they recalled how, just a few years ago, he spoke very badly about trump and even compared him to hitler, and on this basis they say that vance is not sincere, that he is clearly an opportunist. i have to say that i had my experience with president trump. i didn't know trump before this election campaign and my first.

came to the conclusion he came to, but what i want to ask you, aleksandrevich, in ukraine there is hysteria about the fact that they chose vence, they somehow hoped that, like in the sixteenth year, trump, as they say, in quotes, will be strengthened by some traditional republican who has already fallen in love with ukraine.

complete end, of course, to answer your question, without a fundamental, aggressive, persistent, intrusive strategy of the united states and the globalist elite to support ukraine, of course europe will instantly, well, maybe by some inertia macron will say something there, a little bit, as it were, but in a big way, if it still remains, but in principle, of course, this support will end instantly if what happens now in america... there is being formed around trump, here andronik said very correctly, trump number one, he was, it was impromptu, it was exotic, extravagant exits, how to get around, how to get into a house where all the doors were closed to him, and he showed how, well there by all means already, and but now this is a trend, now the choice of vance means that not only, firstly, he has a beard, this is very important, this is already the principle of such conservatism, secondly, he is a trumpist, senator.

now he will have a completely different attitude towards trump, if he withstood so much, withstood, even survived the assassination attempt, then this is truly serious, and the half of america that voted for him can no longer be ignored, i am in confident words that the choice

of this candidate for vice president is the most fundamental irreversible moment in world history, and of course this will affect ukraine, ours...

russia will refuse, and he will go in a completely different direction, or an even more real possibility, he will say, vladimir vladimirovich, i treat you very well, let’s be friends now, just stop china, come on, there is a possibility that , in fact, trump will turn out to be a challenge, a problem, dmitry, you know that we have been discussing this issue for the last many years. triangle, usa, china, russia, and i always said which side russia will be on, that side will win, and of course, trump wanted, but it just all depends on how trump, as a businessman, understands whether he is ready to pay that

price , which russia will need, and maybe another situation will arise, that of being a businessman and making calculations. he will put an end to this nonsense, at least for me to the extent that here, well, it kind of gives me optimism that there are opportunities for another solution and a way out of the impasse where we

are, and the very last thing i wanted to add to what i was told in the first part is the last thing that will distinguish trump from the former trump, alexander has already spoken. he will have another team, much more devoted to him, not traitors, fellow travelers who are looking for a kind of warm place and snatch something for themselves and so on, there will be a more effective administration, this is very important, thank you, it turns out like this, sir dugin, who is used to scare children in america. who in america were compared to hitler, in general, shows cautious but serious optimism, and you should not relax under any circumstances, and one more thing, we need

to think about what we should do about this very ukranazism, because this force is worse than isis maybe this is a very serious issue, we will have to perhaps even unite with some of the same european ones. reasonable american people, to clean all this out, this is a terrible threat, in fact, it’s also impossible to talk about it forget, but under no circumstances should you relax, we agreed, hope. we will, but relax, no, it was a big game, we’ll meet tomorrow on the air. hello, here you are.

about how valuable, beautiful, beautiful it is, and today we will talk about gold, a little about how to find it. and our guests today are geologists. olga yakubovich, professor at st. petersburg university, researcher at the eran institute of geology and geochronology. hello hello. head of the central research department geological exploration institute of non-ferrous and precious metals, what a complicated name, but gold is a noble metal, yes, yes, look, let's talk about gold from the very beginning, where did it come from in the universe, if i'm not mistaken, it was originally believed that these were supernova explosions, only they could generate gold, then astrophysicists considered that even such a large-scale event as a supernova explosion was not enough to... and a completely catastrophic phenomenon of collision of neutron stars was needed. that's right i

i understand the birth of gold in the universe? well, yes, as far as we know, physicists managed to observe a collision of neutron stars several years ago, they saw the spectrum from this collision, and there really were a large number of heavy elements, including gold, so well , we don’t know the origin of modern science in fact, how was it that gold was an element... the place where the solar system was going to appear, what happened next, how did gold

get to earth? well, it is believed that the formation of all planets in the solar system, took place as a result of a process that is scientifically called accretion, this is when small particles under the influence of gravitational interaction begin to stick together to form such a critical mass that is sufficient for the substance to begin to melt, in particular on the earth, so the sticking particles heat up with... it is strong that the separation of chemical elements occurred approximately in analogy with a blast furnace, when we melt metal, slag, and some gases are separated, in fact, this is an analogue of this process that took place in earth 4.5 billion years ago, as a result of which we got an iron core, a kind of mantle, the earth’s crust, which can actually be imagined as slag, and the atmosphere is products of degassing, the mantle, well, roughly speaking, everything... the heavy stuff sank , the light rose to the top, yes, but how did the gold end up on the surface

that we are looking for, but not all of it sank, that is, this separation process is imperfect, most of the gold apparently really sank, because if we take this undifferentiated substance chondrites, then the order of keeping there an order of magnitude, that is, 10 or maybe more times the concentration of gold than in the earth’s crust on average, that is, meteorites brought us? although there is indeed a version that during the late meteorite bombardment there was a re-enrichment of the upper geospheres with gold, and other heavy metals there, including platinum group metals, i don’t know, i can just explain, it’s just that this enrichment is considered to have occurred approximately. this event happened,

catastrophic for the entire solar system, we see traces of this bombardment on other planets, in fact, if we look at the chemical composition of the earth, at the chemical composition of the mantle, at the chemical composition of the same meteorites, we will see that our mass balance does not converge a little, that is, for all according to calculations, as you correctly noted, there should have been less platinum and gold on earth. well, in its upper parts, but in fact we know that we have deposits and gold of platinum, so we need to somehow figure out how it happened that not all.

as the great scientist vernadsky said, the entire periodic table is dissolved in every drop of water, so gold is not only on your finger, there is some amount of it in the body, but it’s vanishingly small, and another thing is that areas of concentration of gold, yes, they quite specific, these are areas where there were events such as collisions, folding... actively occurring hydrothermal processes called processes with the participation of highly overheated waters, events of magmatic activation and where they transport gold well including. well, in simple words, where there are mountains and where there are volcanoes, there is mostly gold, or where there were volcanoes, because

siberia, of course, doesn’t erupt much now, but once upon a time, yes, or for example. the kola peninsula, ancient rocks emerge there, once there were mountains there, but they were cut off a long time ago, the last time they were cut off by a glacier, and there were no mountains there anymore, when all this happened, that is, when gold deposits began to form on our territory , these are the earliest deposits that exist, they belong to such a period as the archean, it is about 2.5 billion years old and a little older than the very early ones... this is the moment of the formation of the earth, they do not exist, that is, the earliest ones begin in the region of 2.5-3 billion years, in fact this rich ores, because they reflect the very unusual conditions that were then on the earth, there was no oxygen in the atmosphere on the earth yet, so the entire life cycle of the earth and the movement of matter was slightly different

from what is happening today, further, starting from 2 .5 billion years and younger we have the following: well, classical objects with the age there is close to 1.8 billion years and younger, but most of the deposits specifically for russia are certainly the far east, siberia, the urals, and this is a range, well, probably from 650, if we take just the yenisei krezha theft, well, maybe even from 800 million years to the present, because the modern system in chukotka in... in the far east, they are generally determined by the age there of 50 million years, 60-90, well, yes, by your geological standards, 50 million is, well, even modern, well, on active volcanoes in principle - gold deposition is happening right now and - i saw the report, a colleague showed it right in the sublimates - he found

newly formed gold in volcanoes, that is , of course there is no deposit there yet, but it is being redeposited. how is age determined? here lies, well, from the point of view of the average person, a piece of stone, there is a small piece of gold in it, how to determine that this piece, this small piece of gold appeared 850 million years ago, by and large, determining the age exactly when gold was formed is a difficult task , in geology there is such an approach that allows the use of an isotope system, in other words , the radioactive decay of one chemical element into transformation... and another e to determine the age of this process, if you explain it in layman's terms, then when a mineral crystallizes, it gets some amount of radioactive isotope, well, for example, uranium, this uranium decays over time, forms lead, respectively, if we take this mineral, measure the lead content in it, relative to the uranium that is in it, we can, by substituting

formula to the law of radioactive decay, calculate how much time has passed, the uranium -lead system is not the only isotope system that... exists in geology, we, for example, know that potassium, one of the very common chemical elements that in general - something surrounds us, and we eat, there is so much potassium in one banana, it is radioactive, beta radioactive, other chemical elements are also transformed through transformation, in particular, it has a decay channel with the formation of argon, this the second, probably, most common method for determining the age of minerals, but if we return to the question, how to determine the age of gold? this is a difficult task, because gold usually does not have much uranium and , on the contrary, a lot of lead, it is difficult to measure, gold has little potassium, eh. and there is a need to either use some other minerals that are indirectly related to gold, that is, we as geologists can say that they were probably formed at the same time, or try to use new ones

flood systems, in particular a system based on uranium-thorihelium, the fact that uranium decays to form a gel, which is an alpha particle, well, helium flies away, how to find it in rock, it is difficult to find in rock, but native metals, in in particular , gold or sulfides, with which... radiogenic helium is often associated during geological history, they preserve history very well, over millions of billions of years, the main thing is that they do not split or flatten, that is, if there was an impact, then the clock resets , that is, into pieces of rock, if it wasn’t heated there, wasn’t pricked, and so on, there is a little bit of inert helium gas, by the amount of which you can determine when this gold was formed, but that’s absolutely right, you’re still more of that kind of... a laboratory theorist, one might say, no offense a laboratory theorist, but no, but pavel is a more applied person who is looking for gold, do these models help you look for

gold? well, in principle, you mean age, right? yes, for example, age-related, but no, well , of course, they help in some way, although of course, the main criterion for searching is to look for ore next to ore, yes, if there are gold deposits in some region, why not look for more, but in principle this is an important, important question, and the age of mineralization, these events , when gold deposits were formed, they were not formed continuously, but in such epochs, well, that is, for example, continents collided, heating and friction began, these solutions began, gold was formed, yes, generally speaking, we can, knowing there is the age of some garnitoids... and we can know that we have gold associated with these garnitoids, nothing is connected with garnitoids of another age, accordingly, this is already

for the search model of how we will, where we will search, this is already important information, from the bottom of the sea it’s time to get an octopus to talk about the unique qualities of this product, about healthy food, about a healthy life. about how to recover from everything, in the program to live healthy, which helps educate, tomorrow on the first, i don’t believe you, who is me, do good, god,

i can come to you myself, fantastic, in friday on the first, i’ll come up to you, my golden one, i couldn’t, and they also say: don’t believe in fate, jackass, guy, you know, how reliable, three-room apartment and divorced, by the way, loves everything unusual, i want, so that you stay, a week of this peacock, you know, and already with him... you ’re jealous, no, i just don’t like him, and you don’t like him, i should like him, and in our yard on sunday on the first,

businessman , three-room apartment, financially secure, skiing, this is a podcast of schrödinger's cat, and i am its host grigory tarasevich, today we are talking. about how to find gold in the depths of russia, here's how to look into these depths, and how to find what decorates our lives with its yellowish, expensive light, about gold, about how geologists look for gold in russia, listen, i'm on i’m starting to look at my wedding ring with more and more respect, not only family values, because look, neutron... stars collided, then continental plates collided, so that i could have this little yellow ring, such events took place over

billions of years, and also... how much ore was crushed into your ring, well, by the way, in my ring there are a couple of three grams , well, three grams will probably be how many tons of rock are needed, well, it depends on the content in principle industrial content now starts there from a gram per ton, that is, 3 tons of rock are needed so that, well , if by gram, then 9 tons 9 tons, and if the sand in the sand is industrial ... the content, they really count it per cubic meter of sand, but they less than a gram per cubic meter, so i look at the ring with great respect, if dear viewers, listeners, if there is something gold next to you, there is a gold tooth, a gold ring, a gold chain, look at it with different eyes from the point of view of billions of years, tons rocks, kilos of kilometers, because at first, when they are looking for gold on a scale of 100 km,

they probably look. well, just like any other mineral, when searching for it, in geology the principle of successive approximations is applied, that is, all geological exploration work begins, they have a certain stages, it is even prescribed in the law, they begin with a regional study of subsurface resources, that is, a certain section of the territory of the russian federation is taken and a state geological map of a millionth scale or two hundred thousandth scale is drawn up for it, geologists and on routes, study on routes, look at satellite photographs, carry out some then areal rare studies, geochemical, take samples for analysis, and based on this they build a map, a geological map, one of the components, well , in fact, this is a geological map, this is not just one sheet, but a whole set of different sheets of graphics, this is the talmud and

a report is attached to it. and it sets out considerations about where, what mineral resources there may be, uh, what promising territories. next comes the prospecting work; at the prospecting stage , promising areas are identified, and they are studied in more detail. and, as a rule, they conduct searches there along rivers, if there is river water. sometimes, where there was isolation, the wave-pebble method is used. that is, they collect, look for pebbles from signs of ore, then reconstruct how the glacier crawled and where it brought it from, then more and more, in more detail, such a golden funnel turns out, in the end they find a source, from where it flows into the rivers somewhere else, this gold rushes, dissipates, they already find ore fragments , we found this one, it’s not a deposit yet,

first of all we need to... see that there, as a rule, we have soil on top, here’s something loose, a product of the destruction of these rocks, they take it, drive in a bulldozer, tear off everything loose, achieve to bedrock, rocky, there they find an ore body, evaluate its thickness, test it, determine its content, so several intersections are made, for example, this is a vein, they are obtained from the surface. representation, already somehow extrapolating to depth, yes, making a reasonable assumption that it is not from the surface only, for example, it goes 100 m deep, forecast resources are considered, that is, this is not yet a reserve, well, they have roughly imagined, after that they fight wells to confirm, they confirmed, these are not deposits yet, that’s when its entire ore body is torn apart

these... machine, can you explain what’s on it, why it could be connected to a gold mine, that is, in theory i have a piece of a gold mine in my hands, well, almost, we could use some water , yes, some water would be better it was clear, yes, that here because the surface was so rough, there was water in the studio not because someone felt bad, but so that the geology could be better seen, there, in my opinion, the depth was 100 meters, there we wet it and that’s what happens

magic, now it became clear, it became, he became not so scary, by the way, here’s the narova, when geologist describes. they immediately take it out, the geologist documents it, describes it, and there is always a bucket of water and a brush, uh-huh, or a spray bottle to wet it, because you can see it much better when it’s wet, and what we see is, well, you can see something white, and something gray, something gray - this is the host rock, these are some sandstones, maybe oleurolites, orgelites, what was once sand, clay, which... was heated , pressed, cemented and became strong rock, so in strong rock then she cracked along the cracks

, superheated water vapor began to flow, we call it a fluid or hydrothermal solution, very hot, more than 100 ° it is still liquid, because pressure, yes, due to pressure it is liquid, although sometimes there is a supercritical fluid that is indistinguishable. of these deposits, it is in quartz, yes, i found quartz, i immediately need to pound and see what will happen there, but if you find quartz, this does not mean that there is necessarily gold there, even when we go to sites, we pound these quartz veins, well 90% of them are empty, like

drum, as they say, except for quartz, which in general is not of great interest here , what else can be seen here, here - this one, most likely it will be visible as black.

structure, apparently dissolved, because then perite is sulfite, it oxidizes well in air, well, over decades, it interacts with water, with air, so secondary gold can fall out of it, then also micron gold particles, on the ninetieth birthday of alexander shirvint, go laugh in the garden, together with your boyfriend, well, let's go to garden, to the garden, to the garden, to the garden. boat, fresh air, only the sun, only the sky, and the river, manmaranti, manmaranti, call me kvaris, stop biting me, my dear, well, don’t bite me, here, here’s

a frying pan, so why is it with strings, it’s very fashionable, there will be no steaks, there will be pancakes, dear ladies, forgive the tactlessness of my... friends, it’s because of the dampness, you, you, and you, and i, well, okay, and you, lady, it’s all a garden, a garden, what are you talking about sing, you are not in the garden yet, no, go to the garden, you will sing there, you will listen there, three in the boat, not counting dogs, on saturday, in the first season, in the first season, a woman was killed and we’re talking about the devil and our heart didn’t break, do you know how it’s torn, it’s just the shoulder shed and the elbow pulls, okay, let’s speculate, let’s say you’re a mole , you are wanted,

there are references to you in all parts of the soviet union, and no matter how good your preparation is, sooner or later you will still be identified, and this is a mortal danger, or you have... a second very well thought out option of escaping abroad, well , of course, i would run, which will choose the moles, here's the question: be careful, i'm always careful. major, find the head of the security service, have him urgently report to the control room and mobilize all our employees, everyone you can. the whole version goes to hell, the man was a stutterer and suddenly speaks like cicero. i really hope that you don’t have to blame yourself for not wanting to help us. you are a very good shooter. hello, colonel kostenko,

confrontation, premiere based on the legendary book by yulian semyonov. this is the podcast schlödinger’s cat and i’m its host, gregory. tarasevich. today we are talking about gold, how to find gold in russia. olga, what will you see on... on this, on this core, do you see any history of what happened in this place? well, well, i ’ll say right away that i just don’t know well, accordingly, what the direct selection point is, but you said that the yenisei region, and i, as a representative of such academic science, look, for example , to the following, that we know that on the territory of the nisei region there are very large gold deposit, like that there for example, like the olympics, it is associated with quartz veins. here we see a quartz

vein, this is already good, respectively, the olympiad deposit, it was formed in several stages, approximately 850 million years ago , and its last stage was 650 million years ago. it is interesting to see exactly this quartz vein and the mineralization that is in it, what age it is, if it is close to the age values ​​​​that exist for rich gold ore systems. then this object becomes even more promising for me, because we already know that in this area with such age values ​​had suitable conditions for the accumulation of gold. the second point, again, is purely academic, as i see it, that quartz veins are a sign of such a type of deposit as an orogenic deposit. orogenesis is mountain formation, if translated from greek into russian, in this.

poseur photo, yes, like schwarzenegger, but

in general, yes, you have to walk around with a gun when the regions are with bears. olga, you also go on expeditions, and i also go, but on others, again, i am as a representative of such academic science, i otherwise work with already known open deposits, and for me the main task is to sort of understand how it happened that it was formed here - to say that here , contact me, so that you can come up and see everything, take the necessary samples for very specific scientific tasks, so you don’t encounter bears, you had to encounter a bear, well, nose to nose, fortunately you didn’t have to, but it was on the route, i heard it. he was chattering somewhere in the bushes, i i felt the smell, so my partner and i

shouted, they beat us up, and he ran away, literally 5 minutes later another route group started screaming, a bear is coming towards us, basically they left the route, what is happening and where? this means it’s in yakutia, it’s clear that i’m wearing a mosquito net, because there are a lot of mosquitoes, and i’m washing myself. sample, that is, it is loose material, usually from rivers, or maybe we just took some kind of vein rock, crushed it and also washed it, or the same thing. the core was ground, yes, yes, you can have the same one core - grind and wash, this is also a funnel, that is, first the lightest is washed out, then the heavier ones , until the heaviest minerals remain, black, as a rule, this is magnetite and gold, in fact, it it remains, in principle, this is a artisanal

method of extracting gold, yes, that’s exactly with a tray, but why is it usually done in a river, my back just quickly starts to hurt. rivers, that’s why i built myself such a washing tray, well, the tray itself is like 100, 200, 300, 400 years ago, yes, well, here it is plastic, but the shape is the same, and there are also different shapes, there is one in gayan, i worked on them, round patches, they look like a vietnamese hat, so they literally make it from any piece of iron sometimes, you go and look , there is an abandoned car, and on its hood there are such circles, of course, patches were made. all this exoticism, taiga, bears, this washing in the river, is this what attracts you to the profession or is it just circumstances? well, this is an interesting experience, although over time it becomes like circumstance, and something of a sociologist itself, why did they become? honestly, yes, it was by accident,

i always liked biology in general, but i decided that this would be my hobby, and in general i wanted to go to hemology. to the faculty of geology, i just wanted such romance, it was difficult for me to imagine myself as a person who would only sit at a computer, for example, work in an office, and i wanted what i would do in the future to allow me to work like with your hands in the laboratory, at the computer, including to have the opportunity to go somewhere in

nature, to look at the world around, so it seems to me that my choice in this regard of the geological direction, it was completely... balanced, justified, eh, returning to such difficult field conditions, well i probably, uh, after several years of studying at the faculty, i realized that i like it all, but physically, in fact, it’s certainly hard work, maybe there’s some other specificity - gender, that is, in principle, among geochemists and people who work in in laboratories, there are usually more girls than among such field geologists, uh, this is probably a generally understandable picture, so yes, well, in general, i still like all this forest romance for now, tell me, is there, in addition to forest romance, another element of detective work, when you look like an investigator at a crime scene, here there was a solution,

here there was pressure, there is a feeling that every time it’s like sherlock holmes, of course , that is, it seems to me that this is the second factor that makes... scout, that now we’ll see what these maps are, and what’s here, in geology, in search, in fact, all methods are good, that is, it was correctly said that one of these is mining next to the ore, but in fact, by and large in my opinion, local residents are one of the very large contributions to geological exploration, that is, this is exactly the area where we have fundamental ones. geology is where gold behaves like this, it has such and such chemistry, but there are really other methods that someone somewhere somewhere i saw something, someone said something to someone, and well, a real detective, well, this is more of a scientific excitement, because well, i remember numerous stories of these same gold seekers, the gold rush, now in california,

jack london, now here in the urals, in siberia, then in australia, or is it more like this kind of scientific excitement? scientific or scientific?