yes, they thrive, yes, that is, they produce the maximum number of their own offspring, and where then do what are called pathogenic bacteria come from, it is obvious that there are a lot of unpleasant things, diseases, it seems to me that since the emergence of such multicellular - living creatures, yes, from the moment the first intestine, the first creature appeared, every microbe immediately realized that it was very good to live inside us, why it was very good, because it was warm there. warmer than the environment, dark, that is, not sunlight interferes and does not kill, someone else is always getting food, why kill, if it’s so good, then there are different strategies for life in this environment, and like people, microbes have two directions in which they can act, this is learning to be friends for survival, learning, conquering, winning, fighting for survival, as we see, both strategies.

they feel very bad, because again, what’s wrong with them? they get sick, they feel bad, there are no germs, from others, as i say, there are no germs, then they shouldn’t get sick, but they themselves feel poorly, organs, from childhood to adulthood, do not develop properly, incorrect proportions of bone, muscle, fat tissue, immunity, he should actually train in childhood, it’s like a muscle, and microbes also play the role of such a gym here, pumping up our immunity, if the immune system is not... trained, it can mistakenly begin to attack our own cells, our own organs, do i understand correctly that the absence of microbes or fewer of them in the world around us, civilized people, is one of the reasons for the supposedly increased frequency of autoimmune diseases, allergies, and so on, thank god, i’m not saying this, but medical statistics show many diseases in developed countries, the worse the better, the dirtier, the worse, but now we are just discussing this, at first it was. such

a theory of hygiene that it is impossible to be super hygienic, otherwise a huge number of atopic manifestations arise, asthma and so, hygienic, then you can very often yes everything, everything is wiped with alcohol, now a new this theory is softer, it’s called the theory of old friends, which is about the fact that when we grow up, there must be a balance, and there must still be some kind of microbes, that is, there shouldn’t be any dirt at all, but those microbes that can kill us.

that when a lot of animals, a lot of living beings live nearby in a very close area, then viruses or bacteria can jump from one to another, this is considered the most dangerous thing in the emergence of new diseases, yes, that is, let’s say there is a plague there - this is a transfer from there rats infected yes, who were carriers there for the inhabitants

of the city. do rats die from the plague or only people die from the plague? well, they are long-term carriers, and we die because the plague is already adapted. to cells very similar to ours, but for us, and for rats, yes, but we have no immunity, yes, that is, our mother did not pass it on to us, to the rat, her mother may have passed on this immunity, but we acquire immunity in the course of life, why does our immune system fight some bacterial infections and not others? well, firstly, this is a property of the infections themselves, then they really have learned how to kill us effectively, they decided that they will be on the warpath with us, some of these microbes and but in fact... they also make such a selection of us, those who will die, and those who those who will remain, and those who remain, they usually acquire such immunity and give, as it were , a flourishing to a new, new generation of people, over time, then the fecundity of these bacteria should decrease, because

only those who are more and more resistant to him, if we leave them to attack us like this and this will not control, then, in fact, if we hadn’t... the final on saturday at the first, the man got so drunk that he woke up in another city, the final station of sinduki, ideal, so they brought us on the wedding path to ryazan,

a little nastasya, this is a symbol girlish beauty, if you think that we’ll just give you a bride with this christmas tree, with her beauty, you’ve run into the wrong people. nyuta, you are here, here, you need to prepare a hot dish, ram cookies, these are such ritual cookies, wishes for fertility and fertility in the family, it smells very tasty, we will use two the texture of the fabric under the tablecloth, this will highlight the beauty of the bride’s costume, the brighter the color, the closer to the age of childbearing, the festive costume of an elderly woman, completely black, well, let’s go for ransom, why did you come to me, i didn’t come to you? "hello, after all, at that time we knew how to relax, our premiere, we are having a wedding, on sunday on the first, this is the baden badon podcast, we are talking with

bioinformatics and microbiologist dmitry alekseev, here are antibiotics, for example, this is one of these mertiotics, they are capable kill bacterial cells, without acting, as a rule, or "

and the human smallpox, which has become friends with microbes, and the smallpox, which has not become friends, the one that has become friends, yes, yes, yes, it receives an evolutionary advantage, that is, for example, it is from for the same amount of food , this person gets more calories, grows more, but what if the bacteria eats part of the food? in fact, we have an agreement with them, but our digestive system, ours in particular, is designed in such a way that the first 12 hours in the stomach are in the thin. our intestines work enzymes and... we take from food everything that we can absorb, for the next 12 hours microbes work in the large intestine, and these microbes, in fact, what we cannot digest and it would come out of us, they begin to digest it and divide with us, yes, that is, as such an agreement, basically it’s

just the indigestible part of the plant cell wall or dietary fiber or cellulose, and what contribution do microbes make to our overall energy balance? would not eat, yes, his food is quite refined, and there are most likely no microbes there gets, and if we look at ancient man, there are examples, very vivid, when people lived in the desert, and there was a period of dryness, in mexico in the chivahua desert, people during the dry period ate only cacti, we can determine this by their teeth and fossilized caprolite, and it turns out that only thanks to microbes, they cried, but continued, there was something else, and there they consumed 120 g of fiber daily, this fiber

was mainly called inulin, we cannot digest inulin, we do not have enzymes , it seems that people survived precisely thanks to microbes that live in the large intestine, and why is it that we have such microbes and they have different ones, where does all this come from, when a child is born, he is probably sterile yes, well almost, yes, we believe that almost sterile, at least, yes, no microbes play any role in his intestines immediately passing through. through the birth canal, through vaginal juices, the child is seeded with the mother’s healthy fermented milk microflora, and then swallows it on the skin, and further the goal, since we are born underdeveloped and immunity will mature, well, over the next 6 months very strong changes will occur in the mucous membranes of our intestines, and it will mature until 3-5 years, the task of these first mother’s microbes is to perform a protective function.

and the number of children with these inflammatory intestinal necrotizing colitis, colic and so on, it’s just the kids screaming terribly, and what are the conditionally good microbes, no matter what it means, they help. first of all, one of their main defense mechanisms is acidity, they secrete acid, they are a very interesting process, they they eat the third largest component of mother's breast milk, called breast milk oligosaccharides, again a person cannot digest, these are three sugar molecules or more, a person cannot digest them, it all goes to the microbes and the microbes produce the same lactic acid, for example, which. .. the level of acidity, well, for example , our blood is 7.4 ph, a healthy vagina is 4,

a small child, well, probably 5-6 should be ph, at this ph, that is, with such increased acidity, pathogens, that is, bad microbes don’t multiply, but it’s hard for them, yes, it’s like that, that is, the good ones like it to be sour, the bad ones like it to be sour, i honestly don’t know why it works this way, but this is the universal law of our world. and you and i know it very well from sauerkraut, because there the same fermented milk microbes create an acidic environment around this cabbage, it does not spoil, that is, it does not settle in it, no one settles, the one who can do it is the one who can eat it, yes yes, it’s safe for us to eat it throughout the winter, that’s how our ancestors survived, in fact, when they didn’t have enough food in the winter, they prepared and fermented it in the fall, but this protection with the help of acidity is the basic mechanism in a jar of cabbage and... in a small child’s kefir, by the way, yes, the same thing, fermented milk products, that is, it is not

the bacteria themselves that are important, you just need the food to be sour, that’s enough, in this sense, bacteria are this biotechnological engine for creating the first stage of protection, of course, in our intestines, over time evolution of our immune system the system gets used to the fact that these microbes should live there, when it doesn’t see them, it seems very surprised and starts a little... when a child does not have normal microbes, then the immune system begins, that is , a signal that a piece of our good the microbe comes into contact with a cell of the immune system, it is also very important, in this way we control that everything is in order in the intestines, what you are saying turns out, well, as i imagine, people lived there? small groups, each ate what was around, some were cacti, some were, i

don’t know, rotten herring or some other kind of carnage, there were iskimos, for example, and so on, each of them had their own private microbes, which they probably , they got it from the same food, it ’s not like they came from their mother, it’s, well, that is, it was due to the way of life itself that generated some characteristic microbes that were associated with a person, this is probably called the microbiome, here, but, but now we... if we compare at different periods of life, how similar we are to what in the mother’s intestines, in our intestines, then the first 5 years are 30-50% of the mother’s inheritance, by the age of 30 up to 20%, that is , indeed, with age, our food is washed away or our lifestyle is our environment, if we look at the ancients people, and hunter-

gatherers there, it turns out that their food variety is actually higher, yes, because despite the fact that we have super. there is a lot of different food in the market, we buy a very meager set, yes, and the ancient man, he came, walking through the forest and field, he collected everything because he wanted to eat, indeed, yes, and he ate and he chewed leaves, roots, and twigs, and picked berries, and mushrooms, and so on and so forth, in his diet per year there are 400-500 plants, a modern person has 10-15 plants a week, well, maybe there are up to a hundred he it arrives in a year, but why is this important in my case? in the imagination, prehistoric people lived brightly, but briefly, yes, now we live in a different paradigm, well, they ate their grass, and they had some kind of microbes, that is, we should feel sorry for them about these microbes, this is some kind of a lost legacy that could it would be useful for us, again here statistics come to our aid, which shows that the

more diverse a modern person’s microbiome, that is, the more different microbes that are most likely useful... lives in his intestines, the more protected he is from non-infectious , chronic age-dependent diseases, that is, the following picture seems to be happening: as we become more urban, more industrial, the number of food sources decreases, the number of different microbes also decreases, in this moment is a bad signal for the immune system, simply because over many millions of years... it has become accustomed to the fact that there must be many different microbes, they give it different signals, and in this meager variety the immune system switches to inflammation mode, and this inflammation, well, at the moment, as one of the theories of aging, inflaming, in russian - this is inflammation, but such inflammation, caused by the scarcity of our

microbiome, seems to exist, at least in statistics we see it, well so we call ourselves:

hey, long time no see, the dragon missed you, how are you, whack, take away the ready-made, whack, whack, who's on the new guy, who's on the new guy, libe, libe, amore, amo... "i want, so that this was a dream, but in my opinion i’m not sleeping, i’m sick of you, god, what a man, i want

a son from you, i want a daughter from you.” well, comrades, we are ready to make a world revolution in fashion, that’s what, volodya sergeevich, you don’t look like trotsky at all. we all know why you really got a job here, tanya, we won’t give offense, i don’t understand what’s in her there is something that is not in me, you are a wonderful girl, everything will be fine with you. it’s not your fault that we’re parting, i just didn’t immediately understand what i really needed,

fine matter, on sunday on the first, is it that the general wasn’t generous with the bouquet, he was generous, the bouquet is at the dacha, this is from me . this is the baden baden podcast, we discuss the role of the microbiome in human health. our diet should contain a sufficient amount of indigestible, roughage food, dietary fiber, fiber, and so on. probiotics are interesting because most the microbes that are used for probiotics are taken from some of them, they are also exclusively healthy people, yes, that is, everyone got sick with diarrhea, but this person did not.

the story is about one of the microbes in breast milk, there was this little man of ecuadorian origin who worked in a pharmaceutical company in the eighties, he realized that there should be beneficial microbes in breast milk, probably here in america breast milk got worse, he went to his place found home in ecuador - there is such a useful microbe in breast milk, today it is one of the most studied microbes - for children's health, it can be given zero plus to children over the last 30 years, the name is some beautiful latin protectis, it is called, protector, yes, yes, yes, indeed we

modern people are losing those very indigenous microbes that should live with us , one of the microbes, again here are the statistics, a children's microbe that can eat all the oligosaccharides of breast milk should, in theory, be present in 100% of children, it is called infantis, among modern americans about... about whom we know statistics, only 5% of newborns have from mothers, passed on to this infantis, yes, that is , 95% will not be able to absorb breast milk entirely, here is the story about newborns, one of the researchers looked at the acidity of children's feces in studies from 1900 to 2000, and he saw that the acidity had dropped, yes, that is , it has become more alkaline by a whole...

then you don’t look at the microbes themselves, that is, you take a sample, in this case a stool sample and somehow the entire microbial population that is present there and which somehow... signals that there really is in the intestines, you translate it into numbers, yes, then you see who lives there, who lives there, and this is interesting, because for a very long time microbiology was sown something on dishes, but then it turned out to be borderline xx-2 centuries, that outside the cups there are still a huge number of microbes that we cannot grow on cups, even for several years there was such a concept: dark matter of the microbial world, then it became clear that we cannot grow a lot of things, technologies appeared reading dna, without accumulating a large number of microbes, it is

really possible to simply wash microbes from feces with a filter, then destroy all the cell walls, extract all the dna, read its pieces and restore from this using mathematical algorithms, like computer science, yes, yes , yes, yes, yes, well, that is. the simplest idea is that we ’ll take a piece of clothing from each muscovites there, a jacket from someone, a sock from someone, a watch from someone, and so on and so forth, so we’ve collected it all, let’s see and by we are trying to restore these pieces of clothing, but what is the socio-demographic way of life here in this moscow, who lived, what’s next, let’s look at muscovites, but in a different experiment, let’s take a stool analysis from each of them, then we’ll see what a. .. microbes live there and someone is lucky, he will have a variety of microbes, as i understand it, you want them to be diverse, for someone they will be less diverse, while i suspect that generally speaking, then

what ... the output depends greatly, here, for example, in particular diets, nutrition here now, that is, what i ate yesterday is what i ate yesterday, that is, it may very well be that the composition generally changes from day to day, and are there any practical recommendations in this regard, what to do? , despite the fact that, as far as i understand, in the case of probiotics, as a kind of mechanism for restoring diversity, if we assume that this is necessary, then probiotics, as a rule, are only a very narrow set of some microbes, which do not really reflect the entire diversity that yes, you see. yes , this is most likely the analysis for each individual muscovite is very much so , rather fun and rather useless, but what we see in the statistics, yes, we see that, for example, those muscovites who on average eat more different vegetables will have greater variety, well, if we talk again about bath and baden, if you can’t eat your amount of vegetables, try to find fiber, but as a source, although...

a spoon, you only need to eat 30-35 g of fiber, and this, well, it’s much easier there, there in day, and this is the norm, in fact, at least there you can eat 10 g of this with the help of additional fiber, and again, from my point of view, this is not bata, it’s just a piece of food that was pulled out in production, this is also very funny, if we introduce siberian fiber, this is basically wheat husk, that is, they make us very soft bread, the wheat husk is removed and we make it. with crumb, it is very tasty, then we go separately and buy this husk from this wheat in order to restore the deficiency that arose due to the fact that we love very soft bread, that is, it turns out that the solution the problem is not microbial, in fact, yes, a change, a systematic change in diet for a wide range of the population, especially if it is associated, for example, with aging, but then this is not scientific, if all this has already been shown, then all that remains is to simply introduce some

appropriate measures, well, here are the standard ones... for example, we use edible flour, in particular for bread, because at the beginning of the 20th century it turned out that a lot of problems with the thyroid gland and so on were due to the fact that some people living in iodine far there simply wasn’t enough from the sea, but this was decided once and for all, yes, absolutely, it seems exactly the same, for the benefit of people we need to treat our diet, add fiber to mass consumption products - this is the first deficiency, in fact, if we look at russian nutrition statistics.

gap, yes, the task of scientists, including showing measures, economically justified measures for mass healthcare, yes, that is, for example, we can, together with food producers , take one region of the russian federation and there everyone should start paying attention to the production of, i don’t know, sliced ​​loaves, introduce an increase in fiber, yeah, feed everyone there to show that with this kind of investment in the food industry we... or reducing the costs of the medical industry, yes, because mortality from heart attacks and strokes has decreased , for example, that is, it turns out that the microbes that live inside us are important, they must be diverse, and we can help them become diverse, and therefore ourselves, by eating pasture in the forest, which we don’t want to do, no, well, by eating just diverse, just trying to diversify our diet as much as possible, and... for example,

artificial consumption of probiotics, rather as such a supportive measure, will not work only if you have some kind of serious microflora disorder in connection with antibiotic therapy or something - so, well, we see different uses of modern probiotics, firstly, antibiotic therapy, 95% of all probiotics in our country are consumed after antibiotics, the doctor prescribes probiotics, and this is the majority of the consumption of this multi-billion... tens of billions of rubles market, fermentation is a very, very small component, the preventive use of probiotics is also not very well understood by people, yes, although, for example, before the cold season, yes, before viral diseases, like flu, like covid, probiotics have been shown, yes, in separate studies, to have such effectiveness, and here it is also very cool to understand that even if we did not drink probiotics, but fell ill with a high fever, the viral particles

multiplied. on our mucous membrane in the intestines, in lungs, here are probiotics, or there , a diverse microbiome, first of all , is also protection, during the covid period it was shown that...

let’s end with the fact that time will tell, because the verdict has not yet been made, that is, that’s all, probably very encouraging, but on a large scale in standard medicine, this is not common practice. the only thing that once again, perhaps i did not emphasize, in modern clinical recommendations, is to use probiotics after antibiotics, this is present, but with this already no one argues, so a doctor in a regular clinic can prescribe this for you. thank you very much, thank you, that would be. banden baden podcast about evidence-based medicine, we talked today with dmitry alekseev, a microbiologist and bioinformatician, about the role of microbes in the development of diseases, about the role of microbes in the healthy life of each of us.

hello! you are looking at precious stories, my name is ekaterina varkan, today we decided to talk about gogal nikolai vasilyovich, for such a serious interview, i invited a wonderful russian writer vladislav otroshenko, he is generally a brave person and has been studying gogol for quite a long time, i, for example, am afraid, he has a whole large book, it is called gogaliana, it contains essays devoted in general to this sacrament. master, artist, but i, for example, would say that this is a collection of incidents and curiosities associated with gogol, such a kunskamera, well, i would say that this is probably a collection of gogol’s quirks, but

these quirks, of course, are on the surface , in the depths, and we will talk about this, lie some things are more, more important, well, in general , with gogol it began from early childhood, a whim, while... studying at the gymnasium, very interesting things happen there related to the future of gogol, what he wrote about, well let's remember plyushkin, when this is a passage about old age, old age in starosevedsky estates, where he depicts old age, and so this gogol, being a teenager, a very small boy, during one of the performances, he goes on stage playing an eighty-year-old old man, he plays in such a way that everyone gasped, the parents were just there, there governor.

polenovo museum-reserve was kindly provided to us, then he was there back in venice, gogol, this is one of his favorite cities, so it’s so interesting, here gogol travels with friends, with him every year there, so they say - the police say: “come passports, gentlemen, yes, and nikolai vasilyevich begins to rummage through some bags, suitcases, all the business, but - i don’t let the stagecoach go further, and pogodin says to him: “well, nikolai.” we need to go, but not he lets him in, and gogol

takes out his passport and gives it to him, which means to the policeman, and that means he gives it to you, you have a passport, eat it, that means he takes the passport, looks at it, gives it back to google, and google hides his hands behind his back and doesn’t take the passport back, then it all ended with him writing to the sovereign. .. i quote, literally, it means to give me a passport, special and extraordinary, so that at the sight of it all the authorities would bow before me, he wrote a letter to the sovereign, literally, where will i go, i can imagine how the king raised his eyebrows there, then he instructed the minister of the court, count adlerberg to answer, and adlerberg there you can just feel such a grimace that here he is... straight from laughter, he just squeezes him, that’s it, he writes, the kind of

passports you’re asking for nikolai vasilyevich have never been issued to anyone, that is, in principle , maybe they have such passports, but we won’t give such passports to anyone, but well, he might think that well, he fooled the police there, he fooled his friends there , some officials there, well, no, he fooled his mother’s own , i just really fooled my own mother, that means - 39, 839, mama, yes, he sends her letters in the poltava province, which means he describes how he swims, which means in the mediterranean sea from trieste, sends her letters from trieste that i’m in trieste, which means these are the waves of the mediterranean sea, here they speak such a language, it’s similar to our slavic, everything is wonderful, so i won’t be in russia any time soon, maybe in 2-3 months there. mommy receives these letters, which means from

trieste, then from vienna, gogol’s first biographer, when he began to read these letters, he couldn’t understand anything, because in this time gogol was definitely in moscow, it is known, because there are memoirs there, he and shchepkin meet with the actor saksakov there, and for many decades no one could understand that it was a complete duality, only after some time there, when examination... checked the stamps, which means it’s all from a letter with the stamps of the city of trieste, vienna, and found out that nikolai vasilyevich forged these stamps, that is, he drew them, he drew them himself, yes, he carefully drew them with the finest feathers, which means he drew them , which means that on the letters there are stamps of the free city of trieste and, the capital, that means austrian vienna, well, my mother was happy for him, he’s not a nurse in moscow.

here are the stagecoaches, here is the platform, you see, there is such a thing, so they are waiting, everyone sits on this stagecoach, then there is a bell, the stagecoach departs, yes, here is nikolai vasilyevich, he came from abroad, and is traveling from st. petersburg to moscow, here at this postal coach station and it was at the car wash, this station, she was at the car wash, he goes there to this station, who also has a ticket for the same stagecoach, there was such a very famous person, an officer,

with portraits of gogol, they hung them on the christmas tree like this, that means with a portrait of gogol, that means peyker sees nikolai vasilyevich and he, that means they get on the stagecoach together, he’s so happy.

that means his collar went up, no, no, no, and he told himself some kind of pre-cry story about how he was left alone there without mommy, without daddy, so he was such a poor wretch, and it so happened that he was friends with this baker aksakov, and he comes to aksakov and says, how i would like to meet gogol, what a dream, oksakov says, well, he’s going to be visiting me any minute now , and suddenly, that means he comes in himself... that means the orphan he was traveling with is a certain gogel, and peker goes into a rage, that is well, that person was just fooling him for three days, and there just a scandal begins, aksakov barely persuaded them there, somehow put them in jail, reconciled, he began to say, yes, you see, nikolai vasilyevich is fooling everyone, that’s how he is, here he is everyone, but

then how interesting that when after this same trip, when aksakov goes to see off gogal abroad, with his sons, everything, he becomes a witness, the scene is absolutely incredible and gogol gets into a stagecoach, there used to be such a conductor’s list, so he is signed up on this conductor’s list, these are all such side effects of genius, but here he is, when he is not wrote, this is what happened to him, and how he wrote the episode when oksakov decided to visit him in 1939, they were together in st. petersburg and gogol lived in zhikovsky’s apartment, oksakov comes to zhikovsky, zhikovsky says there is no gogol. he says: ah, what a pity, i wanted to see him, well, i drank some tea, sat down, drank tea, they talked there for another hour, then, it means, some strange voices were heard, then zhikovsky realized that, well, he couldn’t hide it, he said, well, gogol is here at home, he’s working, well, he says, in general, it’s time for him to finish, let’s go to him, they, that means he admitted that he lied to oksakov, that they

are coming, open the door, and oksakov, he, he says that he just gasped, he writes this to his son, describes it, it means that nikolai vasilyevich is standing in front of him, on top of him a woman's robe, a jacket, stockings , a mordovian kokoshnik on her head, all of this is wrapped in a scarf, and perhaps he sewed it all himself, it is possible, because where did he get it all from, and he has absolutely absent eyes, he means this to them so he looks, and uh, as oksakov said, he didn’t even notice us and didn’t explain his outfit in any way, nothing, he just looked at what absences he closed the doors, that is, he... wrote in such altered states of consciousness, it’s absolutely probable at this time he wrote a tragedy from life zaporozhye cossacks dressed up, well, in 1945, what happened to gogol was what happened, in fact, what then led to the burning of the second volume of dead souls to the tragedy, he wrote in the maid of honor of the court of alexander

iosipovna smirlova terrible words in which no writer he doesn’t even admit to himself that if this happens to him, he literally wrote the following: god took it away... she would have turned 50, she was called the standard of female beauty, both those older and those younger fell in love with her, the star achieved everything, what wanted and could cope with any problem, she could not overcome one thing, an illness that turned out to be incurable, i did not leave her one step at all, i slept next to her, how she perceived changes in appearance, it was very painful, for my family it was hell , but after death this hell continued, money, threats, real estate sales, mutual reproaches from dmitry shepelev and zhanna’s father vladimir friske, if we had not trusted this person, she might...