maybe you have some personal attitude here? no, i don’t think he was an atheist, i think, moreover, the thought never occurred to him, that is, he, he wouldn’t have formulated the question for himself like that, his philosophy, on the one hand, you understand, it didn’t stand still, it was in motion, it tried to bypass the question of god, to be in very close contact with it, as a result to leave it as a question, it wasn’t closed for him until the moment of his death, and i don’t think that he...

religion will be a consequence of morality according to kant, whereas in fact there is such a thing the idea that the religious view, it tells us about another cause-and-effect relationship, although i do not see any insoluble contradiction here, because there is a religious feeling, yeah, yeah, and there is well, a form of organized religion and they in general can they be put in different places in a cause-and-effect sense or not, alexey pavich, well , religion is a consequence of upbringing and lifestyle.

he is also not a confessional philosopher , that is, he is a protestant by upbringing, but he is not a protestant theologian, well, as we say protestantism professorial religion, sometimes such a statement, in this regard kant is a professor, yes, a professor, but he carries in himself the background of his education, including spiritual education, here is another interesting question about the categorical imperative, which may be the most famous and after.

the golden rule of morality, no, here the most important question is, how and where did the categorical imperative come from, how did he come to it and how is the evidence system built, and it is very complex, that is, this is one of the truly engineering components of kant's philosophy, which was maximally thought out, collected into a complex system, and is what is called his author's card, how to take and bring out something that is already familiar

in a completely different way, in completely different conditions, and launch it so that we are still repeating it, note, he did not just rethink something, he considered that he created it anew, this whole thing is being built, we still won't be able to explain it now, i will not try to do this, i will simply indicate, yes, i will indicate, so to speak, the path, it is built in syntheses and perceptions here in the criticism of pure reason it is set in fact. the most important methodological mechanism , empirical synthesis, transcendental only pepper don't worry, i also partially stopped something normal, transcendentally unity of perception, this is all arranged between the concepts of reason, intelligence, sensory perception and productive ability of imagination, because of this it is born, this is a very beautiful construction, you understand, here in vladimir solovyov, who by the way is one of my favorite philosophers,

kant is elegant, secondly it is full of mistakes, thirdly, kant is very curious, this construction with the categorical imperative, it seems to me, was born out of curiosity. do i understand correctly that the main difference, if i may say so, between the golden rule of morality and the categorical imperative is that the golden rule of morality does not have this category of duty, but for kant , duty is still the source of moral behavior, and duty is opposed to some of our desires-aspirations, yes. when i speak of duty, the question arises, to whom do i owe, yes, who commands me duty, and the golden rule of morality, is given by a teacher, be it gelel, a jewish sage, or christ, who teaches this

rule in the new testament in the gospel, and kant in his critique of practical reason, gives us, in fact, now another bad word,

but the university, which must be educated, must know philosophy and must not confuse kant with comte and so on. that's what a non-philosopher needs to know to understand about kant? i really believe in this methodological construction, it consists of two parts: criticism, abilities, judgments and in general the whole triad of criticism as a method.

and the second thing, which gives the opportunity to work in project thinking, to create a project, to bring it to the end, on the one hand, for this you need a schematic effort, in fact, this thing, this was a decisive moment in the european history of ideas, when this thing was invented, and then many methodologists began to promote it, and the first thing is the construction of a protective mechanism for defense yourself from the influence of other people's thoughts. on the other hand, the ability to select, rejecting what you don't need, protecting yourself. excellent, alexey pavlovich, what would you add? well, a very important kantian intuition is, not intuition, in fact, he showed this in his work, this is the difference between reason and intellect, because

the critique of pure reason is built, as it were, from three parts: the first is experience, this is the sensory perception of the world, then - this is the intellect, which makes a judgment. and finally, this is reason, dialectics, yes, which calls out, so often we stop at reason, yes, and we think that a set of judgments that we have gleaned from somewhere is knowledge, no, in order to obtain knowledge and, especially, understanding, we must, as it were, remove this diversity into some kind of synthesis, yes, into a holistic knowledge, which, by the way, among the russian slavophiles, namely... kant was enough, they also came up with their own holistic reason, the study of life according to khoryakov, yes, that is, they decided that kantian reason is also reason, yes, since it does not include will, faith, some, some other feelings man, but for kant it is important that

knowledge, it is gradational or stepwise, yes, it is stepwise because we are constantly learning something new, because we acquire , as it were... new tools, new levers of knowledge, we see that what we knew before, it is incomplete, it is limited, it may be, he said, really connected with...

and as for kant's works, where to start, start with a lecture on ethics, a good funny thing, he is free there, yes, he is interesting, there is a lot built around the concept of taste, a very good thing, this is a small but beautiful lecture, in pedagogy, a wonderful thing, wonderful, this is what will hook you, really, and if someone... intends to immerse themselves in all of this taken together, then, well, well, comrades, well, criticism of pure

reason, alexey pavlovich, i remember the remarkable work of yurkevich, vladimir solovnev's teacher, reason according to plato's teaching and experience according to kant's teaching, this is actually his tatyana speech, january 12, 1866, there was such a tradition at moscow university, they elected a professor who...

one of the prefaces to the criticism of pure reason, where kant explains, yes, why he does all this, what a priori is, what apostorioria is, what analytical, what synthetic judgments are, yes, it’s like a dictionary, an alphabet, a lexicon, kantian philosophy, you need to know how kant is read, seen in russian culture, here is russian hegelianism, there is schellingism in the word. here is kontianism, it is customary to consider that no, alexander alexandrovich, as i do not think at all that there is a tradition of russian

kontianism, i think that there is a tradition of russian anti-kantianism, yes, there are many, how is it, let's come up with some term, contologists, yes, who are simultaneously researchers, followers, none of them is a follower to the end, and well...

the history of ideas, it is, in general , a gigantic mental construction of russian degree is an objection to kant's position. alexey pavlovich, i will only remember one work, yakov golosovker. kant. this is an unusually important philosopher for dostoevsky, in some sense, maybe he contrasts. of course, dostoevsky is not a kantian, but dostoevsky, a man who studied kantianism, studied kant, put his thoughts into it, including one character he named, ivan fyodorovich's nightmare, yes, in general, dossaevsky initially wanted to become a philosopher, he asked his brother to send him books in omsk after the penal servitude to write his philosophical

system, among these books was a critique of pure reason, and can we agree? man is at the same time a goal, but by no means a means, yes, and this, of course, in one way or another has to do with the question of freedom, this also has to do with the question of the limits of freedom, that is why kant, no matter how one treats him, is undoubtedly a great thinker, there is another very interesting topic, kant's

time, kant's future, yeah, i know that you... are engaged in, if my insight, so to speak, is true to this problem, although in general, you do not hide it, yes, what can be said here, well, because the topic of the future, it is also, by the way, very relevant today, the image of the future, what is the future, well, this has always, in fact, worried thinkers, yes, and this is now one of the most important points of view that kant occupies. modern philosophers of politics, naturally, in the center of attention, among other things, is the treatise on eternal peace, and i want to emphasize once again that i do not consider it either kant's main work, or one that can be put at the forefront in modern discussions about the future of humanity,

i do not think so, nevertheless, this is a very interesting judgment, here in kant's view of ... in general, the problem of time from how the future is formed is an unfinished topic, certainly for him, he thought about it, thought in very interesting ways, when he set himself the task of connecting all three modes of time, past, present, future, well , what is called the now moment naturally opened up before him, how good it is, heidegger, he concentrated all this, actually for him, you know, this is my deep...

in itself, then freedom cannot be saved, but still space time for kant is those very glasses through which we look at the world, or rather how, how vladimir solovyov he will write, 200 years have passed since educated people know that time and space no longer exist, no, appellirukh to kant, well, in general, here it must be said that continuing the thought of alexander alexandrovich, that maybe kant was one of the first who thought about the fact that the future is connected and... for example, with how a person relates to the world with what he discovers in the world, here electricity appears, yes, the phenomenon of electricity, with which it is not yet clear what to do, it is attributed to the dark side of science, nacht wiesenschaft for this, and kant is very he is afraid, he dies in 1804, if i am not mistaken, he is very afraid that

electricity is connected with some dangers that await humanity in the future, today we are talking about art. not philosophy, but philosophizing, from this point of view it turns out that university courses, history of philosophy, they are generally initially

aimed not at teaching philosophizing, well, at least according to formal criteria, at learning philosophy, that is, how others philosophized, the question is not so simple, yes, what of to choose this, how these two categories relate to oneself, to philosophize to study philosophy, here... and without trying to pit you against kant, i still want to ask you to answer this question in conclusion of our interesting conversation: what is more important , if we use this quote: to study philosophy or to philosophize? certainly, but again this is my personal point of view, you need to learn to philosophize, each era understands this in its own way, sometimes metaphysics, sometimes pragmatism, sometimes neorealism, sometimes marxism, no - in this case one of the universal tools that we have already named today is critical thinking, maybe this should now become the main teaching in philosophizing.

thank you, alexey pavlovich. you know, we generally always have such everyday mistrust and suspicion towards philosophy. and why is it? let's remove it, we can. harm is possible, as shevinsky shakhmatov said, there was such an 18th century poet, a chemical scientist, he has a fable called the metaphysician, there a man asks all the time, he is in a pit got caught, they throw him a rope, he asks, what kind of thing is a rope, well, then they say, well, sit there in the hole, we won't pull you out, but you need to ask what kind of thing is a rope, and in general you need to ask about the world, about the things that surround us, philosophy teaches us this, but you can't start philosophizing if you don't know anything...

thank you very much, dear friends, alexey pavlovich kozyrev, dean of the philosophy department of moscow university, alexander aleksandrovich fedorov, rector of the baltic state university named after kant, about the philosophy and life, whose thoughts we gathered today, i am vladimir ligoyda, thank you. hello, i am pilot cosmonaut anton shkaplerov, this is a podcast space stories, today my guest is alexander khaklov,

popularizer of cosmonautics, head of projects on educational nanosatellites, member of the russian academy of cosmonautics named after sayalkovsky. alexander, tell us how you got into cosmonautics? and my dear were books, that is, at an early age. i started reading books, and the first book that can be conventionally called science fiction, it was dunno on the moon, nosovo, after reading dunno on the moon, i became very interested in cosmonautics and space, after that other books followed, this is from the astronomy textbook, although i was a small child, he had already read, and before efremov, kir bolychev, bradbarry and so on, and reading science fiction, by the age of ten i clearly understood that i wanted to do cosmonautics, interest in cosmonautics led you to the rocket. space corporation energia, tell us what you did there? well, that's where i ended up because i had poor eyesight, when i was a high school student, and i looked at the requirements for

cosmonauts, i learned that pilots, those who go to the cosmonaut training center detachment, must have good eyesight, and flight engineers, perhaps, had excellent eyesight, and boot engineers had some slack, and i realized that i needed to become a flight engineer, so after finishing school, i went to college, already knowing that then i would go to work for energia. having received my diploma, i went to energia, but i started my career there at the plant that makes progress soyuz spacecraft, i was just in in the mechanical shop, where a large number of different parts were made, the descent vehicle - they processed it entirely, and many of these systems were made in the initial stage of assembly in our shop, where i worked as a technologist and production foreman, then i became a specialist at the mission control center, there are two halls there, a small hall for ship control, this is a separate control group, the ship's, a large hall that controls the station, the russian segment of the ks and work with other segments, the american, other

interaction modules, so i worked in... in that part of the station, alexander, i know that you tried to get into the cosmonaut corps more than once, you participated in closed recruitments twice and even participated in the first open one, tell us how it happened, why did it turn out that you didn’t get into the corps? it turned out that in 2004 i was the only one who wrote an application in energia, and even then we had it published in the newspaper that is handed over to energia, they wrote there that we needed...

a flight engineer, ours, an american, who both sat in glasses, the thing is that according to that in a closed system for civilian cosmonauts there was something like the prison, there were ways to bypass some health parameters, they were made easier, then when open recruitments began in 2012, they made health for civilians the same as for the military, and they made vision a unit, everyone from the industry wanted us, because we are all so well-versed there, everyone is like well-nerds,

so we... engineers scientists, yes, engineer, engineers scientists were weeded out, and the guys who got through were pretty healthy, mostly from business, then they have a technical education, but there was such a selection that - basically these were people from business, and there were two people from the cosmonaut training center, from instructors, but in the end they later stopped being cosmonauts, such a rare selection, when there was not a single person from the industry. let's talk now about working at tsupi, except for - korolev, where our mission control center is located, you also had the chance to... work in houston, where the mission control center is also located and what did you do there, since the station international, it has several tsups, that is, there is a tsup in japan, a tsup in europe, the main one is in houston, in america there is a second tsup in hamsville, there is our main tsup in korolev, and there is always interaction between tsups and there was even such a situation at the very beginning of the iss operation, when there was

a very strong hurricane in the usa. they have many specialists from houston, where there was a hurricane, they flew to moscow in korolev and controlled the american segment from korolev, that happened, for all such situations there is always a tsup in moscow the houston control group, i remember communicating with them through translators, they came to us, we answered their questions, this is constant interaction, there is always a russian regional control group in america, this is necessary first of all because in the usa and russia there are different time zones, inverted time, and you just need living people who are alert with you in the same time zone and you can ask questions, probably, how they can more correctly derive information from their colleagues, well, in another country, yes, that is, because, although the central control center works around the clock, always works, yes, but it still turns out that the main group of specialists is located during the daytime, in moscow and houston

daytime is different, that's why there were already real people there who could answer any questions promptly, personally i participated mainly in training groups, the fact is that american specialists, before going on shift, they trained, they worked on simulated situations at the station, that is, emergency situations, well, any situations, everything could have been normal there, they could there were abnormal situations, and my colleagues and i, we played out the russian segment and abnormal situations on the russian segment, as the russian crew, huh? i was like an analysis group, that is, there were three of us there, one played out the crew, one played out the chief operator, there was the srp, there i was, that is, well , in general, in principle, we played out the name of the tsub , the shift flight director, yes, the srp, the shift flight director, we have vladimir solovyov, who is the flight director of the entire russian segment of the iss, and there is a whole group of shift flight directors, who each there are four people on shift, two for the station,

one of them is the main one and two for the ships , and here are four srps every day, yes, that is, they are the ones who directly control the flight every day, that's when the americans trained, when they passed exams, before they went out on... shift to control the real station, they had to pass an exam, so at the exam we also played out our segment, we had meetings, scripts, such as when those who provide tinting or sat in a circle exam, and we were there too, they told us, like what, what could break down, we told them, let's say today our electron system breaks down, which provides oxygen at the station, makes oxygen out of water, yes, yes , by electrolysis, yes, it produces oxygen and hydrogen, which is ejected into space from the station, so we came up with some kind of emergency, it fit into the program, when we were going, well, there were several hours of a conditional change of exam or training, and something happened to us, we played it out, we had like virtual, virtual segment,

well, it was quite interesting, then i understood our station quite deeply, the station as a whole, because in the center in moscow in korolev i was mainly engaged in reports and such technical support of the station's work. that is, these are some deliveries, analysis of the situation precisely at the level of reports, that is, i left reports on what was happening at the station, i was a space garbage collector, that is, i was in contact with the cosmonauts so that they correctly placed their space garbage in the progress cargo ship, so that then it burned up in the atmosphere, so in order for the ship to not deviate to the side when leaving the station, there was a clear center of mass, conscience, centering, that is , the necessary things of different weights. well, mass in space, put in the right place, i don’t know, not only in the right place, but also in the right direction, well, yes, when you received your first flight radiograms from the ground, i compiled them according to how to put garbage, plus for about a year i was an operator, that

is, i walked around three days a day on life support systems, these are all those systems, which give the cosmonauts the opportunity to live and work at the station, breathe, go to the toilet , and so on, so i went on shifts. i provided all of this, well, and i heard that some kind of historical report was made at that time, well, i was just lucky, i don’t know, just in the last year of my work at tsup, before i moved to st. petersburg, they were switching from three people to six people at the station, by some chance, i don’t know, i was very young, completely green, young, but i was appointed to issue a report on the transition to six people from the russian segment, that is, i went to all the main energy departments there, collected documents from them - compiled a report, then i submitted it, and this report drew such a technical line that the station is first of all our segment, since we made a report on the segment itself, we are ready for the station to have six people, three russians, three from the american

segment, this report kind of opened this path, it was the ninth year, at the end of the ninth year, 2009, the station switched from three main crew man for six main crew man, i issued this document - i am simply pleased that i have participated in this large process of increasing the number of people in space, well yes, now there are already seven people, that's it, the crews are growing, soviet counterintelligence has established that a foreign intelligence agent is operating in moscow, the chekists only know the call sign of agent trianon, the gonia is on the verge of a coup, if agana overthrows griso, the americans will immediately deploy their bases. the leadership of the committee expects the most decisive actions from us.

and here in africa the russians are to blame for everything. we only butt in to keep them out. yesterday london broadcast a very interesting commentary on nagonie. 120th anniversary of das. this is undoubtedly the one you are looking for. the legendary multi-part film based on the novel by yulian semyonov. tas is authorized to declare. on weekends on the first. we continue our conversation with alexander khaklov about tsupi's work. what was the daily routine in houston, i mean, what time did you get up, go to work, return from work, what did you do on weekends? well, all the specialists of the russian

groups, we all lived in two houses of one hotel, in the morning we had breakfast, then went to houston to work, to the cup, cup, well yes, to the cup in houston yes. johnson went to work, so it turns out that i had such a normal eight-hour work week, we worked for 8 hours, did training, there was one exception, just well... about once every two or three months the shuttle flew to re-equip the station of the american segment, that is, they brought a new module, new solar panels, some new instruments to the station, and just when i was there in another shuttle flew to america, and there was an increase at night there in houston, when in russia it was daytime, i was still on shift, because when the shuttle is still in addition, in addition to the station itself, in addition to the soyuz , progress ships, well, these were some additional ones. possible troubles, abnormalities, and there was an increase, then it turns out that i did not

work during the day in houston, but at night, in order to quickly respond to the russian segment or get some information from colleagues, and so it was such a normal job, and i remember two interesting events, one event, we went to new orleans on an excursion to see the city, and this was after the hurricane, there was a famous hurricane, when, well, in russia, many people thought that the city... no, really, but in principle , everything was more or less normal, we arrived and did not find a single russian there, there were americans and french, a lot of french, because , well, it was a former french colony, a very beautiful city, there were a lot of people there, there were no traces at all that there had been a hurricane, but there were no russians, because for russians all thought that this city did not exist, but it did, that was surprising, because in houston we met a lot of russians, in normalyan there were none, secondly, we had a very interesting tradition, i don’t know if it continues to this day. but i really liked it, when we played

ordinary english football on an ordinary school stadium on saturdays, that is, there were american specialists who played european football, not american yes-yes-yes, that’s exactly european football, so we kicked the ball around, and there were girls there the americans participated to the fullest, even without really knowing how to play, but i don’t know about team building, we were playing football, our translators were there, the ones who work in houston, they translate there... for our specialists, that’s the kind of team building, the americans, we, of course, i have bad broken english, but there i tried to communicate with colleagues, i tried to communicate without translators, just like that, we discussed something there, as best i could, but it was very interesting, and i tried not to miss the games, that is, i played almost every saturday, although i myself am not a good football player, but they did not play very well either, here to stand in defense, well, here stood in defense, you can pass the ball , the main thing is to be in the team, yes, yes, the main thing is to be. team alexander, after energetika you moved to work in st. petersburg, and what

did you do there? yes, i moved at the end of 2010 and got a job at the institute of robotics and technical cybernetics, this institute deals primarily with robotics, but there are several space departments, i i worked in the space department, then i went from being a test engineer, since in the tsup i was called a test engineer, and there i became a design engineer, well, this is a promotion, yes , a certain one, parallel, as it were. parallel, that is, i remained in the first category, and there and there was the first category, well, they decided to change the city and the enterprise, and the profession, yes, that is, i became a designer, my basic specialty is mechanical engineering, which allows me to be a technologist, a simple foreman, a tester, and a designer, so i became designer, but a designer of space instrumentation, and we developed devices for the iss, made equipment, and supported the production of cactus. this is an altimeter, which in the soyuz spacecraft determines the altitude

of the spacecraft when it descends by parachute, in order to turn on the soft landing engine so that you do not hit your back, except, no, we hit our backs anyway, well, yes, it softens, that's why they are called soft landing engines, i would certainly not say that it is soft, there are enough bruises after such a landing, well, it's good if they they work, of course, the americans really like to say - russian soft landing, well , yes, there were cases when - not that it didn't work, in my opinion, lazutkin's worked, cebliy lazutkin didn't work, ceblis lazutkin, when they were returning, well , there's a version that it worked because of the clouds, and in short, they landed without a soft landing engine, well, alexander was here on the transmission, he feels well, i often meet vasily vasilyevich at work, so - everything worked out, thank god, well, well, well , it turns out that except for the first ship, all the systems for your ships were also with my participation, although of course mainly we... we did not develop them, we supported the production.