and uh, aksakov said that he didn’t even notice us and didn’t explain his outfit in any way, nothing, he just looked at which otsu closed the doors, that is, he wrote in such altered states of consciousness, it’s absolutely there that he probably wrote the tragedy at that time from the life of the zaporozhye cossacks he dressed up, well, in 1945 , something happened to gogol that happened, in fact, what then led to the burning of the second volume of dead souls to the tragedy, he wrote in the maid of honor of the court: terrible words to alexandra iosipovna smirlova, in which no writer even himself will not admit it if this happens to him. he literally wrote the following: “god took away from me the ability to create.” you are watching precious stories, my name is ekaterina varkan, my guest today is vladislav otroshenko, a wonderful russian writer, we are talking about gogl, he said that there is an image that confirms this idea. yes, by the way, this is a caricature. yes yes yes.

there was something from him, all of russia is waiting for him, waiting for the second volume, yes, this is a very famous caricature of 846, just after this confession of gogol, god took away from me the ability to create, you see gogol is contaminated up there, he sleeps on the second volume of dead souls, the second volume is written right there, and he sleeps on it, this caricature actually proves this one the idea that russia was demanding, waiting. from gogal the second volume of dead souls, and gogol, he promised in 842, when he left russia, he said that in 2 years he would return with the second volume, he published the first in may 842, now he will return with the second volume, now it comes, 2 years pass, 3 years, 4 years, and until the forty-eighth year, when he already returned to russia, in fact he had it, no second volume was published, so all of russia saw this caricature and google saw it . and what’s more, he

even wrote to my mother that there are rumors that i’m ashamed to return to russia, because i don’t have the second volume of dead souls on hand, well , these are all the stories that show us these, like these all the strangeness is a kind of fog that gogol himself it was as if he was letting it all out on the whole world, in fact, he was fooling everyone, yes, there were tragedies in the depths, the main tragedy, of course, was the tragedy of the second volume of dead souls. well, yes, well, you told me, you, as a writer, come from the arts, you come from the arts, from this perception, and we see how language, like inspiration, often controls the author and sometimes it ends tragically, not always joyfully, well, the author always it’s hard in the process , in any case, so i decided to consider the same picture by gogol simply with aspects of his ordinary everyday life, like this...

yes, yes, in general, that is, not canonical gogol, very much, that means, well, there are many other interesting descriptions of the same oksakovo, in gogal we saw something khakhlad and poltovian, and nikitenko supports him, his face had a share of slyness that arouses distrust in him, however , gogol was a fashionista, famous, dressed very well, stylishly and cheerfully, and what is interesting, according to memories, according to legends, he sewed and hemmed himself.

called irmulka, but if you told about kakoshnik, i have the feeling that in this cap he could well be imagining an old-world landowner, it seems that russian landowners loved to wear all sorts of not unusual fancy ones, but in general everyone celebrated when he appeared, which means in st. petersburg, everyone noted , that he is an absolutely brilliant storyteller, well, apparently, acting was characteristic of him, but he was very susceptible to... serious

reflections, and this right away, they were unbearable, all these reflections, again nikitenko has such an observation that he becomes pompous and pedantic immediately when he begins to say something seriously and... feeling and language lose all originality, he does not notice this, but points straight to genius, so, but we said that gogol actually thought of himself as a writer and brought with him is such a programmatic work for him then, written not yet in st. petersburg in 1827, this is a hans kuchelgarten poem, yes, yes, yes, it is such a romantic poem with such a general outlook for the future , here we have a cover, and so yes.. .

laughs, you understand, but how about this? side, it means to look at it all, well, in general, gogol is still clear, he knew, so to speak, his company, which he was attracted to, this is natural for both zhikovsky and pushkin, that is, it was necessary to enter some kind of literary society, because which means that somehow, so to speak, it’s possible to move there, especially since it’s such a success here, it means that this book was a wonderful, absolutely story, which means that in the thirty-first year we know that izhukovsky guns lived in tsarskaya village, but gogal lived...

so they understood him that somehow everything was not quite so, here’s an absolutely wonderful story, gogol still caught up with pushkin, but pushkin did not give up, pushkin did not give up, which means this story is connected with pushkin’s watch, this is a unique thing, it is located in st. petersburg, in the all-russian pushkin museum, and this

watch , pushkin received this in 816, when he was still a lyceum student, to the doubling empress maria fedorna, this is alexander sergech’s first fee, by the way, pushkin always has. wore them and remembered them highly, valued them highly when alexander sergeevich, zhikovsky, passed away, we know that friends, that means, well, at the request of the widow, with her permission, they took some things for themselves in memory and zhikovsky, so this watch turned out to be in particular, so being in europe, when he lived, gogol came to see him and gogol lured this watch, which means from zhikovsky, well, according to our calculations, from zhikovsky. gogol had no descendants, which means the watch ended up first with his sister olga, and then with

elizabeth. so this is the plot, it means that gogol passed it on to one sister, then to another sister elizabeth, and elizabeth had a son nikolai vladimirovich bykov, this nikolai vladimirovich. it means he successfully married maria alexandrna, the last name was pushkina, it was the granddaughter of alexander sergeevich, and the watch still returned to the family, a magnificent story, straight pushkin-gogol, mystical. to engage in criticism, gogal had to be a journalist, but he is already a writer, and therefore

he has his own separate opinion, he composes an article, the movement of magazine literature, this article is placed in the first volume, which means a contemporary, and in the third , also without indication of the author , in the third already pushkin, in general, so to speak, responds to gogol, which means he is quite defiant in response to his article, he writes first of all that i...

said that this is an ideal magazine for the mass reader, well, you won’t get such a belinsky, that’s just for gogol for some reason , it means that the analyzes are critical, he didn’t like much, gogol liked that he was peddling the public, well, naturally, he caters to low taste, as we understand, then gogol didn’t like it, which means that these are very frivolous funny analyzes that 500 subscribers, so that’s also the way to say it, it's no good, but that means this magazine still existed. he had a lot of innovations, so to speak, for example, this is the first, they introduced the first fixed royalty,

by the way, they brought senkovsky brought all the texts to a single denominator, a single style, the so-called rewriting, that’s all, in fact, our fashion magazines are the end nineties, early 2000, they believe that they invented glossy fashion magazines, rewriting, everything else was invented by osipu ivanovich a long time ago, it was his first time there the text has been published, pushkin’s texts, which means it’s a fairy tale. rabaki rybka, for example, there was the first publication of lermontov khabrek, which was carried out without the knowledge of the author. lermontov didn’t know what he was publishing, his friend just passed it on, so to speak, and so on, and no one knew who lermantov was. and in general, pushkin, so to speak, gives such a rebuke to this, that is, gogal’s article, and says that he likes analyzes and greatly amuses him, senkovsky’s analyzes of all sorts of literary works, and everyone can envy about 500 subscribers, if we have one. the same amount, but gogol in general, as a journalist-critic , ended after that in general, in my opinion, as far as

i remember, he somehow didn’t take on any more, and even, so to speak, in my opinion, in despair he went abroad, maybe maybe he didn’t leave in despair, he refused altogether, from a certain moment, when dead souls became his main creation, he got irritated when they asked him for something for the magazine, he said, no, no, no, here we are they said that he borrowed plots, yes, so to speak, there is a legend, that the auditor pushkin gave him a dead shower. and gogol very kindly talks about how he received dead souls, that in the author’s confession he wrote in plain text that dead souls were for him, and that pushkin persuaded him there, it means this and that, but pushkin in general does not quite agree here, so let’s say, he even has a phrase that when you’re a little guy here, you have to be careful, he rips me off so much that you can’t scream, that is, who gave what to whom, and then we know smirny again. and he demanded from her too, that means she’s our beauty,

a large number, all sorts of observations, so in general that he didn’t feel the heroes, didn’t see them, that is, he somehow gave birth to them himself, that is, he needed some external signs, then he did something like this, there were a lot moments, he needed - how to say this, this whole paperwork, all of it, he was directly caught in the fact that here are the bills of sale, as described by the dead souls. many bureaucratic affairs were carried out there, it was as if he did not know them completely, but she, as the wife of governor kalubsky, of course she knew and...

no more, great, which they saw, they simply did not recognize gogol, that is, here he is, a real gogol, you know, he writes, he is confident in success, that finally he, so to speak, has matured so much such rights to declare such things, that is, to become real, finally, yes, and he organizes everyone again, builds them again, which means

he writes to pletnev, take up this book, it will be a success, it sells like hot cakes, it goes through censorship. of his youthful work , he was then forced to stage-actually, so to speak, restructure into some other works, into dekanki into auditors, into everything else, to be reborn and turn over, again we remember nikitenko, who speaks as soon as he becomes pompous and pedantic at a high level, we remember again, but in parallel there was also the second volume of dead souls, here in in general, of course, it was

a complete breakdown, because, so to speak, he still didn’t go, didn’t go, well, he was going somewhere, this work and... i mean, then i suddenly saw when this arose, well, let’s say, rejection, correspondence with friends, google, apparently, looked in the second volume deeper, i saw that, strictly speaking, well , this book, it’s like he was writing an instructively virtuous book, and even chichikov turned out to be a highly moral person, and chichikov without his properties is not chichikov, and well, we’re just trying to briefly formulate this now, yes , but i can imagine to what extent it was a discovery and a shock for myself. gogol, when he discovered all this on a scale, on the scale of these two works, yes, and that all the spiritual meanings that he generally cherished all his life turned out to be false and lost, here i have the feeling that from the horror of this whole understanding, yes, why, from horror, he burned the second volume and died from horror, you know, you and i here, we

kind of just approach this subject, maybe from different sides, but the subject is there is only one of us, i feel it, that indeed, firstly, there is, of course, an undeniable connection between the selected passages from correspondence with friends and the second volume, the connection between the death of gogol and the publication of this book, the selected passages from correspondence with friends, why? because on the one hand, he himself later admitted in the author’s confession that he gave out this book, his direct words, to compensate for his long silence, that he did not give away the second volume of dead souls, he... tried to fight somehow, to justify himself to belinsky, to justify himself, to everyone, yes, but only zhukovsky, whom you and i here called the nanny of russian writers, who zhikovsky had a very delicate relationship with gogol, and he was very good at it, he called him gogalek, and zhikovsky he wrote that i swung khlestakov in this book, that’s us guessed it, yes,

i swung my cross, that is, here it is you understand, as if after this book, after this book, when all of russia literally fell on him, yes, here are the westerners, slavophiles, and priests, and the censor who wrote that it was embarrassing, yes, here, gogol, he apparently understood, in this book he tested the ideas of the second volume, in fact, what he tested was the transformation of chichikov, from chichchikov to such a rogue, a swindler, a half-demonic character, he transforms in the second volume. such a respectable christian, he says there that he will leave all his moshes there, he he will work, he will help his neighbors, he will not overeat, he is a respectable christian, he will work for the good of the fatherland, for the good of everything in general, so he is there kissing the boots of the governor-general, who means he is being released from prison, he is fighting there in prison,

but in general, he burned from horror, he died, well, the horror of it, i think, so i look at it, you know, in a purely artistic way, well, through the prism of gogol’s artistic feeling, yes, gogol as... an artist, a great artist, he could not help but understand that that chichikov who there it appears in the second volume of dead souls that this is chichikov, he is just a dead doll, into whose mouth some respectable truths are put, and some who simply pronounce them, this is essentially implantation , so i’m telling you , he burned and died of horror, but of course, of course he was seized by horror, of course he was seized by horror, he was seized by horror primarily because... he saw that this is what they wanted from him, by the way, with one on the other hand, he himself had a message, you’re right, yes, because he had this one,

he even wanted to leave, to accept, well, so to speak, to go to a monastery, but he had this desire to become a monk, yes, he had it, and but russia also wanted from him, you know, as if they expected from him, from they expected positive images from him... a classic genius, yes, but during gogol’s life everything was not like that, and there were some people who had a sharply negative attitude towards gogal, this is a great artist who created great creations, and this is the greatest drama, because in my opinion, this is the story of the creation of the second volume dead souls, this is... the most enormous catastrophe not only in the history of russian literature, but of world literature, because indeed, gogol was still thinking about the third volume, he had a plan to write

a second third volume, and this catastrophe, but it is in it there is a very important positive point, the positive point is this: many believed when gogol burned the second volume of dead souls that he had gone crazy, this speaks of this. his poetry, this poem that he created, which cannot be changed, chichikov cannot be changed from chichikov, just like dankehotno with denquixote, this is such a brilliant hero that

it was impossible to make such a respectable christian out of him, and gogol actually reserved the right to judge his creation and be judged by his creation, and the question was, that’s who, which of them will survive , or dead souls? in which he put an end to 842, so either the poem will die or gogol will die, so he actually chose his death, yes, it was horror, but he had to survive this horror when he, you know, this picture there is one, repina, well known, where gogol with bulging eyes throws the second volume of dead souls there, a torn shirt, a boy, a servant is holding his hand there, his eyes are bulging, nothing like that, gogol did all this very calmly, has already accepted this is the decision, and when he put this bunch of notebooks in the fireplace, they were bound sheets of paper, and he set them on fire with a candle, there was no fire,

he lit it himself with a candle, it was such a stove, a dutch one, the fire started to go out, because the sheets were tied tightly, then gogol he took it like that and calmly untied it all, and the boy at the same time - when he says what are you doing, master, don’t, stop, and he says: it’s none of your business, pray and...

i was a little lucky here, i worked in latin america correspondent, there i communicated quite closely with the local freemasons, so i have in my hands the constitution, the charter, this liturgy, it looks almost like a mandate of a congress, and like a mandate of a masonic, masonic congress. so then we’ll talk not only about history, but about some specifics, i have unlike you , i have no personal experience of such communication with freemasons, but as a historian and as a teacher i had to deal with a huge number of myths about the omnipotence of the freemasons, from omnipotence, about the fact that they organize wars and revolutions, this conspiracy theory, of course, also needs to be dealt with , of course, hello, this is a historical podcast russia-west on the swing of history, pyotr romanov is with you. and sergey

solovyov, today we will deal with the freemasons, we probably need to start first of all with the fact that, of course, freemasonry left a huge mark on world history, because judge for yourself, the founding fathers of the usa, almost all are freemasons, churchill is a freemason, italy is there, garibaldi was a freemason, in latin america, there are generally all the great people there, practically freemasons, all fighters for independence . latin america, starting with balivar, they are all freemasons. so, of course, their role is certainly very large. but we, of course, will talk first of all about russia, about what they did in russia, how they were treated, including talk about modern freemasonry. very much with the masons an interesting situation, this society is somewhat secret, but semi-secret, a lot has been written on the topic of freemasonry, it is quite important that it is simply written quite

poorly for the general public. masonic orders were created as a kind of alternative to the catholic religion, monastic orders, they set themselves the goal of charity, moral self-improvement on the basis of faith, by the way, obligatory faith in a higher being, they traced their backstory straight from the creator, who was called the first freemason, and even from adam , it was important for them to preserve fraternal unity and friendship in their midst, although this did not at all prevent the freemasons from sending each other to prison or to prison in different political situations... freemasonry is, rather, for most of its history, it is rather such clubs, mainly for representatives of the nobility, although there were representatives of the lower strata, they usually did not rise beyond the lower levels, clubs of interests, political clubs, which at different times had a certain influence on politics. if we talk about russia, and not about freemasonry in general, according to masonic such according to legends, freemasonry was

allegedly brought to russia by peter the great. after his trip to europe, he already returned from there, so to speak, initiated into freemasonry, it is also true that it was not peter himself who brought, but a huge number of foreigners whom he invited to russia, and the first lodges in russia, they were in general then purely foreign, then russians gradually began to come there and lodges appeared, they were purely foreign and mixed and already russian, they were in different languages, because they came from different places, freemasonry came from prussia, from sweden, from england, that’s why there were differences between these lodges already in that period, there was some kind of common basis, but in general, of course, there were differences and the differences were sometimes very significant, and an interesting point is that in principle the freemasons, you mentioned, there adam,

some westerners... the masuns love to remember that they are almost not from adam, or at least from solomon, the builders of solomo, the first free mason, the first free masons of the temple of solomon, it’s interesting that the russians could too , i don’t know, choose a starting point for myself, i don’t know, some prophetic oleg, yes, but they still preferred the artisan, the king of the artisan, also a free mason, a carpenter. i don’t know, relatively speaking, i must say that this was a very popular saying among the first russian freemasons, they recalled the sayings of seneca, that the rich portraits that decorate the hallway do not at all indicate any special nobility of the owners of these hallways themselves , that is, they were generally quite modest people, or at least they tried

to be. who could absorb this foreign fashion, if we talk about history, then the first lodge reliably existing in russia was in 1731, created by the englishman john philips, in fact, as per the instructions of his masters from england, and as you absolutely correctly said, in the beginning it is primarily foreigners, only then they begin russians are added there and a certain fashion for freemasonry appears, which of course already increased in the time of catherine, well, you understand what the deal is, in the time of catherine...

to emphasize that asceticism is only a part , including through mysticism. it's important here freemasonry preached, another part of freemasonry, for example, believed that, quoting, in my opinion, just ivan perfilyevich elagin, that you can sing obscene songs over good wine in a fraternal environment, yes, just you right away. explain who elagin is, ivan perfilyevich elagin, yes, a close associate of catherine i, a person very close to her, who took the post of obergafmester, one of the founders of the russian theater, the organizer of the russian theater, one of the main organizers of russian masonic lodges during

catherine’s reign, the famous elaginskys lodges, yes, the yalaginskie lodges, of which there were 14 and which were not only in moscow in st. petersburg, for example, even in arkhangelsk, and which he created such a network of masonic lodges and... which is just some kind of political i didn’t set goals for myself, so you said that there is no need to idealize, i would also add not to idealize, not to demonize, because people went to the lodges, especially in those times, the first and catherine’s, and later, for very different reasons, someone went because they hoped, i don’t know, to open a philosophical stone, find out the secrets of the druids, the ancient chaldeans, i don’t know who.

very big, which many of us don’t even suspect, i remember the first years of perestroika, when ours were such pseudo-patriots, urapts. since in freemasonry symbolism is very important, all the signs there and so on, they were almost foolishly looking for some kind of symbolism in perestroika newspapers, and at the same time, it means they passed by and admired pashkov’s house, say in moscow , which was built by the mason bazhenov, they taught their children according to the books of greboyedov and turgenev, who were freemasons, they went to the third school there... and these patriots didn’t even

realize that the symbol of russian patriotism on red square was the monument to minin pozharsky, who created it? mason marthas, our pre-marchists, who often sing the nostalgic: “god save the tsar.” i’m not sure that they realize that this text was written by mason zhukov. a lot in our history is connected with the names of the freemasons, here i have in my hands the charter, the constitution, and the liturgy, it’s in spanish, but i translated something, which means it’s from the declaration of principles, we believe in the great architect of the universe and the immortality of the soul, this is a fraternal organization for self-improvement.

give me your sword, at first i didn’t understand what they were talking about, but a sword is yes, that’s in general, now it’s a table knife, even the procedure itself, here’s a toast, they make a toast, everything is spelled out in the liturgy, well, just thoroughly , they must stop chewing, for example, it is written there, it means that the master stands up, in his hand he has a sword, that is, now a simple knife, he means, he orders the cannons to be loaded, that is , pour fire into the glass, this means you can

have a drink, and so on, that is, in principle, of course, it’s like this, you can say that this is a game for adults, but you can say that in general it disciplines, to some extent this transfers to relationships, according to my friends latin americans, who really don’t like, say, american masons because they are much richer, come. when in latin america they have such a fingering and so on, latin american freemasons, they have very rich traditions, i also say the modern struggle for independence, they, they, i think, are closer to to the masonic spirit, much closer than any american masons, whose founding fathers of the usa were masons, the latter there, say, george bush was definitely a mason, this is a historical podcast russia for... on the swings of history, we understand an

interesting topic , freemasonry, we need to go back to russian freemasonry, to the times of catherine, when this golden age of freemasonry began, to figure out what this is connected with, why exactly under catherine, these secret societies began to actively develop, here , of course, is the spirit of such a noble love of freedom manifested itself because the trigger here, as it seems to me, was the manifesto on the freedom of the nobility, then the letter of grant. to the nobility, when the nobility began to emancipate, there is a well-known theory of the 19th century about the emancipation of the class, that the emancipation of the classes in russia happened from top to bottom, it all started with the nobility, this is a manifestation of this...

well, simply, well, what was mostly read under peter: military regulations, manuals on metallurgy, manuals on shipbuilding, these books stood on the shelves, and the free ones were already nobles, he could afford to read any books, including philosophical, political science, and so on, and all sorts of poseteric mystical literature. yes, here is the broth on which, so to speak, russian freemasonry grew. in our country, i ’ll make one more remark, we have the idea that the freemasons were banned by the soviet regime, well, this is partly true, about another generation of freemasons, because trollsky was such an ardent opponent

of freemasonry, he had the first, in my opinion , the article was generally dedicated in my youth, but actually, this happened under catherine, further. so to speak, a lot was kept silent, one of the founders of slavophilism, ivan kirievsky, he complained, speaking about navekov nikolaich, that many had not even heard about this great man and freemason and wrote that here, in terms of the scale of activity, he was comparable to the american freemason franklin, well, the face is familiar to everyone from the hundred dollar bill, but at the same time... in our century, unfortunately, very few people know it, but this was a truly outstanding figure. several hundred titles of books were published on his direct initiative, a significant part of which are translations, and a significant part of which is just mystical and near-masonic literature, when catherine began to ban the activities of navekov,

why now we will understand, then, in my opinion, half of those published were banned century-old books that related to the french enlightenment, but related to this very... in general, russian freemasonry, to some extent , published a history, the famous bethleophy, it is very difficult to judge, but nevertheless it seems to me that this was a feature of russian freemasonry, but if the prussians, at about the same time as under catherine,

german freemasonry was very developed, but it merged completely with the authorities, the freemasons were satisfied .