readers i didn’t read the philosophical letter, the first philosophical letter published in the telescope magazine. it is important to say here that chiadaev’s legacy is not limited to the first philosophical letter; they know him first of all, but there were much more of them, there were eight of them, plus there was an apology for a madman and a number of unpublished articles, they very gradually reached the reading public. in the second letter, for example, odaev developed the idea of ​​​​the superiority of catholicism over orthodoxy further; this letter would probably have outraged maybe even no less than the first. he builds a philosophy of history, as i already said, a completely religious philosophy of history; in one of his letters, in my opinion, in my opinion, in my sixth letter, he contrasts aristotle with epicurus, speaking of aristotle as one of the children of darkness, and epicurus is a materialist, despite the fact that he himself is a religious thinker, chiodaev is largely a religious thinker, yes, he is a materialist.

an interesting question is how did chiodayev’s letters reach the reading public? based on those copies of philosophical letters that are in samyzdat of that time, as you said, was sold out to an admiring public; only in the sixty-second year were the first, sixth and eighth philosophical letters published in french abroad. let's take a look, the first philosophical letter, this is our nicholas era, the apology of a madman is the time of nicholas ii, publication, yes, but a complete set.

philosophical letters, interestingly, a small nuance, gershinzon, the first biographer of chiodayev, unfamiliar with most of the philosophical letters, tried to predict their contents in my book, i was wrong about everything, in memory of anastasia zavorotnyuk, we remember a wonderful person, an amazing woman, colleague, friend, anastasia zavoratnyuk, born in the seventy-first year, she didn’t feel very good, everyone thought it was just not... .

a person can live after death only in art, only art can defeat death, on saturday on the first. humor is the most important thing in our life: you can’t live without a smile, when you smile, everything goes better, then i’ll tell you a joke, if i see a sad person, then i’ll sing a clean song, then something else, the most important thing for me is that people around me smile, a sense of humor is always appropriate, but you need to know in what moments, laughter prolongs life, laughter is an emotion, laughter charges us for a new achievement,

there is food on the table, a cucumber with potatoes, i ’m not afraid to work, especially glossy smiles and so that... there is simple human happiness, russia, we love you, we continue the podcast russia and the west on the swing of history, today our topic is the biography and philosophical letters of pyotr yakolevich chiodaev, well here you go you already mentioned the apology of a madman, this is like a continuation, already... chadaev’s critical understanding in many ways of his own philosophical letters, yes, it was in many ways reminiscent of such an apology to some extent to russia, but no one changed this during his lifetime,

so to say, chiodayev did not recognize, for the first time, it was published, in my opinion, in kazan, provincial in 1906. that is , after the first russian revolution, which means he wrote, in this apology for a madman: “i have long wanted to say, and i am happy that i now have the opportunity to make this confession." yes, there was an exaggeration in this indictment brought against a great people, whose entire guilt ultimately amounted to the fact that it was abandoned to the extreme edge of all civilizations of the world. finally, perhaps, it was an exaggeration to be saddened, even for a moment, for the fate of the people from the depths of which came the mighty nature of peter the great, the all-encompassing mind of lomonosov and the graceful genya pushkin. comrade has reconsidered his views a little, that's for sure. it must be said that, by the way,

chiodaev at the end of his life was somewhat offended by the fact that pushkin’s first biographers forgot about his friendship with alexander sergeevich, he generally considered his friendship with pushkin to be his happiest years. probably, judging by his letters, yes, he considered it no less, probably more valuable than the philosophical letters he wrote, and one more thing, there are a lot of thoughts scattered throughout the letters, just like you’re talking about letters, and here’s another, means, from a letter to alexander turgenev: you know, i adhere to the view that russia is called to an immense mental task, its the task is to give...

the development of russian, so to speak, thought, political, social and so on, because this sharpness, especially, yes, not only the text itself, not the thought itself, even this kind of blow was a blow, yes , and - now, without this wit, perhaps there would not have been such an effect, but the thought itself, and the fact that it was expressed so sharply, it led to the fact that our people are... thinking people, for the first time they thought about the identity of russia, about its place in the world in general, about its future, about the fate of russia, the future, yes, this there was a painful blow, on the other hand, this blow gave an impetus, a huge impetus to the development

of these very different trends in russian social thought, it is interesting that the apology for a madman that you quoted, it is much more nervous, energetic than... than philosophical ones letters, in it he, in addition to the fact that he apologizes, yes, he, for example, builds there, as if responding to pushkin’s criticism, simply an apology for peter i, which many westerners will later do, yes, uh, he writes about that russia still comes first everything belongs to the west, that the east, i quote, has its own history, which has nothing in common with ours, inherent in it, as we have just seen, is a fruitful idea, which in its time determined the enormous development of the mind and which fulfilled its ... purpose with amazing power , but which is no longer destined to appear again on the world stage, meaning the placement of the spiritual principle in the foreground . by the way, chiodaev was also mistaken about the world stage, because now, already in the 20th century, we see that the east, china, first of all shows a new round of its development,

and chiodaev, of course, overestimated the colonial successes of europe, yes, the decline of the east, deciding that this was a constant, yes, he was also mistaken here, but... from him are old decayed relics, old ideas absorbed by time, old antipathies that he had long ago put an end to the common sense of our sovereigns and the people themselves, but in order to find out how we should relate to our past, that’s actually why he probably wrote, that’s what i tried to do in the work that remained unfinished, to which the article is so strange , how strange, some kind of person, perhaps self-irony: which offended our national vanity was supposed to serve as a vision, without a doubt there was... impatience in her expressions, harshness in her thoughts, but the feeling that permeates the entire passage is not at all hostile to the fatherland, this deep feeling

of our infirmities, expressed with pain, with grief, only, that is, it’s not that he takes back his words, but he admits that he, one might say, went too far with harshness, of course he went too far, you can call it an explosion, you can call it intellectual provocation, whatever you want, all, whatever, in this case , hercyn was right, who, therefore, compared this publication with such a shot in the night, so he wrote that a shot rang out on this dark night, he was drowning or what, announced his death, was it a signal, a call for help, news about butra or that he would not be there, you still had to wake up, well, if we talk about the majority. of course, this shot, so to speak, woke up everyone, but at the same time, everyone

woke up and simply cursed the culprit, so to speak, of the scandal, the noise on the street, and then again the average man fell asleep safely, so osip mandelstam compared the trace left by chaadaev with the trace of glass that a diamond leaves, such a deep trace, i will cling to mandelstam’s metaphor, mandelstam. a brilliant poet, this also manifests itself in prose, even in his articles, when a diamond scratches glass, i think that few of our audience listeners scratched glass with a diamond, like iron on glass, yes, but when a diamond scratches glass, it’s also very unpleasant sensation, yes, he doesn’t just cut it softly like butter, yes, it’s unpleasant, it’s painful, well, for the ear, yes, so this metaphor, it is actually very working, yes, and at the same time this is a trace, this is a trace that yes... so to speak, i will resort to the help of hercyn,

he has these words: sad and the original figure of chadayev stands out sharply with some kind of sad reproach against the lazy and heavy background of the moscow nobility. i loved to look at him among this tinsel nobility, flighty senators, gray rakes. an honorable nonentity, no matter how thick the crowd was, the eye found him immediately, but strictly speaking, this is how pyotr yakovlevich chadayev remained, if you immersed in russian history, then you immediately come across this figure, because he really is the only one, so even... in the galaxy of famous, talented and other persons,

characters in our history, chadayev occupies his special place, he seems to stand in the corner, it seems, yes, but it’s impossible not to pay attention to it. you don’t need to agree with chaidaev in his harsh assessment of russia, in which he was obviously wrong, in general we discussed this in some detail today, but on one thing i personally definitely agree with him, he wrote a wonderful thing is love for the fatherland. there is something even more beautiful, this is the love of truth. the most important thing that he did was to really awaken public thought with his sharp criticism, which we also talked a lot about today, awakened the discussion of westerners and slavophiles, which continues in different forms, in different guises to this day, and today, which forces different thinkers turn again for irritation, and even if his works leave only irritation - this is already an important factor, and so irritating chiodaev will probably remain a factor in... our history, of course, this was a historical podcast russia and the west on

the swing of history, pyotr romanov and sergei solovyov were with you. study history with us. you can watch all episodes of the russia west podcast on the swing of history on the channel one website. this is a space stories podcast, i am pilot cosmonaut anton shkaplerov. may 30 marked the 90th anniversary of the birth of the pilot-cosmonaut, twice hero of the soviet union. union, aviation major general alexey arkhipech leonov. it seemed he did impossible, he was the first to go into outer space. he became a legend not only of soviet but also of world cosmonautics. alexei arkipech was, of course, famous as an astronaut, but at the same time he was a gifted artist, a wonderful husband and father, and a loyal friend. today my

guests are alexei arkhipovich’s daughter, oksana leonova, and his classmate, yuri mikhminin. hello hello! hello! oksana, tell us how alexey arkhipovich filled you up as a dad? incredibly kind, touching in our family relationships, a little naive, that is, dad could never fool mom around his finger, and he was such a cheerful person, he joked with us so much and so many, you know, he played tricks on us, some kind of pranks that our life was quite fun. and of course we miss dad terribly, i remember my first meeting with alexei arkhipovich in december 2003, when we traditionally celebrated the new year with a detachment of cosmonauts, in addition to active cosmonauts, we always invite our veterans, this is the first time we saw alexei arkhipich, he greeted us young cosmonauts and his wives very warmly,

we talk a lot with us, we took the first souvenir photos with him, we were very proud and are still proud of these photographs. and indeed he was, as they say, the life of the party, he had a lot of stories, and really very funny, very amusing, uh, it was always a pleasure to communicate with him, well, even more so, it was such a pleasure to live with him, here we are there was one big star in the family, very on a large scale, and we were all such small satellites that were spinning around, but we were spinning very devotedly and faithfully, and we were always ready to do anything for this star, but it was hard to be the children of such a really... famous person, you know , i didn’t have a choice, it was my given, in my opinion, it wasn’t hard, it was great, because i grew up in such an interesting family, which, well, firstly, as i already told you, all members families revolved around a star of the first magnitude, and secondly this star, she was so disposed towards the family and we had such a pro-family

relationship, but in a very good sense, dad was very gentle, kind, and he so sincerely... loved, of course, i can’t say that he was very he devoted a lot of time to us, but only because he was busy, and there were a lot of business trips, there were a lot of training flights, in all the years of his active work, well, to be honest, until the very last days, dad worked, so we got him not very much, but if he was already in the family, we hung around, and daddy’s free time, there wasn’t much of it, but nevertheless... he used it for drawing, when he painted, he really liked it that we were somewhere nearby sat, could read books, could leaf through something, could also draw something, sculpt something, but for us to be nearby, for him it was a great, great, great pleasure and achievement, the gift of an artist was passed on to you, or a decorative artist in the second education, that

is, i can draw, but not as gifted as dad, it was probably necessary to develop this... and that’s why his drawings, especially after going into outer space, well, it’s like a textbook and some kind of, you know, textbook material that space and stars look

exactly like this , because dad, when he kicked out of the spaceship. found himself in airless outer space, he was amazed by myriads of stars, the stars were above him, around him, and below him, his spirit was completely captured, for the rest of his life, he retained this feeling of boundlessness universe. yuri, how did you first meet alexei arkipovich, what kind of classmate and friend was he to you? in 1950, we met at the twenty-first high school in the eighth grade. city ​​of kaliningrad, this school was a girls' school until september 1950, so there were only six girls in our class of 26. you can see here, you can count, six guys, i’ve already found, yes, the rest are all girls, since they came from different schools, that’s why there were

students who learned english, some german, some french, us there were three groups, lyosha, he was just studying german, and then he retrained in english, great, he studied german, he really didn’t want to learn it, it was just the first post-war years. nature resisted, but then a fairly smart teacher was found who said, but what does culture have to do with it, language is a language, the most interesting thing is the chemistry teacher, elena anatolyevna lenskaya, she was an honored teacher awarded the order of lenin, we had a chemistry club, we did it there some experiments, that's all, but we were also assigned to make instruments, as i remember now, they invited, apparently correspondents there, so lyosha and i were just tasked... there was one instrument to make, so we were just demonstrating it, here , pay attention, the badges, here he has it, we have it of all the boys, only two of us were

such athletes, lyosha had a second-class bicycle, which means the most interesting thing was that his bicycle was unusual, there was no money then, in kaliningrad you could find anything you wanted in the ruins, so he collected somewhere from three, from four how... some kind of bicycles, we called him a drondulet, here he is on this drondulet, that’s the norm for the second sports category, he completed the svetlogorsk highway 20 km, that ’s how the two of us were just like that, let’s say, such fighters, we entered all the competitions that were carried out, our physical education teacher constantly attracted us, we were very involved together, just... and sailing, tell us how you stole a yacht to poland, we had a helmsman bore bykhovsky, and we were yacht sailors, we taxied

to- then, well, it was already getting dark, we approached pierce, we disembarked, we wanted to eat, we had to go and buy something, bread, milk, sausages, we went into a shop, and there we said, here’s a prosh, prosh, lady, what, where from, zlotys, what zlotys? so we realized that we had taxied in the wrong direction, spent the night at piers on a yacht, and in the morning they showed us where we had gone wrong, how to go, we left, but then this boris bukhovsky on the pregel stood just like the pregel river, there stood seiner razbolovetsky everything, we are just driving along the river, and we took boats from them, sailors for us they gave from these... trainings and we also sailed along praeger with oars, still in their club, what was interesting was, here is the yakhlub, this is our side, on the other side the yakhlub

was located, that’s where they came to the pier and whistled , they shouted, there was a boat there, one of the boys was rowing it and transporting it to the other side, well, we were all on duty, and so were we, so we were very good, but... we learned to row, so in general, school was interesting, lyosha was the editor of the school newspaper, then it’s interesting that our beloved, one might say, teacher of literature and russian language mikhailovna morozova, for gogol’s birthday, for some anniversary, she decided to stage a skit about how ivan ivanovich quarreled with ivan nikiferovich, and alexey leonov was offered for this role. and vitya kireev, we had to rehearse, they even went to her house twice, the last lesson in the tenth grade, so we decided

to jump out at the big break, he said: let’s scare the girls, there was a rod nearby, there were frogs there were a lot, and during the big break we ran and picked up these frogs, they brought it to the class, disrupted the lesson as a result, and then zenedina mikhailovna morozova, the class teacher. took our briefcases and said: go home for your parents, if you don’t bring your parents before the exams , i won’t allow maturity to be cleared, that’s my mother, that means she’s coming for his mother, evdakia minaevna, here ’s us, yes, he says, i know, lyosha already told me, so they go to school, evdokiy minaino says, well lyonka, he could, in general he is like that, and yura is yours, so intelligent, everything, but they can’t do anything there, it’s disgraceful, and the mother says: “yurka, what, i’m with first class not i’m getting out of school, and lyosha is such a boy, he’s intelligent, everything always helps

everyone, and that’s really all for him.” i wanted to go to riga after school, that is , to become an artist, not an astronaut, not a pilot, yes, that’s so he drew from life, and so, his dad, arkhip alekseevich, worked at the kaliningrad carriage plant, and he knew that he wanted to go, a car was going to the riga carriage plant, they were transporting an engine, which means that the engine was fixed in the front part of the body, and.. .

one and a half meters somewhere behind, well, lyosha came, let's go, let's go, here we are together. 600 km in the month of march, yes on march 23rd, so we went, so considering the speed of the transfer, maybe 10 hours at least, or even more, 600 km, that’s decent, the main thing is cold, we had such a desire to dedicate all the art, but he there was such a chenille naval purchase. at the market at marakholka, and i had my father’s gray one with a cap, and so we sat, a small touch of portraits, my dad also had his father’s suit under this chanel, which naturally was very big for him, his father’s shoes were on his feet in size forty-five, and dad's legs hadn't grown that big yet degrees, so he first put on slippers, and then, together with tabobs, he climbed into his father’s shoes, these are two handsome young men.

we were going to enroll, dad was with daddy, there were works in the folder, a horse’s head, a portrait of gorky and karl marx, wow, but you could draw karl marx, yes, that’s what he would do, if, if, if there uh, they gave me a dormitory, but they didn’t give me a dormitory, which means, as they found out from other guys there, students, he caught him there, he said, listen, how is it with you, how is it here, what, what kind of scholarship? 500 rub. yeah, yeah if you rent a house, how much is 500, how, but there is no money, well, what’s the result? well , the most interesting thing is that later, when we were already in the direction of the district committee of komsomol, in my opinion, even the stalingrad district committee was komsomol, the four of us received a direction to the higher vonvar school in kaliningrad,

which means tikireev, alexey leonov and i, so we went to school , he was, but he later, then he took the documents, that is, he was already going to become a sailor, yes, a sailor, we chose two heads of poland, two former presidents, we called them from petro poroshenko, here is the question of importing ukrainian grain, farmers are coming, they are blocking cities, what is a ukrainian in front of a pole?

we went to kemerovo and lived in a barracks in a dormitory in a room of 16 16 m2, a family of 12 people, my father’s full-time. and dad, when he was a kid, followed him, kept looking at him, everything was literally following him, then he noticed him, he said that you were following me, well, you are a pilot, you should become a pilot, he says, to become a pilot, wash yourself i need to, well, i started to wash my face, some time passes, that means dad is back again meets this pilot. and he was amazed by the uniform, this cap with a cockade, all this, as dad said, the chicken is na na na well, yes, that’s what we call it, on his uniform, he says, well , he started to wash himself, he says, he started, and his neck

- you can’t wash something, that’s why he decided to wash his neck, then he said, well, that’s it, you’ll be a doctor, soon they brought the film fighters to the cinema, where he sang...

it definitely happened, well, he left, he entered, and we entered the three of us to the higher naval school, due to the fact that it all belonged to the ministry of defense, then everything vacations, well, in general, the regime was the same, both in maritime schools and in flight schools, so we had vacations at the same time at the same time, we met, the first time we met

happened, but this is such a fateful circle, dad noticed mother two years before, she was leaving school, and since she was unusually beautiful, he paid attention to this girl, a

high school student, he had black thick hair, yes, beautiful, bows, and he was already such a cadet , an adult, they are 6 years apart, and he paid attention and walked with a friend, he said, he’ll get it. someone is so beautiful, such a miracle, well, a very little girl passed by, and after a while, the girl graduates from school, dad walks backwards through the streets and bumps into mom, he recognized her, of course, and he recognized her, turned red, turned white and began to ask mom has the most tender forgiveness, and she, being a proud beauty: young man, it’s okay, go on your way, you didn’t bother me in any way, everything is fine, but...

beautiful athletic young men, they approached her, we are so embarrassed for our friend , you like him you liked him, he’s so uncomfortable in front of you, please forgive him.

on october 4, 1959, he was given a hospital gown, he comes on board the flight directly from the first satellite, yes, into the ward, a young man is sitting in the ward, reading a book with a bare torso, in the same hospital trousers, with a bare torso, he looks up, eyes, smiles widely and says, yuri gagarin, northern pilot, senior lieutenant, and dad saw

what a handsome young man, his neighbor in the hospital ward, immediately introduced himself as alexey leonov, southern pilot, southern lieutenant here with humor, well, they became friends on that very day, in october 1959, upon completion of the medical examination, dad returned to kremenchug and immediately received a distribution, assignment, to join the german group of troops, and he understands that this needs to be done. urgently, just as urgently, we need to sort out his personal life, because he flies away forever, and he finds my mother and says: “svetlana, i guarantee that i will love you like no one in this world, always tightly, faithfully and faithfully, marry me, either tomorrow or never, and mom i told him, and i was not mistaken, for almost 60 years, i heard that garin played a very important

role during the selection of alexei arkhipovich into the cosmonaut corps, yes, such a comradely action was carried out when my dad began to undergo a medical examination, right from the very first day, he might not have passed this medical examination, because the doctor who saw the young... young pilots, he wrote off dad immediately as soon as he saw him, because he said that you have increased hairiness, you cannot fly into space, this means , this it means increased torso hairiness, hairy, how are we going to attach sensors to you when we fly to distant worlds, and dad says, when are you going to distant worlds in the summer, he says, yes, just about, in a year ... in no entries

appeared in the log, returned to the hospital room, said: yuri, let's do something, they went to the nearest store, bought disposable blades, shaving foam, yuri alekseevich shaved dad from the back, dad shaved himself from the chest and left already the next day to the medical examination, there was another comrade, another doctor, who had not seen him before and dad. passed the medical examination with flying colors, because he had absolutely excellent physical characteristics, so yuri alekseevich, through a real friend, helped him at the most difficult moment, he helped him, he gave him a problem.

a person can live after death only in art, only art can defeat

death on saturday on the first. space history, we continue the conversation about the man who was the first to go into outer space, alexey arkhipoch leonov, and my guests are oksana leonova and yuri mikhnin. yuri, tell me, after you graduated from school, fate took you to even different elements, sea, air, did you continue to communicate and for how long? yes, of course, yes with us, that’s how we counted today, almost 70 years of friendship, we met after... we had already left as officers, and the most interesting thing is that on march 18, 1965, when there was a flight, the famous lyosha, suddenly a tv journalist arrives, yuri fokin, this is how you and alexey arkhipoch studied there,

how did he know this? it turned out that here svetlana was talking about the fact that he was charming. january i had a wedding and alexey arkhipovich was invited, svetlana could not come, because they already had vika, she was small, there was no one to leave her, so lyosha came alone, and he was a tomada, and we had the wedding at my place aunts, on shalbolovka, in her apartment, with... her, pavel leonidovich, he worked in the committee on broadcasting and television, was the deputy head of the department, he was present at the wedding, that’s because alexey was remembered for the wedding because he he conducted it all so masterfully, everyone remembered him, so when

they announced this on march 18, 1965, he said: i know him, he was at my nephew’s wedding, so he immediately said, let’s go see him. then all the journalists at once, everyone was looking for some facts, everything to publish, this yuriy fekin came to me, he wrote everything there, told us, they invited us to the blue light, this yuriy fokin announces, they’re sitting, they’re all sitting cosmonauts, who are already the eleventh, which means everything is up to him, and he says, we have prepared a surprise for alexei arkhipovovich lionov, his sits here school friend, yuri. january, for the old new year, we gathered with our families and had a wonderful time, all the children wrote , because there were no telephones then, they wrote to each

other.