and the georgian socrates, mirap mamadashvili, that is, socrates was usually called a person who prefers oral culture over written culture, who remained in culture as a storyteller, as an interlocutor, and not as the author of a multi-volume collection of works, and here, again, if we turn to one ancient russian text, here geleon mikhailovich prokhorov published, and about plato and pythagoreus, plato. proclaimed with good words, but pythagoras preferred for the better to remain silent, because, and this explanation goes on, god did not has, therefore does not suffer, and generally speaking, there is a russian proverb, silence is golden, the word is silver, therefore in russian culture, in traditional, in ancient russian culture, socrates is such an almost saint, the martyr said, christians yes. ..until christ.

igor evgenevich, here’s a personal question for you. well, i’ll start with the fact that it was pythagoras who said that socrates would consider silence to be golden as a completely impossible babble. well actually it is. socrates, first of all, is a figure, as is now expressed, super hyped. this is the most famous, by far the most famous, the most famous of all the ancient greeks. even people who have never thought about antiquity at all, have no idea about it, still somehow heard something about socrates. about things. they are well known to say: any schoolchild knows this, so socrates for sure, not only any schoolchild, many preschoolers have heard and know that there was such a sage socrates, this is some kind of grandiose figure, it becomes that in fact he embodies and almost replaces the entire ancient philosophy, the perception of non-specialists, at least, you know, here we then directly run into a question that i cannot get around, this is still the possibility of reconstruction in general, yes, as far as historical socrates is possible, you in your wonderful monograph say that:

leave this question outside the brackets, since it is, well, in some sense unsolvable, if i remember correctly, and i recently leafed through william guthrie, yes, the author of what is, as far as i understand, the most complete book to date on ancient philosophy, a multi-volume publication, and he, it seemed to me, was very optimistic, guthrie says that in general, this is how they describe him, this is how he was, it’s just that to plato he seemed so, yes, different, and he, by the way, gives an interesting quote from schweitzer, guthrie, where schweitzer says that our description of christ is much more reliable, since simple fishermen wrote, the difficulty with socrates is that outstanding people wrote, but plato alone is enough, that's how it is between these two, actually designated positions, to what extent is the problem of the historical socrates solvable and to what extent it needs to be resolved, well, after all, since the same event is on... socrates was described by both

plato and xenophon, in general, these descriptions are different , but this is a description of the same event, but we can make sure that it really happened in history and, trial, condemnation, and execution, the death of a righteous man at one time, when we considered the birth of socrates with yuri anatolyevich shichalin, according to in ancient greek, he said this:

how many people, so many views there can be, my view on this is the view of a historian, but if we take it from the point of view of strict facts, then the life of socrates in terms of biographical history is known even very well, it is known to his parents, it is known that he lived almost always in athens, he was such a homebody, he really didn’t like to leave, even his hometown, even the nearest suburbs, he didn’t like to go out, he said, what am i there, i’m only interested in people, i’m not interested in anything else, what the same nature will tell me, those the meadows or rivers, it is known that he participated in campaigns three times, achieved prowess... the state did not supply this at its own expense, the hoplite complete mural, let's say , this is a panse, a shield, a helmet, a spear, a sword, everything is not cheap, the poor serve as hoplites they couldn’t, it’s possible that at the end of his life he somehow became impoverished. i’m sure i

neglected the farm, and to be honest, his grumpy exantip in some ways probably bothered him about the matter, let’s just say that he was a family man. to put it mildly, is by no means ideal, and, of course, there are already events associated with his trial, stay in prison and execution, this is known literally in detail, here is, here is the teaching of socrates from the point of view of strict facts - this is some kind of elusive thing, i have already said that in the eyes of many he almost flattens his all of philosophy, in fact, his role in the development of philosophy is enormous, it is impossible to argue, even to the point that the entire history of philosophy is divided into before socratic and after socratic, but what exactly was this role? this is a very problematic point, let’s say, which would deserve a separate discussion, accepted to consider that socrates turned the attention of ancient philosophy to man, but here’s what can be said here based on this, we discussed kant here not long ago, and indeed, in

a sense, kant made such a copernican revolution in philosophy, socrates also made such a revolution, that is, he turned away from the nature of philosophy. so it will become, socrates draws our attention to the fact that there is something outside of us, there are certain values, there are ideas, there are virtues,

here, of course, the question arises about the difference between the teachings of the true socrates and the teachings of plato, which then retells to us, as if teaching:

names, yes, god brings animals to adam, adam gives them names, therefore man has power over language, the question is to what extent, and the sophists were often also teachers of rhetoric, by the way, it is no coincidence socrates in his apology, when he begins to speak, says that you will not hear from me a speech dressed up, decorated, because such a speech is more suitable for young people, he ... ridicules, here it is not so much the sophists, but the ridors. listen, but here's more the most interesting point, of course, it seems to me, is that, but correct me if i’m not entirely accurate here, that this is the understanding of the famous expression of the ancient greek know yourself, which is attributed to one of

the seven wise men, yes, it is precisely from the time of socrates and thanks to socrates, it began to be perceived, this is how we perceive him today, yes, studying, well, your own, your personality, there, your inner world, the gods consist, man, let’s say, occupies far from the highest position in this hierarchy, and he should remember this and not rise too high, don’t strive to become a god, know yourself, in essence, know your place in this world, it’s not that high, know your place, that

’s how you can get a little sick, to say, here, except for dog lovers and no one goes after a murderer, i really loved her, they wanted to submit applications. it seems to me that he spoke sincerely, they are all sincere, and then 18 profit for the fact that the dishes were washed badly, she was here yesterday, here, right here, a fortune teller, tomorrow on the first, you know, i’ve been in moscow for so long, in never seen a movie before i didn’t go and it’s easy to fix, i’m waiting, alexey pavlovich kozarev, dean of the faculty of philosophy at moscow university, igor evgenievich surikov, chief researcher at the institute of world history.

mothers, to help in childbirth and so on, that is, let’s say, this woman was known, that’s why it has come down to our time, well, we can probably assume that she somehow influenced little socrates, since there is how much up to the age of seven, he says in all dialogues there is payment, that’s exactly what i follow my mother, but she delivered the child, so to speak physical, and i take spiritual birth, i help new thoughts, as they say, to be born in the heads of my interlocutors.

ideologies, as socrates ordered them, well, the early ideologists, as plato predicted them, the early ideologists of plato are considered relatively authentic in terms of conveying the view of socrates, that’s where, say, the topic of dialogue comes from some value, say, wisdom or courage or piety, and in the end they never find this definition, somehow something always seems to be stopping them, so to speak, then the person you have to leave, then they are looking, looking, looking, this is the feature, socrates does not give recipes, he...

and dialectics, understood not in the hegelian sense , these are also elements of the socratic method, the sense and not in the marxian sense, but as a unity , the struggle of opposites, but dialectics as the ability to conduct a conversation, as... the ability to move through speech, put together statements, irony is also not mocking irony, and not even romantic irony, which carries signs of fatigue, disappointment in life, yes, collapse, of all hopes, but this is positive irony is also connected with speaking, yes, maybe with the fact that socrates models some situations, such as in the apology:

in which the great pericles cried and in general it was customary to repent in every possible way there i don’t

know children, bring small ones and etc., socrates begins to laugh at him, it was customary for judges to humiliate themselves, to beg from them... as, as they said then, he did not strive higher, he directly writes, he would have been ready, he wanted to defend the truth at that moment, this is also has become such a, well, cultural model, yes you you know, we recently discussed the genre of detective stories and detective stories, so to speak, with colleagues, and i remembered that one of the american translators at one time drew my attention to the fact that colomba, the hero of the series about colomba, is porfiry

petrovich, from the crime of punishment, for some reason he walks there, because somehow everything is so poor. so, yes, tokmuchu, by the letter of the law of grace, how to save my soul, this is absolutely socratic irony, sometimes for this for this model of irony, even we use the word foolishness in something, well, let’s say, he in somewhere he acted a little like a fool, let ’s say, everyone knew that he was the smartest person, but he, i don’t know anything, and of course there are demons, daemonia, and, probably, the most

accurate word would be socrates, like a certain voice , well, daimonia is so scary, it’s just literally something divine, few people know, it’s like daimonion, few people know that the greek word daimon, from which our later demon came, is originally just one of the terms for deity, it’s almost the same as theos, let's say so, well, there are some nuances, but now i won’t go into them, that is, socrates said that i have a divine voice, as he said, it started for me in childhood, suddenly i hear a certain voice, plato says that he doesn’t give me direct advice to do something, so when he wants to turn me away from something, i want it, he turns me away from xenophon. another famous student of socrates, who left a memory of him, he has a little differently, that he gives demonic advice, including, that is, not only it also plays a negative, but positive role, for some authors, even as socrates seemed to give advice to demons and even regarding his friends, let’s say, well, as i understand it, it ’s still one of these deeper explanations and the fact that we we can understand

socrates’ daimonia, this is a category that, well, at least according to one of the versions, the greeks did not have, and this is... what we call conscience today, right? well, heroclitus has a saying: the ethos of anthropodaimon, that is, the character of man, his deity, and here in this in this case, everything is clear, yes, a person has a character, a character, and in a sense, this character controls us. heroclitus was before socrates, so maybe socrates brings some other additional meaning here, yes, but it is quite obvious that daimon is not... an oracle, this is not the delphic oracle that alexander the great went to there, which should point out, go there, do that, it’s more of an inner voice, and maybe it’s the voice of conscience, where... a person knows virtue, listens to his conscience, to his inner self, whether he’s acting i am in virtue, do i correspond to

how i believe, how i know, and for socrates, strictly speaking, to believe, to know to act, this is the essence of one thing, yes, he does not share, if you act badly, then you do not know, it means you don’t have knowledge, but this, by the way, is the most amazing thing, why i don’t know, it seems to me that it’s difficult for us to perceive today, that is, he’s like... some kind of protection or something for a person in the sense that the applicant if he does something wrong, why does he not know what he should do? well, just like the word nus, today we will translate as mind, spirit, after all, in our country the spirit and the mind are divided, the spirit is something religious, yes, and the mind is intellectual, this is science, so, in antiquity it is connected into one, here is socrates, according to in my opinion, somewhere, well , close to where religion and philosophy were alone, but philosophy has just begun to separate and the way of life, and the way

of life, regarding the virtues of knowledge, this is precisely one of the most important principles, that virtue there is knowledge, these are a person who has learned what good is and what evil, he will never commit evil, and we fought, how then, how many people, fully educated, intelligent, who know perfectly well what is good, that... a person who will never commit evil, but this knowledge itself actually learns what good is, it can only be given by god, and here are the connections of the then religion, philosophy, socrates was a very religious person, the same demonic, by the way, this is one of those things that socrates especially did not like the average communication that this is what his voice is like, why is he the only one who communicates with the gods, actually. the trial was that socrates was introducing new gods, for this he was judged, it was demonium that was meant, in any case, demonium is a kind of internal regulator of behavior, and this is really somewhere close to what later

appeared and later became known as conscience , that for the greeks there was absolutely no concept , the greeks had no such word, there was no conscience, for the greeks shame was a regulator, it is external, this is an external regulator, as others will see, what others will say, socrates was decisive it doesn’t matter what you say, what others say about him, what in particular he showed at... at the trial, even we saw whether others would condemn death, judged, well, so to speak, how would he listen to this particular internal regulator and i adhered to his advice, but here i involuntarily, of course , remember the apostle paul, yes, who will later say that it doesn’t matter to me what you or other people think about me, how they judge me, i don’t judge myself, for the lord is my judge , yes, of course, well, you can see a certain connection here, well, at the same time... such a slightly protestant attitude, but in antiquity in relation to traditional greek religiosity, it is no coincidence that there is a version, i don’t know, maybe

my interlocutor will correct me, that the real initiators of the trial were the priests, that onlet alikon are just extras, so but indeed the priests saw in socrates a certain thunderstorm, a danger in relation to traditional religion. today we gathered our thoughts about socrates, igor evgenievich surikov, alexey pavlovich kozarev, i am vladimir ligoida, we continue, well, here is the death of socrates, i i even read a piece to the children, when socrates refuses to run away and communicate with friends, why socrates didn’t take advantage of this opportunity, you know, in fact, if he took advantage, it would completely distort the image, he is in front of crito.

perhaps it is also added here that socrates was 70 years old, this is already a decent age, this does not mean that people did not live longer, they lived, they lived for 90 years. well, but at this

age sometimes some kind of weariness from life arises, maybe it was such a completely conscious move to challenge one’s city, which at the same time was supposed to make people better, remember how gogl wrote in his will: “there is no need to erect monuments to me, but let everyone become better after my death, but it seems that aksakov said that gogol is completely ...” gone crazy, he calls to become better about his name, but here is socrates, who did not know christ, he was a christian before christ, but he did not know christ, nothing else and could not offer his inhabitants how to become better about his name, and his death was in a sense a performance that should have to draw the attention of the inhabitants of athens to virtue,

i want to still have not much time left, very briefly, perhaps, to return to the topic of christians before christ, as indeed, yes, some christian thinkers called the greeks, not only the greeks, but in first of all, socrates and plato and aristotle, but christianity had a different attitude towards the experience of antiquity, and not only positively, that’s what this assessment is connected with, what is meant, by the way , is this quote with which we started , yes, which is the scroll, despite the fact that it’s hardly a quote, so to speak. yes, in a sense, it reflects socrates’ ideas on the one hand, on the other hand, it leads precisely to this, yes, probably, well, i think, for justin the philosopher justin the martyr, apologist of the 2nd century, the main thing here was that this people who knew how to live and lived a virtuous life, it is unlikely that the thought of the similarity of metaphysics or world order was put into this, but these are people who followed virtue, although they did not... knew about

eternal life reward, although socrates, generally speaking, in phaedo he paints for us the prospect of the immortality of the soul, and there is a certain image of paradise, where he will meet with the sages, talk with those who have already departed, in which one can also see some semblance of christian joy, well, although this is most likely already , probably plato, if, if you compare the apology, plato's story of the trial of socrates and phaedo, plato's story. about the death of socrates about his last day, there is this difference, in the apology socrates says, well, execute me, after death there will be one of two things, one they say that there really is a ruined world, and others say that it’s just a cessation of existence, well, if there’s a cessation of existence, then they’ll just wake up as if they fell asleep, no big deal, but if there’s a huge world, then i’ll be there communicating with the great negations of the past and how much pleasure i will get, that is, then he still doubts one thing, on the last day he keeps saying everything, apparently while he was in prison for a month, he changed his mind a lot, obviously

there was nothing to do. he even started writing poetry, he probably changed his mind a lot, including about life, about the soul, and he already firmly declares that the soul is immortal and cites a number of beautiful ones, by the way, the proof of sedo is not contained, the proof for the death of the soul, well, of course, not everyone may be advised to read this, it’s difficult, so he already says: that’s why i’m definitely not afraid of death anymore, because kliton also says: when how to bury yourself, don’t bury me, no, he said so, bury me if you catch me, if i don’t run away from you, let’s put it this way, that is, he is firmly convinced that he is simply moving into something else existence, moreover, from a sicker into a healthier existence, because the latter is weak again to death, which kriton is sacrificed by the oskleptiya of a rooster, the god of rotation among the greeks was bespelled, and to him it is precisely the person who is sick, but, but healed, as he should have sacrificed to the sacrifice of the pedukh, that is, socrates remembers death as healing, and that is , already on this on this last day of his, on this last day of his life, fidon becomes a metaphor for the immortality of the soul,

mendelssohn. then he writes his phaedo, ideas mendelssohn influence alexander nikolaevich radeshchy, his treatise on man, his mortality and immortality, that is, we can say that here we see such a distant echo, and i wanted to talk about this echo about socrates in russian culture, but starting from from the phrase that if you catch it, on the grave of grigory saevich there is a frying pan written, yes the world caught me, but it didn’t catch me, because he was called the russian socrates, that’s how it is... in skovoroda, one of his dialogues is called the israeli serpent or the icon of alcibiades, then there is this image that gives alcibiades at the feast, yes socrates is selenus, he is ugly on the outside, but on the inside he is beautiful, skovoroda cunningly applies

it to the bible. that is, the bible is an alcibiadic icon, you see, here is another parallel between antiquity, between athens and jerusalem, but in general, in russian culture, what can we say, well, here we need... sometimes questions are answered by rebellion, sometimes by prayer , sometimes anger, yes, here it is very interesting that shostov’s criticism of socrates, it is somewhere very similar to what nisha wrote about socrates, and unfortunately, our time has come

to an end, i have one last question, this is the advice, yes, dear viewers will watch us and want something else... read about socrates, in addition to your wonderful book, igor evgenevich , what would you advise, perhaps, first of all, to non -specialists, people who are just interested in learning something more about socrates, oddly enough, i like what he wrote about the head in eduard’s book davich frolov, historian, professor at st. petersburg university, let’s say which he managed the antiquity cafe for many years, he has a book, the torch of prometho, it is in general.

chanysheva, kisidia, feokhariy kharlampievich, such a greek was also a pontian greek by origin, well, he wrote about socrates, well , here we have, of course, russian religious philosophers sergei nikolaevich trubetskoy, who laid down the tradition of reading ancient philosophy at moscow university, added, perhaps , after all, although alexey ferovich wrote, as you know, it was always very difficult, but still i advised him...

and in our history there are periods that, well created for adventure literature, ala, alexandre dumas, for example, conspiracies, intrigues, alcove secrets. thunder of drums, well , of course, this is the story of palace coups in the first place, of course, it’s not without reason that they are very beloved by our creators of such costume series, god bless him, but

the trouble is that too often these series are used to judge the true history, that’s what always makes me very confusing, that’s for sure, and...

any absolute heir, well, i don’t know, there was theoretically something in it, that is, he could choose the best, but how history itself has proven

that there were russians, too, because there were already enough of our own, even ship captains, out of twenty ships in the fleet, 13, respectively , were already russian, while under petres the attitude was completely different. under elizabeth, a university was created, under elizabeth the first russian imperial theater was created, traditions that we still honor, and although it would seem, yes, elizabeth was a cheerful queen, singing and having fun, there is just no order, as it was in...

again with the help of the guard, he reigns after anna

ioannovna, if my memory serves me right, but this means that anna ionovna, when she dies , formally leaves power in the hands of her distant relative anna leopoldovna ivana, which still means she leaves power formally, as it were, in her hands, but at the same time , the baby should become legally legitimate then. even ioan antonovich, during the regency of beron, that is, the real power of beron, the real power of beron, for a short while, not for long, he was overthrown by minich, and after some time, that means a new coup by elizaveta petrovna, and minich was sent to prison, which he himself, and he was an engineer designed, so to speak, for beron. there is even evidence that they

meet along the way and look at each other coldly, one carriage goes to prison, the other goes to the palace. peter is on the throne, he is overthrown by catherine, the future catherine ii. catherine is against her son pavel becoming the heir, only after catherine’s death does pavel come to... power and he is also killed, that is, this whole chain demonstrates how turbulently lawless that era was, in essence, yes. i would still endure a revolution against paul i out of brackets, because unlike this, we will talk about this now, the clan nature of the palace coups that took place from 1725 to 1762, the coup against paul is still different, because paul managed to anger an entire social stratum, not individual clans, paul really angered most of

the nobility, who either participated in the coup or joyfully welcomed it, well, if you remember so to speak.

looked for different options, finally suggested the option of marrying this peter to his future empress elizabeth petrovna, who was his aunt, the age difference there was more than

significant, the teenager peter was already an adult, that is, a person devoid of any special boundaries at all. in general, uh, well, for that time, especially for the german principalities, a normal story, for those times, of course, all this, so, this same osterman, which means he was present at this meeting of the supreme leaders, and he supported dmitry galitsin when he proposed the candidacy of anna ianovna, that’s when they began to discuss the conditions limiting power. future empress, he, under the pretext that his gout had broken out, he fled from this council, but at the same time, as written, witnesses write, he went to bed, was covered with plasters and lotions on all sides, but at the same time developed vigorous activity, with pen in hand, which means that

in all his letters he assured everyone that it was necessary to preserve autocracy. now we are commemorating, we have already mentioned, in my opinion, the name of beron several times, but - everyone here knows the word beronovschina, the very concept of beronovschina, well, to some extent, here, for example, uh, quite respected, uh, encyclopedic...