e in the territory of christianized tribes, but he was not satisfied with the christian zeal of these tribes, and they even threatened to kill him, and his successor, bishop berthold schulte, was distinguished by even greater zeal, which ended with him being killed 2 years later, after that how he became a bishop after the death of his successor in 1698, which in turn led to the first crusade against the baltic lands, against the pagans, of course, these are not the same crusades that are against -

in the third year a new northern one is organized a crusade, that’s what it was called, but this campaign was unsuccessful: in 1234, near yuriev, the troops of the swordsmen were defeated and by whom? novgorod prince yaroslav vsevladovich, that is, the father of our hero, alexander nevsky. and in 1237, the remnants of the order of the swordsmen, literally the remnants, there were several dozen knights left, in total, together with their assistants, they found themselves in the role of the livonian order, the livonian branch of the tifton order.

relevant for the livonian order, but it did not work out. there is another very important point, how the levon people, the levon order, moved to the east, they moved slowly, but they immediately staked out their lands, that is, they organized castles there, they subjugated the population, christianized them, and pick them out of there, after they built castles and fortresses there , they built it, it was very difficult how the russian princes penetrated into the same territory, they just... took it, well, in general, from your words

it is clear that there was such a kind of buffer zone, yes, such a neutral zone, and there were such tribes, which were at the same time forced to pay tribute to the crusaders and russia, and there were even tribes that were baptized into catholicism, but paid tribute to novgorod, yes, yes, yes, that’s why, well, i don’t know, i can’t say for sure, but i have this ...

they remember very little, in fact, lithuania, as i already said, is such a rather powerful association, a powerful union of tribes, which seriously threatened the crusader at that time and russia, not by chance the livonian order. newly emerged, tried to come to an agreement with alexander yaroslavovich to fight against lithuania. russian principalities right up to the right bank of the dnieper, they were subject to constant raids from lithuania. we know more about raids from the east, there were the pechenegs, polovtsians, then the horde itself, but there were also raids from the north-west, which is, strictly speaking, lithuania. and the main merit of alexander nevsky from the point of view of his life, oddly enough, was the fight against lithuania. this was definitely more important for contemporaries.

began to be called nevsky, well, in general, many times for his contemporaries, of course, but it was also important with the swedes, the swedes colonized territory from the north in several waves, penetrated into finland and laid claim to karelia, here the father of alexander nevsky, yaroslav sevaldovich, he, as they say, adopted the method of the crusaders, he began to christianize karelia, send priests there, and, accordingly, troops too, in the end karelia is still ours, yes, that is... this can be said to be the merit of yaroslav vsevlovich, and, accordingly , of many subsequent political figures. here is the battle of the neva, famous on july 15, 1240 , due to the fact that the swedes tried to build on in this place there is some kind of fortification, we don’t know exactly what kind, yes, which could

control the izvoryak path in greece, because this path had, as it were, two northern branches, one through the western dvina at the mouth where the germans placed riga. that is, they had already plugged it with a cork, and through the neva with volkhov, where, accordingly, where st. petersburg is now, accordingly, the swedes could also take control of this very important trade route there, the ancient russian principalities themselves united at one time into a single state, the kiev-novgorod , so to say, in fact, on the way to the greeks, which is also often forgotten, they could control, the swedes could take control of this second sea route, in the person of alexander, novgorod did not miss novgorod.

no one counted them with the order, so the knights counted and the guardians summed up the total to the exact knight, yes, where was how much was lost, each knight was something like an abrams tank, well, something like that, here’s a chronicler who wrote 60 years later years, that is

, several generations have passed since these events, notes that 24 knights died in the battle with russians, and this has never happened, 24 people, 24 of these same knights who were singled out, by the way, for russia, of course, it was a terrible tragedy, this is how the chroniclers, say,

describe the then situation in russia. i quote the chronicle. boty, like a fierce beast, devoured entire areas, tearing at the remains with his claws. the bravest russian princes fell in battle, others wandered in foreign lands, looked for intercessors between non-believers and found none. about children trampled before their eyes by tatar horses, and virgins about their innocence, how many of them, wanting to save her, they threw themselves on a sharp knife or into deep rivers, the living, they envied the peace of the dead, it was absolutely terrible, but it was necessary to choose here, there is such a logic, i have heard it many times and i cannot do it. i can’t quote it, although i don’t completely agree with it, but it lines up roughly like this: the choice

was terrible, but it had to be made, because the mongols enslaved the body, but at the same time due to the fact that they were more or less tolerant, they left free souls, and the vaticans, western, so to say, forces, they enslaved the soul. historians who are discussing here believe that the onslaught of the west was much smaller, but it

really was smaller, yes, what can i say, than the onslaught from the horde, and the horde howl should not be underestimated, because archaeologists actually know very well that a number of cities it simply did not arise again, after it was wiped off the face of the earth by the horde conquest, it is enough to remember that there is old ryazan, yes, there is ryazan, yes, these are two different places, there is a long distance between them, because old ryazan after the ardyn invasion... with the help of denmark and with the help of the construction of fortresses of the local population, baptism by fire

and sword, yes, this still took place, but nevertheless, the horde conquest, of course, brought much more troubles to russia, than what happened from the west, we know that the word baskak practically entered the russian language, that is, these were tatar governors who collected tribute, thank god. true, they collected, so we have an idea that the baskhaks collected, they went straight from house to house and collected this tribute, in fact, of course, some elders collected money from people, and the baskaks were already calculating the total, and if anything happened, they punished them, not disdaining robbery, simply not disdaining robbery, but they intervened, in addition to denmark, they interfered in internal affairs very often, so many stood up and...

at a certain stage the horde demanded tribute from novgorod, this is what, say, karamzin writes about this, the governor of the khan demanded that novgorod that...

as for faith, he also achieved a certain success, of course, in time the invasion itself - many monasteries were plundered, churches were destroyed, but then - there was still some kind of certain tolerance of religion, he succeeded even in 2000 in 1261 in sarai, and this was the capital of the golden

horde, an orthodox diocese was even established, because at that moment there were already a lot of russian prisoners there, and so on, so it means that he took care of this too, he managed to come to an agreement with the horde on this matter. here, of course, there is a very controversial topic related to the behavior of alexander yaroslavovich in relation to korda, here in fact, you have already touched on it, i will refer to the opinion of academician valentin lavrentievich yanin, and he literally wrote the following about alexander nevsky: alexander nevsky, having concluded an alliance with the horde, subjugated novgorod to horde influence, he extended it to novgorod. who was never conquered, that’s what you were talking about, by the tatars, he extended tatar power to novgorod, and gouged out the eyes of dissenting novgorodians, he had many sins of all sorts, despite the fact that he was the winner of the germans during the battle of the ice in other battles, but nevertheless, novgorod was betrayed to the tatars by them, but at the same time novgorod was protected from the tatar defeat, thank god, that is,

yayanin, like our other historian, the now living igor nikolaevich danilevsky, noted such complexity, ambivalence in... in the chronicle it is said that nevsky received a letter from pope enokente iv, where the pontiff assured alexander that yaroslav, his father, while in tatary with the great khan, and allegedly gave his word to the catholic monk karpin to accept the latin faith, would have fulfilled his promise if he had not died suddenly, and

that the son is obliged to follow the good example of his father if he wants spiritual salvation and worldly happiness, and... and so on. alexander, according to the chronicle, called upon wise people, consulted with them and wrote to the pope: we know the true teaching of the church, but we are unacceptable and do not want to know yours. and there were several similar attempts, but this does not mean at all how often we imagine that alexander nevsky had hostile relations with the vatican. he was a great politician, a great diplomat. and judging by the correspondence, these are absolutely correct relations, let me remind you, many of course don’t know this, that in fact alexander nevsky is a saint for the catholic church, this is a historical podcast russia-west on the swing of history, today we are dealing with the figure of

alexander nevsky, what kind of religious situation russia was in then, about many people don’t know this either.

and he was an unusually brave man, he is a hero of the battle of prikalke, this is when the russian polovtsians tried together to resist the golden horde, but lost, so he showed very great courage there, they respected him and the tatars themselves, when he was once in the horde, he was perhaps the only prince who was truly received with honor, respecting him precisely for his courage. however, all his life he fought against the horde, unlike alexander nevsky, he did not come to

an agreement with the horde, he fought in history ; his famous phrase has been preserved that horde honor is worse than evil, it must be said that he tried to find some then other approaches to solving the problem. in general there were two options, here is alexander nevsky’s option, go agreement, so to speak, with the horde, or fight, stubbornly, fight to the end with the horde, there are also two approaches to relations with the vatican, if alexander immediately dismissed, even without talking, any cooperation in this sense with the vatican, and daniil galitsky, on the contrary , maneuvered, maneuvered. but he maneuvered and that means he was seduced there by the crown, they also promised an army, in the end

it ended with the fact that neither he fulfilled his promise to the vatican, nor the vatican gave him troops, this was actually the most important thing that he wanted, yes, a figure , in my opinion, she’s quite pretty, she appeals to me, she was featured in galtsky, she evokes respect in me, therefore... it’s a shame that this figure has been erased from memory, she has been forgotten, i completely agree with you, my sympathies also belong to daniil galitsky, who completely undeservedly turned out to be such a historical shadow, he is mentioned in textbooks, of course, yes, when they talk about the galletian-volyn principality, but of course he is usually not remembered there, if we talk about alexander yaroslavovich, then to him in particular. put some historians of his struggle with his brothers, because his brothers tried to lead the anti-ardyn movement, the famous nevryuev’s army came out on alexander’s side, which in general brought a little less trouble to russia

than our batyevs, according to one of the points of view, but alexander’s position can also be understood, because russia then, at least the lands subject to him, could not resist the horde, that is, there simply was no strength, this was very well shown by batu’s invasion itself, lithuania was more or less able...

russia, this ambivalence of alexander nevsky must be kept in mind, because on the one hand there is indeed success in the fight against the levon order, success in preserving orthodoxy in russia, which, from the point of view of many historians, was the key to the independence of the subsequent moscow state, on the other hand, this is really suppression, bloody suppression anti-ardyn uprisings, and this is really

really difficult to fit. in one figure, which, of course, became the banner of the fight against the west in moments of aggravation of relations, the nickname nevsky appears in the end of the 15th century, but along with others, and takes root just under ivan the terrible, under whom, in fact, alexander nevsky was canonized in 1547, this is the beginning of the reign, the independent reign of ivan iv, he was elevated to the kingdom at that moment, in the context of deteriorating relations with levonia, then.

a brilliant film by sergei ezenstein with cherkassov respectively in the title role, which, by the way, is actually an actor depicted on the order of alexander nevsky, we don’t know what alexander nevsky looked like, yes, accordingly, the main character of the film is from einstein, and is completely a myth from historical truth, especially taking into account. it is almost impossible to separate out enough sources in the mass consciousness, here the task of the historian is still to understand further, but in the mass consciousness alexander nevsky will remain who he is at the moment, but i think that this has already taken root, has taken root, today we dealt with the figure of the famous grand duke alexander yaroslavovich, alexander nevsky, this was a historical podcast

russia-west on the swing of history. pyotr romanov and sergei solovyov were with you. study history with us. you can watch all episodes of the historical podcast of russia west on the swing of history on the website of the first channel 1tv.ru. hello, dear friends. this is the podcast life of the remarkable with you, me, its host, writer alexey varlamov, and we have two wonderful guests in our studio today, the director and founder, which is very important, of the moscow design museum, alexander sankova and the architect, artist, yuri avakumov. we have gathered here to truly talk about the super wonderful, super wonderful woman vera mukhina, and... her

life, about her work, and let's start with those objects that are standing here on the table, here are three faceted glass, there is a version that it was vera mukhina, whom most of us, of course, remember and know from her majestic sculpture as a working collective farmer, nevertheless, it was she who came up with this glass, and thus the range of her creativity from the glass to this wonderful sculpture, here ... tell me, is it true or false that this is the invention of vera mukhina? well, i think that this is not true, that is, it is categorically untrue. you know, there are different versions of what exactly vera mukhina did, but i want to say that i understand why this legend stuck to her, yes, because a great sculptor, a great artist, really very talented, she led a lot, was the artistic director of the leningrad

art glass factory. from under her signature, after the cultural councils, a lot of things came out into production, well, because the art director, as always, even now in the modern world also signs everything into production or into production, so they were probably there. glasses, and glasses for water, for wine, and there are many stories about how she tested everything herself, even if at the cultural council, for example, they made a glass for wine, she said, let's take a drink from the carafe, let's pour some water, let's try how it’s convenient to sculpt from this, by the way, you can see, yes, but specifically about the cut glass, it seems to me that it was it’s like a journalistic canard, when there was a celebration of some anniversary of the creation of the production of cut glass, there were some millions, that’s why.

when he had such a difficult financial situation, he worked as a janitor, this is not true, he did not work as a janitor, but the legend is beautiful, why deny it, i have a dream to erect a monument to platonov in the courtyard of the literary institute, sweep it away, let him sweep away all the unborn students there, so it seems to me that this legend with the glass is so charming, what do you think, yuri, about this, well, it’s a legend, if someone likes it, you know, let them like it, well, there’s a good song, the cups are cut, but in general, let’s go back to vera mokhina, i must say, what do i love for what? our podcasts, because i discover some completely unexpected people for myself, for example, when i looked at this brief information about the fate of this woman, it amazed me and captivated me, because imagine that in 1889, by the way , in the same year anna akhmatova was born,

in riga, in the family of a very rich industrialist, philanthropist, a girl was born, who, it would seem, was promised a wonderful, happy life, there are loving parents, a family, but then the parents die, die, more precisely, yes, first the father, then the mother, or vice versa, first the mother, then the father, yes , she moves to feodosia, then such a dramatic event happens to her, when she was a young beautiful girl, she was sledding somewhere in the smolensk region , she slid down the mountain very unsuccessfully, a twig hurt her nose so badly that she was actually left behind no nose and she had to undergo eight plastic surgeries to restore her face, and of course, her girlish dreams of a happy life there, about balls,

she is known, yes, as a monumental sculptor, if you call it correctly, yes, and as a clothing designer, that is, this woman had such talent, such energy, so much was enough, well, probably, alexander, you will tell more, probably better, about the fact that women may be more interested in everything that is connected specifically with design, but it is interesting that in the twenties it was already very difficult the situation in general, that is, there was literally nothing to eat, there were no materials at all, it was impossible for some of the most basic things to happen... but women still want to look good, dress well, and women, there was even more of a story not about good dress, but about the fact that such an offer was received to present new models of soviet clothing at the 1925 exhibition in paris, it was an exhibition of decorative

arts, and there were different aspects of what was presented in the soviet union, it was architecture, and graphic design and fashion, well, in general, we absolutely wanted to show everything, we amazed everyone with... completely our constructivism and melnikov built a pavilion, and there they actually showed all aspects of constructivism when the whole world was celebrating, they even call it in general.

for the soldiers' overcoats, these were woolen fabrics, and from these very simple fabrics, based on the traditional ornament of traditional technology, they began to make, create a new soviet fashion, it got to the point that there was simply no, there was nothing to decorate the hats with, they went to field, collected little pieces, they collected peas, made decorations from straw, and it was so bad that there was nothing, they had to make something out of nothing. to imagine a country, it’s surprisingly

simple, they sculpted buttons on it from bread or black, squeezed out such a relief from bread, that is , it came to this, this is of course an amazing thing, but you know what’s interesting to me, it means it’s 1925 , what 12 years will pass there, in 1937 in the same city of paris there will be this famous exhibition, and there will be a working collective farmer, in principle, these would be these the same exhibitions, yuri, this is probably more of a question for you. in general, what kind of exhibitions were these, who was invited there, who was invited, what was it? yes, everyone was invited, everyone who could afford to buy a pavilion, or rather land for a pavilion, everyone, everyone was invited, but how often did these exhibitions take place? i haven’t studied the special history of these exhibitions, i think that, well, let’s say, in 1937 there was an exhibition in paris, in new york there was one in 1939, but they took place quite often, quite they happened often, again they have a tradition of these expos, they...

are continuing now, it has been going on in general, in my opinion, since the middle of the 19th century, for example, this crystal palace, the so-called one, is also there in 1861, what year, yes, it was also a huge expo, but in fact, orientalism was discovered there in paris, when japanese art appeared at one of these exhibitions, everyone suddenly became interested in it, and indeed they... were scattered all over the world, in america, in europe, and somehow this apparently alternated, but once again, i have not specifically studied history, but this is easy, of course, to find out, but nevertheless it turns out that in 1925 the soviet country, where the civil war had recently ended and which was in a difficult situation, nevertheless found means for in order to buy this land, build a pavilion, by the way, these women you spoke about are wonderful, lamonova, mukhina, they are so...