yes, well, first to the listeners, yes, then to the students, yes, yes, so 23 years at that time, it was quite a lot, in general people matured faster then, much more than now, this is not bad and not good, it is simply a statement of fact, a statement of facts, well, a lot of spears were broken among researchers, among those, among contemporaries, regarding the reasons for the resignation, there were gossips, one of the gossips was that he supposedly cared so much about his toilets that that is why he was late, and he was sent there... in connection with news of the semenovsky regiment's rebellion. and he went to alexander, who at that time was outside the borders of russia as a courier, who was supposed to report the semenovsky regiment's rebellion, in which, in which his decembrist friends did not take part, but the future decembrists, but who were actually accused of this, they were then sent to different troops, although the rebellion was connected with a very simple thing, arakcheevets, such an ardent, schwartz, a colonel, was appointed commander of the regiment.

throwing aside all this gossip, yes there was another rumor that needs to be mentioned, that he allegedly denounced his comrades, yes, he accused them of rebellion, and alexander i, to tell you the truth, treated this denunciation with contempt, this is absolute nonsense, nothing like that happened, it is not based on anything, but there was a story, really interesting, showing in many ways the character of petriak chadayev in this regard, yuri mikhailovich lotman, our most famous philologist, historian, researcher, interpreted chaadaev's actions in such a way that he expressed his opinion about the reasons to alexander.

in something selfish, yes, indeed noticed, then he immediately distanced himself from the tsar's trust, but here was a different story: alexander did not tolerate people who argued with him, and chiodaev tried to act as a critic, and accordingly, here his career inevitably had to end, and there was also an element of humiliation in this sense, because when chiadaev was dismissed, he was dismissed in the same rank, usually they gave a higher rank, and he was dismissed in the same rank. the captain, except in addition, they re-illustrated his letter to his aunt, who cared for him very much, looked after him very much, chayadai's parents died early, and he wrote to her, and this letter was opened, it was later found among the re-illustrated papers in the tsar's chancery, i found it more amusing to neglect this favor than to seek it, it was pleasant for me to express disdain for people who disdain everyone, it was even more pleasant for me in this case to see the malice of an arrogant fool, but this was ...

sharply, he spoke about this very sarcastically, well here is one quote on this subject, from chadayev: in moscow, every foreigner is taken to see a big cannon. a big bell, a cannon that can't be fired, and a bell that fell before it rang. an amazing city, where the sights are distinguished by their absurdity, or maybe it's a big bell without a tongue, a hieroglyph expressing this huge silent country, which is inhabited by a tribe that called itself slavs, as if surprised that it has a human word, but it's a shame of course, maybe...

centuries of generations have passed for us fruitlessly, observing us, one could say that here the universal law of humanity is reduced to nothing. alone in the world, we have given nothing to the world, taken nothing from the world, we have contributed nothing to the forward movement of the human mind, everything that we got from this

movement, we have distorted. if the horde of barbarians, destroying the world, had not passed through the country occupied by us, before the invasion of the west, we would.

what if chiodaev wrote only about the nikolaev era, criticized it, well, probably many would have understood this, the meaning is so deep of this, that's what i am now quoted this fragment, it is of course broader, he is, he writes, this is criticism of the past, the present, and the future, if russia is not capable of progressing, then the future will be the same, and so on...

no literary or scientific event has produced such a huge influence. for about a month, in all of moscow there was almost no house in which they did not talk about the chaodaev story. even complete ignoramuses, barons, officials drowned in embezzlement and bribery, half-crazed sanctimonious people, young patriots, old patriots, all united in one common cry of curses. and contempt for the man who dared to insult russia, and there is a lot of similar evidence, that is, in other words, well, here is this cry, yes here are the cries, so it turns out that the authorities, in fact,

the public, cried out in unison, summer is passing under the bridge, the sun is pouring, and it is true muslim, that you live here alone in this hotel suite, we are surrounded by beautiful successful women, whom their beloved men are asking to marry. famous beloved ones have gathered at our table artists who will tell funny stories and curiosities that happened to them, you forgive me, i... accidentally broke this new vase, don't worry, it's not that big, it's

new, i'm only 200 years old, i invite you to the program, i have to play the queen, i think, but it will be some piece dedicated to honey, i come, so the next day in the remains of all the makeup-costume, one of the women brings me such a large velvet circle and it has two such usual things hanging from the sides. these are the ovaries, she died, as this cry was produced, herman, bending over, with a fork in hands, comes up to nina ruslanova at that very moment and sticks this fork in her ass, she does and it sounds stop, filmed, ruslanova only rubbing, says, i didn’t know that a director works with actors like that, and how much zapashny told me a long time ago about the soviet circus, the tiger grabbed his father, he quietly tells them: and how much, take a stick now and

hit him on the head with all your might, and now the tiger, on saturday on the first, this is a historical podcast, we continue the conversation about pyotr yakovlevichaev, even the good-natured spoke out against chaodaev’s position very tenderly to him. who treated pyotr yakovlevich, alexander sergeevich pushkin, he wrote about him, he was born in the shackles of the royal service by the highest will of heaven, he would have been a brood in rome, a cross-dresser in affina, and here he is a hussar officer. this was written early, you have already quoted the message to chaadaev, he has more than one message to chaadaev, this is such a part of a humorous epigram, but pushkin in april of the thirty-sixth year after the publication of the letter writes a critical response to chiodaev, where he analyzes in sufficient detail, he writes himself, that it turned out to be a huge letter, analyzes his point of view, i will not

quote this letter in full, although it is very worth reading, because from my point of view, alexander sergeevich here, from the point of view of historical accuracy, not only from my point of view, was more right, of course, than pyotr yakovlevich, he writes, as for thoughts, then you know that i do not agree with you in everything, there is no doubt that the schism of the division of churches separated us from the rest of europe, that we did not take part in any of the great events that shook it, but we. had our own special purpose, this is russia, this is its vast space, absorbed the mongol invasion, the tatars did not dare to cross our western border, leaving us in the rear. they retreated to their deserts, the tatars, i mean, and christian civilization was saved. to achieve this goal, we had to lead a completely special existence, which, leaving us christians, made us, however, completely alien to the christian world, so that our martyrdom, the energetic development catholic europe was freed from all interference. that is, pushkin here looks at the role of russia in the pan-european context, you say that the source from which we drew christianity was unclean, and they talk here about

byzantium, pushkin objects, oh my friend, wasn't jesus christ himself born a jew, and wasn't jerusalem the first among the gentiles, the gospel from this, is it any less amazing, we took the gospel and tradition from the greeks, but the spirit of childish pettiness, but not the spirit of childish pettiness and word-squabbling, that is , he also denies chiadaev the rightness, and he did not limit himself to criticizing chiadaev. pre-petrine history. and he writes: " as for our historical insignificance, i absolutely cannot agree with you. the warriors of oleg and svyatoslav, even the feuds between appanages. isn't this the life full of seething imagination of ardent and aimless activity that distinguishes the youth of all peoples. the tatar invasion is a sad and great spectacle. the awakening of russia, the development of its power, its movement toward unity, toward russian unity, of course. both ivans, the majestic drama that began in uglich. is all this really not history, but just a pale one?"

there is such a point of view that what he wrote, these philosophical letters, calls it a kind of intellectual provocation. well, in fact, that's probably how it is, it happened, it happened, although i think that many were irritated by the fact that they understood perfectly well that, well, i don't know, they didn't call him crazy, but these are not some kind of statements by some holy fool, like in the old days, and this is not some kind of

public outrageousness, that's the point, that... since it was written absolutely seriously, these are such hard-won thoughts, the potential itself is very important here, and russia has enormous potential, so in any case , you can't look at just today, but this very premise of chaadaev, that in the past, and today, in the future, it doesn't work, in fact it doesn't work, this publication, it produced.

the god of the persian shah, the dictator, and he was also in a court hospital, along with other outstanding personalities, there was a monk there who cut off all causal places, so that chiodaev is a philosopher, yes from that chiodaev too there they tried to treat him

and cast out demons from him and so on, but from cheadaev the philosopher also his kind... they suspected him of being a demon, so to speak, and also in their own way they tried to cast out these demons from him. the greatest irritation among the reading public, among nikolai himself, among uvarov, the minister of education, among benckendorff, was caused by a phrase, a paragraph, which, probably, was the sharpest, i will quote: peoples are moral beings, just like individuals, i will note in parentheses that moral he considered the law to be the main thread of the development of society, and in general his philosophical letters are a letter to the philosophy of history first of all, and this philosophy of history uchadayev is completely religious, that is, the moral law, the evangelical law, yes, it is realized in history, in this sense it is a little reminiscent of the late schelling, probably, but these are already other, other details, they are educated by centuries, as people are educated by years, about us it can be said that we constitute, as it were, an exception among the peoples, we belong to

those of them that, as it were, are not included in an integral part of the human race, but exist only to teach the world a great lesson. the opponents of the bolsheviks, disappointed in russia because of the october revolution, will call this lesson to the world the october revolution, quote chaodaev, in turn, critics of the tsarist regime will use this phrase to strengthen their arguments with criticism of the autocracy and so on, a very quoted phrase, but often taken out of context, but the fact is that chiodaev really puts the west, europe, at the center of the world. it is this fragment that chiodaev will later renounce in the apology of a madman, which, unfortunately, none of the readers of the philosophical letter, the first philosophical letter published in the magazine telescope, read. it is important to say here that chiadaev's legacy is not limited to the first philosophical letter, it is primarily known, but there were

many more of them, there were eight of them, plus there was the apology of a madman and a number of other unpublished articles. they very gradually reached the reading public. in the second letter, for example, chiodaev developed the idea of ​​the superiority of catholicism over orthodoxy further. this letter would probably have outraged, perhaps even to no less a degree than the first. he builds a philosophy of history, as i already said, a completely religious philosophy of history, in one of the letters, in my opinion, in my opinion, in my opinion, in the sixth letter he contrasts aristotle with epicurus, speaking of aristotle as from the children of darkness, and epicurus as a materialist, despite the fact that he is a religious thinker, chiodaev is to a significant extent a religious thinker, yes, he elevates the materialist epicurus to pedestal, only here it is necessary to note that epicurus is not in the sense of epicureanism.

this letter was also unknown, on the basis of here the question is interesting, how did chiodaev's letters reach the reading public, on the basis of those copies of philosophy... tried to predict their content in his book, was wrong in everything, in the new season on the first, today we

were auditioned at hot gracheva, great, yura, you definitely need to sing, come on, sing, what a unique gift you have, you take such notes, what an upstart you imagine yourself to be, varka, this is you, don't you recognize me or what, it's me? andryukha, that means your life is a success, you have everything that soviet women don't even dare to dream about. what does that mean? you don't take a guy just because he doesn't know the notes. in order to get official choir status, you need to have at least 50 choristers. you've been accepted, from today on a new life begins for you. if i had this choir, we would never have met. if i see you with this person again, i'll tell my father everything, you're mine, you're my wife, what do you want, give me back those 15 years, thought everything was easy, wanted fame,

remember, goracheva and his choir shouldn't be on the song of the year, sing so that the sun rises, choir, premiere of a multi-part film, soon on the first. we continue the podcast russia and the west on the swings of history. today our topic is the biography and philosophical letters of pyotr yakolevich chadayev. well, you already mentioned the apology of a madman, this is like a continuation, already critical, in many ways chadayev's understanding of his own philosophical letters. yes, it in many ways resembled such a... to some extent an apology, or something before russia, but no one recognized this apology during his lifetime, so to speak, chiodaev, for the first time, it

was published, i think, in kazan, provincial in 1906, that is , after the first russian revolution, so he wrote in this apology of a madman, i have long wanted to say, and i am happy that i now have the opportunity. to make this confession, yes, there was an exaggeration in this indictment brought against the great people, whose entire guilt ultimately boiled down to the fact that it was abandoned to the extreme edge of all civilizations in the world. finally, perhaps, it was an exaggeration to be saddened even for a minute for the fate of the people from whose depths came the mighty nature of peter the great, the all-encompassing mind of lomonosov. and the graceful genius pushkin, comrade revised his views a little, that's for sure, it must be said that by the way, chiodaev at the end of his life was

somewhat offended by the fact that the first biographers of pushkin forgot about his friendship with alexander sergeevich, he generally considered his friendship with pushkin his happiest years, probably, judging by his letters, yes, he considered it no less, probably even more valuable, than his philosophical letters were written, and also... one more thing, a lot of thoughts are scattered throughout the letters, you are talking about letters, so here is another one, that is, from a letter to alexander turgenev. you know, i hold the view that russia is called to an immense intellectual work, its task is to give in due time a resolution to all the questions that are causing controversy in europe. that is, in my opinion, this is directly opposite to what was written. perhaps, perhaps, although i repeat that in terms of

the result, yes. it was a kind of intellectual provocation it served as an impetus for the development of russian, so to speak , thought, political, social and so on, because this sharpness, especially yes, not only the text itself, not the thought itself, even this was a kind of blow to the gut, and without this sharpness, perhaps there would not have been such an effect, but the thought itself, and the fact that it was so...

russian, it is interesting that the apology of a madman, which you quoted, he is much more nervous, energetic than philosophical letters, in it he, in addition, that he apologizes, yes, for example, he constructs there, as if responding to pushkin's criticism, a simple apology for peter i, which many westerners will later do, yes, he writes that russia still belongs first of all to the west, that the east, i quote, has its own history that has nothing in common with ours. he has, as we have just seen, a fruitful idea, which in its time determined the enormous development of reason and which fulfilled its purpose with amazing force, but which is no longer destined to appear again on the world stage, having in view of the placement of the spiritual principle in the foreground. by the way, chiodaev was also wrong about the world stage, since now in the 21st century we see that the east, china, first of all, is showing a new view of its development, and chiodaev, of course, overestimated

the colonial successes of europe. yes, the decline of the east, deciding that this is a constant, yes, he was wrong here too, but on the other hand, who can see the truth one hundred and fifty years ahead, but chiodaev in his apology directly wrote about his tasks, i only said, i only repeat that it is time to take a clear look at our past and not in order to extract from it old decayed relics, old ideas absorbed by time, old antipathies with which the common sense of our sovereigns and the people themselves has long since done away, but in order to find out how we should relate...

that a shot rang out on this dark night, whether something was drowning, whether it was announcing its death, whether it was a signal, a call for help, news about butri or that he would not be, all the same it was necessary to wake up, well, if we talk about the majority, then of course this shot, so say, woke everyone up, but at the same time everyone just waking up scolded the culprit, so

to speak, scandals of noise in the street, and then again the average person safely fell asleep, here osip mandurstam compared the trace left by chaodaev with the trace on glass that a diamond leaves, such a deep trace, i will cling to mandelstam's metaphor, mandelstam is a brilliant poet, this is also manifested in prose and even in his articles, when diamonds on glass, i think that few of our viewers listeners scratched.

the sad and original figure of chadayev sharply stands out as some kind of sad reproach against the lazy and heavy background of the moscow nobility.

discussed in detail, but in one thing i personally definitely agree with him, he wrote a wonderful thing love for the fatherland, but there is something even more beautiful, it is love for the truth, the most important thing that he did is really awakened public thought with his sharp criticism, which we also talked about a lot today, awakened the discussion of westerners and slavophiles, which continues in different forms, in different guises to this day, today today, which makes different thinkers to turn again for irritation, and even if his works are left: only irritation is already an important factor, and chiodaev will probably remain such an irritating factor in our history. of course. it was a historical podcast russia- west on the swings of history. with you were pyotr romanov and sergei

solovyov, study history with us. you can watch all the episodes of the podcast russia and the west on the swings of history on the channel one website. hello everyone, on the air of channel one the podcast everyone wants to fly, i am its host, leonid yakubovich. we want to remember the planes on which the pilots of the air force of the country forged a great victory. speaking about the planes of the great patriotic war, we cannot help but say that we have prepared this program for the day. of the russian air force, this is always the best that the aircraft industry of the country can give, by the way, any country, of course, these planes are at the peak of science and technology, both then and today, naturally,

we will talk about the planes of the great patriotic war. alexander yakovlev, an outstanding aircraft designer, this is known, by the way, was considered stalin's favorite, he was the head of... the design bureau, among other things, he was a statesman, from 1940 he held the post of deputy people's commissariat of aviation industry for new technology. from 1934 , the okb aircraft were continuously in large-scale production and were constantly in operation. a total of 70 thousand yak aircraft were built, of which more than 40 thousand were built during the war. 2/3 of all fighters were yakovlev aircraft. now let's touch on some of them. yak-1. this was the first combat aircraft developed by the yakovlev design bureau. serial

production began in 1940. there is a legend that the aircraft was personally ordered by supreme commander-in-chief stalin, although this is not entirely true. there was simply a meeting at which several promising types of aircraft were considered. stalin drew attention to the yakovlev aircraft. in total, approximately 9,000 copies of all modifications were produced. the aircraft was built, well , if you are interested, according to the scheme of a free-bearing single-engine monoplane, with a duralumin and a fabric fuselage, that is, the plane was made of duralumin, some parts, everything else was covered with percale on a steel frame, the engine in the basic configuration m100. 5p. it was designed by vladimir klimov. the engine power was about a thousand horsepower, the crew of the aircraft was one person, the maximum speed was 570 km / h, the maximum range was 540 km.

according to the pilot's reviews, the machine had very good horizontal maneuverability, was controllable, stable in the air and in its characteristics, surpassed. as the pilots say, the main german fighter of the beginning war, the very famous messerid bf-109e. almost forty pilots, who, by the way, fought on this plane. nayak-1 was awarded the title of hero of the soviet union during the war, but you know these names, these are pokryshkin, gulyaev, meresyev and lidiya letvyak. yakovlev also had an amazing design idea, constantly improving existing aircraft models, all the time came up with new ones, in 1942, a modification of the yak-1 and yak7, a new one appeared, it was the yak-9 plane, here it is. before you is a wonderful machine, as the pilots said, the most

mass fighter of the great patriotic war in the middle of the forty-fourth year , the yak-9 aircraft in all modifications were produced in total more than all the aircraft combined, they replaced the yak-1 and yak-7b on the main fronts, and the yak-9 at the plant, now i will tell you number 153. reached, it is difficult to imagine, 20 aircraft per day, an absolutely unrealistic figure by today's parameters, the characteristics of the h1 can be said, then one pilot, the maximum speed is about 600 km / h, the ceiling is somewhere around 875 km. the yak-9 was very similar in appearance on the yak7, but it was technically more advanced, the design used metal. already duralumin, not wood and percale,

which significantly reduced the weight of the structure, and the gain was used either to increase the fuel supply, or to equip the aircraft with powerful weapons and more diverse special equipment. what are the main features of the yak-9? this is its ability to be modified into a variety of types for combat use. well, for example, a frontline fighter. the yak 9 was very maneuverable, like pilots say, very easy to control, had a significant advantage in the air over enemy fighters, as we said, for example, over meso shmidt, another outstanding model of wartime fighters was designed by semyon alekseevich lavochkin, also an amazing aircraft designer. just like yakovlev, he was, how to say,

good at administrative work and in design thinking, from thirty-eight to thirty-ninth year he worked in the main department of the aviation industry, the people's commissariat of heavy industry, where he was coordinator of the deployment of new avisavods, in parallel labochkin together with vladimir gorbunov and mikhail gudkov, by the way, the plane was called lagg. it was because lavochkin, gorbunov, gutkov, they developed the project of this very plane, which was called la gg, and presented it to the competition - to the government of the soviet union. this was in the thirty-ninth year. at the same time , the prototype of the future yak-1 was prepared, alexander yakovlev, they competed with each other. in the fortieth year, lavochkin was appointed chief designer of the avisavod design bureau 21 in the city of gorky. and now how... do you know nizhny novgorod, where the production of these very fighters was launched?

lavochkin loved revolutionary approaches, he used wood as a material for fighters for the construction of aircraft, but this was for third-generation fighters of the third modification and used it in all subsequent series of this aircraft. the material resembled plywood in structure, but was much stronger, it was specially processed, there was a special adhesive. again the disadvantages of the lag gg, as the pilots say, the speed was not very high in relation to the speeds of enemy aircraft and the thrust-to-weight ratio, the pilots complained about this, and this aircraft began to yield to the enemy in combat, so from 1942, the modification of the board began, the new fighter was threatened with closure in 1942, the soviet government.

mishchenko raised the air, the future la-5. the first la-5 aircraft entered the army in the second half of 1942 , 1,100 were manufactured by the end of the war. approximately 130 fighters, there were a total of about 10 thousand of these same la5 airplanes were produced, the airplane was controlled by one person, the speed was quite decent 613 km/h, the range was almost 500 km, the engine, naturally, as i said, air

-cooled is more reliable than a liquid-cooled engine, had greater survivability in combat, bullet shrapnel holes... you understand, but did not disable the cooling system, and, by the way, at the same time were, well, a kind of protection for the pilot from fire. therefore, using all these properties, the pilots rushed into battle, realizing that the plane would not let them down. during the serial production of the plane, it was continuously modernized, already in 1943 , an improved version began to enter service with the red army air forces, it was called. 5f with a forced m82f engine. compared to the mercert, the fighter received an advantage in speed and was much more maneuverable. this was confirmed by all the pilots who flew it. at the end of 1943

, an improved fighter la5fn took to the skies, which received the designation la-7. it became the best aerodynamics of the aircraft by... almost 100 kg was less weight, which allowed to strengthen the armament, installed a third twenty-millimeter cannon shvag or b-20. launched into serial production la7 in the last year of the war became one of the main front-line fighters, perhaps, one can say, one of the best aircraft of the second world war. here is lavochkin's aircraft, they are all about the same, la-7, la-9. it was an incredibly flying airplane, maneuverable, easy to control, the pilots loved it very much, constantly saying, such two decoys, beauties, what are you doing with us men, don't go to meet him, and a modest question, do you

have a mother, don't need a mother, i cook well, i'm well-off, take me to your place, it's impossible not to love forget where you come from and what your roots are, what colors we will fill the lives of our children with, such will be the future, two stars, fathers and sons, on sunday on the first. on the air of the first channel , the podcast everyone wants to fly, we continue, i, its host, leonid yakubovich. speaking about fighters, naturally, one cannot help but tell about another unique machine, this is the mik-3, here it is. the machine owes its appearance to the tandem of two aircraft designers, artem mikayan and mikhail

gurevich. both are outstanding, of course, thinkers who worked in the aviation industry. and they came from the design bureau of nikolai polikarpov, both of whom deservedly called the king of fighters. in the thirty-ninth year, they were given the polikarpov i-200 for revision, it was planned as a mass fighter with a speed of over 600 km / h, which at that time was simply an enormous speed, that is, the first high-speed fighter of the soviet union, so it received a new powerful engine am. 35, which gave it a characteristic astro-nose look, the pilot's cockpit was shifted back significantly, here it is in front of you, when the plane was improved, it became known as the mig-1, the main complaints of all military pilots, including the host country, turned out to be the range of the plane, although by the end of may

1940 it was launched into serial production, the air force leadership demanded... to install an additional fuel tank on it. as a result , the modernized mig-1, which made first flight on october 29, 1940, already in december of the same year, received the index big-3, completely replaced its ancestor in this series and was produced at aircraft plant number one. what else can i say, the plane was used... in the first days of the war and despite the difficulty of mastering in units, the machine, in general, one can say, took root, the pilots got used to...