for a person to come to the truth, not even give birth to the truth, remember it, because according to socrates, we already know everything, this is birth, we just forgot, maybe some kind of birth trauma happened to us, in this way, talking with a person, ask to him some questions that lead to the search for truth, a person can prove the pythagorean theorem himself and generally come to any knowledge, but, therefore, socratically... dialogue is an immortal tool not only of knowledge, but of education. we know not only the name of socrates' father phroniscus, yes, but also his mother's. yes, what's big? a rarity for greek culture usually, usually, let’s say, the greeks didn’t like it when their women were trash-talked, but this is a special case. she was an extremely rare woman of a public profession, a woman who was a midwife, that is, as a midwife is now expressed, let’s put it this way, that is, usually women led a reclusive life among the greeks, but when... such a profession does not

work out here, involuntarily i had to walk around other houses to help in childbirth and so on, that is, let's say this woman was known, because they got it to our time, well we can probably assume that she influenced little socrates somehow, since there are up to seven years old, but in my opinion, he says in all the dialogues that it is i who follow my mother, but she took the physical ones, so to speak, and i accept spiritual birth, i am helping new thoughts, so to speak, so to speak... will be born in the heads of my interlocutors, in fact, socrates is one of the most atypical philosophers, a philosopher who did not write philosophical works, and in general wrote almost nothing, there under end in prison before his death, he wrote a little of the elements, he wrote a fable, he wrote a poem in part of the palon, but in general, if you think about it, as if in essence, there cannot be such a philosopher, which is the main task of philosophers, to express their views in writing, and he not another method, it is this very oral, oral dialogue, in these dialogues there is...

socrates does not give a recipe, he is the one who, as they say, excites the mind, excites the mind goes away, for this, by the way, many did not like him , but - the irony of socrates, of course, is a topic that cannot be avoided, not only maeutics, but irony and dialectics are also elements of the socratic method, and dialectics is understood not in the hegelian sense and not in the marxian sense, but as unity, the struggle of opposites.

they simulate some situations, such as in the apology, all the inhabitants of athens improve the young men, and i spoil them, corrupt them, and what about horses, horses, everyone improves or one rider, yes, after all, the rider makes the horse peaceful, obedient, but if you give the horse to the people, yes, then you won’t be able to train the horse. that is, in

such parables that are understandable to the average person, far from being a philosopher, socrates promotes his very anti-democratic, perhaps even dialectic. igorevich, it’s not quite irony, maybe even the exact word, but it’s russian, you can’t find a normal russian equivalent here, this is the very irony. the irony of socrates is a very peculiar thing, which does not coincide with what we do not mean by the concept of irony. socrates' irony is manifested primarily by him. such self-indulgence, self-destruction, he constantly emphasizes that he is such and such, in particular, this is the same famous imagination, i don’t know anything, it’s precisely the appearance of this very irony, by the way, socrates often attributes by misunderstanding the saying i know that i don’t know anything, he didn’t say it literally like that, let’s put it this way, but in principle he had something close in i mean, he spent his whole life with this irony, that i’m so wretched, so to speak, here he is, the only time he threw it away was when he was on trial, that’s when he spoke for real, proudly, and that, by the way, was

also one of the factors that led to his to his to his condemnation, they first saw another socrates, proud, speaking with great self-esteem , showing, showing... with all convincingness that he is not guilty of anything of which he is accused, that he is on the contrary, brought us all the time only in favor when it came time for him to choose his own punishment, he somewhat asked himself a reward of lifelong food in a den, i think the judges made an indignant noise here, well, this is what we would say now, it was probably such a culture shock, because excuse me, the court, where, in which the great pericles cried, and generally accepted there was every way to repent there, i don’t know, bring small children and so on.

somehow i’ll cope with the speech myself, he said the speech in a completely different spirit from how it was said then, he didn’t even try to survive, he writes directly, he would have been ready, he wanted to defend the truth at that moment, it also became so well cultural model, yes, you know, we recently discussed the genre of detective stories and detective stories, so to speak, with colleagues, and i remembered that one of the american translators at one time drew my attention to the fact that here is colomba, the hero of the series about columbus is porfiry petrovich, from the crime.

when he wants to turn me away from something, i want to, he turns me away from xenophon, another famous student of socrates, who left a memory of him, with him it’s a little different that he gives demonic advice, including, that is, not only negative, but it also plays a positive role, for some authors, even seemingly giving advice to socrates about demons and even regarding his friends, let’s say, well, as i understand it, that after all, one of these deeper explanations and the fact that we can to understand socrates' daemonium is... a category that, well, at least according to one of the versions, the greeks did not have, yes, this is what we call conscience today, yes, well, heroclitus has a saying, this is with anthropodaimon, that is, a person’s character, his deity, and here in this case everything is clear, yes, a person has a character, has

a character, in a sense, this character controls us. heraclitus was before socrates, so maybe socrates is bringing some additional meaning here. strictly speaking, to believe, to know to act, this is the essence, yes, he doesn’t share, if you act badly, it means you don’t know, it means you don’t have knowledge, but this, by the way, is the most amazing thing, why - i don’t know, it seems to me that it’s difficult for us to perceive today, then there is he, this is some kind of, well, protection

of a person in the sense that he who does something bad does this, that he does not know how he should act, well, just like a word, today we will translate it as mind, spirit , in our country the spirit and the mind are separated, the spirit is something religious, yes, but the mind is intellectual, this is science, so...

a person who really knows what good is will never commit evil, but only god can give this knowledge, and here, in connection with the then religion and philosophy, socrates was a very religious person, the same dimoni himself, by the way, this is one of those things that socrates especially did not like average communication, what is it? he has such a voice, why is he the only one who communicates with the gods, in fact, the wording of the trial was that socrates introduces new gods, for this he was judged, it was the demonic that was meant, in in any case, demonium is a kind of internal regulator of behavior, and this is really somewhere close to what later appeared and later began to be called conscience, the greeks did not have such a word, conscience, the greeks had shame as a regulator, and this is an external, and this is an external regulator , as others will see, what others will say, socrates was decisive. different, what he says, he will say that he is different, that in particular he showed at the trial, even now

we have seen, we would have thought whether others would condemn the death of the judge, but why say so, as if it was this internal regulator that he listened to and adhered to his advice, but here , of course, i involuntarily recall the apostle paul, yes, who will later say that it doesn’t matter to me what you or other people think about me, how they judge me, i don’t judge myself , for the lord is my judge, but of course, you can see it.

he took advantage of it, it was completely imaginary, he pre-criticized it so, if my homeland legally condemned me to death according to the laws, i must obey the laws of my homeland, excuse me, but he was not judged, this is undeserved, it turns out that we ourselves are beginning to judge the law of our homeland, socrates would say, it turns out that everyone will decide which law is true and which is false, the same sophistical subjectivism will come out, no, as they say, obey in everything the laws of the homeland, if she tells you to die, then die, alexey na? i think the answer here is in aristotle's definition of man, a social animal, dzon

politikon. socrates was a social animal; the christian idea of ​​an autonomous personality, which is not subject to the princes of the world, has not yet arisen this, belonging to the polis actually makes a person in this regard, this endless patriotism in a good sense of devotion. his city, his polis, for which he fought, and maybe there is also the fact that socrates was 70 years old, this is already a decent age, this does not mean that people did not live longer, they lived, they lived for 90 years, so , but at this age sometimes some kind of fatigue from life arises, maybe it was such a completely conscious move to challenge one’s... city, which at the same time was supposed to make people better. remember how

gogol wrote in his will: “there is no need to erect monuments to me, but let everyone become better after my death.” but it seems that aksakov said that gugol has completely gone crazy, he calls for people to do better about his name. yes, behold, socrates, who did not know christ, he was a christian before christ, but he did not know christ. he couldn’t offer his residents anything else. how to become better about his name, and his death was in a sense a performance that should have attracted the attention of the inhabitants of athens. to virtue, i want, we still don’t have much time left, i want to very briefly, perhaps, still return to the topic of christians before christ, as indeed, yes, some christian thinkers called the greeks, well , not only the greeks, but first of all socrates and plato and aristotle, but christianity has different the attitude towards the experience of antiquity was, and not only positive,

that’s what this assessment is connected with, what it meant, what is meant, by the way, this quote with which we started, yes, which on... these are people, who followed virtue, although and they did not know about eternal life reward, although socrates, generally speaking, in phaedo, draws us the prospect of the immortality of the soul, and there is a certain image of paradise, where he will meet with the sages, talk with those who have already departed, in which one can also see some semblance of the christian world , well

, although this is most likely already, probably plato, if you compare the apologies... plato’s story about the trial of socrates and phaedo, plato’s story about the death of socrates about his last day, there is such a difference, in the apology socrates says, well, execute him me, after death there will be one of two things, some say that there really is a grave world, and others say that it’s just a cessation of existence, well, if there’s a cessation of existence, then i’ll just sort of fall asleep and not wake up, no big deal, but if there’s a huge world, so i’ll be there communicating with the great parts of the past and how much pleasure i’ll get, that is, then he still doubts one thing, on the last day it’s all up to... he says, apparently, while he was in prison for a month, he changed his mind a lot, it's clear, there was nothing to do, he even began to write poetry, he probably changed his mind a lot, including about life, about the soul, and he already firmly declares that the soul is immortal and gives a number of excellent evidence, by the way, there is no evidence of the immortality of the soul, of course, not everyone can read this, it ’s difficult, he’s already saying, so i’m

definitely not afraid of death anymore, because i’m kliton says, when how to bury you, bury me, no, he said so, moreover, from the sickest to a healthier existence because the latter is weak again death, which criton sacrificed , the god of rotation among the greeks, and the god of rotation among the greeks, and to him it was a person who was sick, but healed, as he should sacrifice a pedukh, that is, socrates remembers death as healing, and that is, this is already in this on this last day of his, on this last day of his life. phaedo becomes a metaphor for the immortality of the soul, mendelssohn then writes his phaedo, mendelssohn’s ideas influence alexander nikolaevich radeshchy on his treatise on man, his mortality and immortality, that is, we can say that here we see such a distant echo, and i wanted to talk about this echo about socrates in russian culture, but starting from

the phrase that if you catch, on the grave of grigory savichsky it is written that the world has caught me. but i didn’t catch it, because they called him the russian socrates, that’s true, he wrote in russian, he traveled through the belgorod, kursk, and oryol provinces, but here it’s different, in skovoroda one of his dialogues is called the israeli serpent or the alcibiadic icon, that is, this one the image that alcibiades gives at the feast, and socrates is selenium, he is ugly on the outside, but on the inside he is beautiful. skovoroda cunningly applies it to the bible, that is, the bible is an alcibiadic icon, you see, here is another parallel between antiquity, between athens and jerusalem. but in general , what can we say about socrates in russian culture? well, here it must be said that in our country, just like in european culture, there were people who did not

like socrates, in europe niedscha did not like him, but in our country lev shestov. that is. on what nisha wrote socrates. unfortunately, our time has come to an end, i have my last question, he's like that, advice, yes, that's it. are watching us, dear viewers, and will want to read something else about socrates, in addition to your wonderful book igorevich, what would you advise, perhaps, first of all,

to non-specialists, people who would just be interested in learning something else about socrates, oddly enough, i like what he wrote about socrates in the book by eduard davich fralov, a historian, professor at the university of st. petersburg, for example, who for many years was the department of antiquity. something socratic, wrote the elements well, i remember our teachers and arseny nikolaevich chanyshev, who himself was in under the pseudonym arseny passerby, he has a wonderful course on history, ancient philosophy...

hello, this is the schlädinger cat podcast, and i am its host, grigory tarasevich, chief editor of the popular science magazine schrödinger's cat, and today we will talk about gold, not at all... about how valuable, wonderful, beautiful it is, but about how to find it. and our guests today are geologists, olga yakubovich, professor of st. petersburg university, researcher at the institute of geology of geochronology da cambri eran. hello hello. and pavel selevanov, head of the department of the central research geological prospecting institute of non-ferrous and precious metals. what a complicated name, but gold is a noble metal. yes, look, let's talk about gold from the very beginning, where did it even come from in the universe? if i'm not mistaken, it was initially believed that these were supernova explosions, only they could generate

gold, then astrophysicists believed that even such a large-scale event as the explosion of a supernova is not enough for gold to appear, because it is very heavy, and a completely catastrophic phenomenon of the collision of neutron stars was needed, i understand correctly, this is the birth of gold in the universe, but yes, how much of... physicists managed to observe a collision of neutron stars several years ago, they saw the spectrum from this collision, and there really were a large number of heavy elements, including gold, so well, the modern scientific paradigm, we don’t really know, how it was that gold, elements of mass close to gold, appeared as a result of the collision of neutron stars, then this substance somehow fell into the protosolar nebula, which gave rise to... the wedding ring has traces of a completely monstrous event, like a collision of neutron stars. okay,

somewhere far, far away this phenomenon called gold was formed, it ended up in the place where the solar system was about to appear, what happened next, how did gold get to earth? well, it is believed that formation of all planets in the solar system. e took place as a result of a process that, well, scientifically called accretion, is when small particles, under the influence of gravitational interaction, begin to stick together, forming such a critical mass that is sufficient for the substance to begin to melt, in particular on earth - here the sticking particles heated up so much that a separation of chemical elements occurred approximately like - by analogy with a blast furnace, when we smelt metal, the hose is separated. some kind of gases, in fact, this is an analogue of this process , it happened on earth 4.5 billion years ago, as a result of which we got an iron core, a kind of mantle, the earth’s crust, which

can... maybe more times greater concentration gold than in the earth's crust on average, that is , meteorites brought us a lot of gold, but this substance, it was collected, this protoplanetary one gave birth to the earth, and although there is indeed a version that during the late meteorite bombardment there was a second as if enriching the upper geospheres with gold, and other heavy metals there,

including platinum group metals. i don’t know, i can just explain, uh, just yes, this pozimbardization, it happened, it is believed about 3.9 billion years ago, that is, from the earth 4.5 billion years ago, then there almost 500-600 million this catastrophic event happened for the entire solar system, we see traces of this bombardment on other planets, uh, in fact, if we look at the chemical composition of the earth, the chemical composition of the mantle, the chemical composition - the same meteorites, we see that our mass balance is slightly off. that is , according to all calculations, as you correctly noted, platinum and gold on earth should have been less, well, in its upper parts, but in fact we know that we have deposits of platinum and gold, so we need some kind of then to figure out how it happened that not all gold and not all platinum sank into the center of the earth, we are looking for models that could somehow explain this, today we

will talk to you in the mode of such a funnel here it is... we and the universe have narrowed down to the earth over all its years of existence, let's now move on to where gold came from on the territory of russia, this is the origin of those deposits that are there in krasnoyarsk, where we have gold, everywhere, everywhere , as the great scientist vernadsky said, every drop of water dissolves the entire periodic table, so gold is not only on your finger. there is some amount of it in the body, but it is vanishingly small, and another thing is that the areas of concentration of gold, yes, they quite specific, these are areas where there were events such as collisions, folding events or magmatic activation and where hydrothermal processes, called processes with the participation of highly

superheated waters, actively occurred. which is just good - it transports gold, including, well , in simple words, where there are mountains and where there are volcanoes, there is mostly gold, well, or where there were volcanoes, because siberia , of course, doesn’t erupt much now, but once upon a time, yes or, for example, the kola peninsula, there are ancient rocks that were once there mountains, but they have already been cut off a long time ago, the last time they were cut off by a glacier and there are no mountains there anymore, when did all this happen, that is , when did gold deposits begin to form on our territory? these are the earliest deposits that exist, they belong to a period such as the archean, this is about 2.5 billion years old and a little older than the very early deposits, this is the moment of the formation of the earth, they do not exist, that is, the earliest begin in area 2, 5-3 billion years, in fact these are rich ores, but because they

reflect... the very unusual conditions that were then on the earth, there was no oxygen in the atmosphere on the earth yet, so the entire life cycle of the earth and the movement of matter - it was a little different from what is happening today, and then, starting from 2, 5 billion years and younger, we have such, well, classical objects with an age close to 1.8 billion years and younger, but most of the deposits are specifically for russia, this is certainly the far east. siberia, the urals, and this is the range, well, probably from 650, but if, if we take just the yenisei crash, well, maybe even from 800 million years to the present, because the modern system in chukotka, in the far east, they are generally determined by the age there of 50 million years, 60-90, well, yes, by your geological standards, 50 million is yesterday, there is even

modern, well... on active volcanoes, in principle, gold deposition is happening right now, and i saw a report from a colleague who showed it right in the sublimates of volcanoes... newly formed gold, that is, of course there is no deposit there yet, but it is redeposited, but how determined here lies, well, from the point of view the average person has a piece of stone, there is a small piece of gold in it, how to determine that this piece, that small piece of gold there appeared 850 million years ago, by and large , determining the age exactly when gold was formed is a difficult task, in geology there is an approach that allows... to use isotope systems, in other words, the radioactive decay of one chemical element into the transformation into another, to determine the age of this process. if you explain it on your fingers, then this is when the mineral crystallizes, a certain amount of a radioactive isotope gets into it, well,

for example, uranium, this uranium decays over time, forms lead, accordingly, if we take a mineral, measure the lead content in it, relative to the uranium that is in it, we can , substituting... the formula into the law of radioactive decay, calculate how much time has passed. the uranium-lead system is not the only isotope system that exists in geology; for example, we know that potassium is one of the very common chemical elements that generally surround us, and we eat, there is so much potassium in one banana, it is radioactive, beta radioactive, other chemical elements are also transformed by transformation, in particular, it has a decay channel with the formation of argon, this second, probably, in terms of prevalence. method for determining the age of minerals, but if we return to the question of how to determine the age of gold, this is a difficult task, because gold usually does not have much uranium, on the contrary, there is a lot of lead, here it’s difficult to measure, gold has little potassium, and

there is a need to either use some other minerals that are indirectly related to gold, that is, we as geologists can say that they were probably formed at the same time, or...

well, in principle, you have age i mean, yes , for example, age, no, well, of course they help in some way, although of course the main criterion for searching is to look for ore next to ore, yes, if there are gold deposits in some region, why not look again, but in in principle this is important, an important question, but the age of the order, these events, when gold deposits were formed, they... were not formed continuously, but in such eras, well, that is, for example, continents collided, heating and friction began, these solutions began, gold was formed, yes, generally speaking, we can, knowing

the age of some garnitoids there, we can know that we have gold associated with these garnitoids, nothing is connected with garnitoids of a different age, accordingly, this is already for the search... models of how we we will, where we will look, this is already important information. during my life i was tall and slender, i was not afraid of a word or a bull. in the front row was this close-knit mass of people who had lost a loved one. i don’t like a fatal outcome; the funeral itself showed what it means for the russian people.

june 28, 1914 in a bosnian sarajevo. the desired goal of the serbian high school student was the death of the heir.

this is a podcast by schrödinger's cat, and i am its host , grigory tarasevich, today we are talking about how to find gold in the depths of russia, here's how look into these depths, and how to find what decorates our lives with its yellowish light, about gold, about how geologists look for gold in... the history of russia, listen, i’m starting to look at my wedding ring with more and more respect, here directly not only because of family values, but because look, neutron stars collided, then continental plates collided, so in order for me to have this little yellow ring, such events took place over billions of years, and how much ore is there for you? the ring was crushed, well, by the way, well... in my ring there are a couple of three grams , well, maybe three grams, that's how many

tons of rock you need, well, it depends on the content, in principle, the industrial content now starts there from a gram per ton, that is, 3 tons the amount of rock was lost so that, well, no, then if it’s per gram, then 9 tons 9 tons, yes yes, but if the sands are in the industrial sands, it’s true that they count per cubic meter of sand, but they are less than a gram per cubic meter. so, i look at the ring with great respect, if, dear viewers, listeners, if there is something gold next to you, there is a gold tooth, a gold ring, a gold chain, look at it with different eyes from the point of view of billions of years, tons of rock, thousands of kilometers, because at first, when they look for gold on a scale of thousands, they probably look at how any mineral, when searching for it, is used in geology.

rare studies, geochemical, take samples for analysis, and based on this they build a map, a geological map, one of the components, well, in fact it is a geological a map, this is not one sheet, but there is a whole set of different sheets of graphics, here is such a talmut, and a report is attached to it, and it sets out ideas about where, what kind of minerals there could be here, what kind? the territory is promising, then

prospecting work proceeds, at the stage of prospecting work , promising areas are identified, they are examined in more detail, and there, as a rule , searches are carried out along rivers, if there is a river hydraulic network, sometimes they use the wave-galal method where there was glaciation, then eat, collect, look for pebbles with signs ore, then reconstruct it like this - lidnik crawled and where it came from, that is, everything is more detailed, more detailed, such a golden funnel turns out, yes, yes, yes, in the end they find a source, from where to the rivers, somewhere else, this gold rushes , scatters, they already find ore fragments, they found it, it’s not a deposit yet, first of all we need to look at the fact that there, as a rule, we have soil on top, yes, there’s already something... loose, a product of the destruction of these rocks, they take , drive a bulldozer,

tear off everything loose, get to the root rocks, rocks, they find an ore body there, evaluate how thick it is, test it , determine its content, so several intersections are made, for example, this is a vein, they get an idea from the surface, i somehow extrapolate to the depth, yes... they drill wells so that confirm, they have confirmed, this is not a deposit yet, so when the whole ore body is holed up with these wells, drilled, they get pieces of core, study them, determine the content at

each intersection, all this is multiplied, multiplied, reserves are calculated, then this there will be a deposit, i specially took with me a certain souvenir, which... such rough water in the studio, not because someone felt bad, but so that the geology could be better seen, there, in my opinion, the depth was 100 meters there, so we wet it and magic is happening, wow, now it has become clear that it has become less scary, by the way, on

the burovaya, when the geologist describes the core directly to the drilling site, they immediately take it out , the geologist documents it, describes it, and there is always a bucket. with water and a brush, yeah, or a spray bottle to wet it, because you can see it much better when it’s wet, and what we see here is, well, you can see something white, and something gray, which means something gray is the host rock, these are some kind of sandstones, maybe oleurolites, orgelites, something that once it was sand, clay, which were deposited at the bottom of the ancient sea, and then it compressed, then it compressed, warmed up a little, and was pressed into cement. and became a strong rock, so in the strong rock, then it cracked , superheated water vapor began to flow through the cracks, we call it a fluid or hydrothermal solution, very hot, it is more than 100°, but still liquid, because pressure, yes, due to pressure it is liquid, although sometimes there is a supercritical fluid,

which is an indistinguishable state, liquid and vapor, above 373, it seems, degrees. which means , due to the fact that it is so hot, it dissolves many minerals well, but when it enters the crack, interacting with these rocks, it cools down and the precipitation of this begins, well, for the most part it is quartz, generally speaking, most often there’s gold in these deposits, it’s in quartz, but i found it quartz, you should immediately pound it to see what will happen there, but if you find quartz, this does not mean that there is necessarily gold there, even when we go to sites, we pound these quartz veins, well, 90% of them are empty, like a drum, like they say, besides quartz, which in general is not of great interest here , what else can you see here, here is this one, most likely it will be visible

as a black stripe, it sparkles a little, it’s perite, well, in general it looks like gold , something like a gold mine, yes, they call it fool's gold, thank you, well there were often cases when people found it , collected it, raked up bags, were happy, and then upset, well , there is no visible gold here, but this does not mean that it is not here at all, it can be in the form of a tone, small, fine dissemination, if gold is visible, then we can immediately say with confidence that the content is 10 g per ton, what kind of crack could it be? they would take it into a microscope and look for where it is most likely next to pyrite, next to pyrite, yes, that is, fool's gold, it is not so stupid, it is often indicates that the one nearby is real, this is, well, this is a sign that there is some kind of mineralization, and moreover, perite objects may contain gold in the form of some microscopic inclusions.