the city officials put up these rocks and making it very hard for families to live here. but if you came back then they have nowhere else to go. some people also the applicants, there's an undocumented flowing that needs to say they're leaving rus because they are disciplined. hardaman tossed out of their cape town. well, the gambia is ramping up production efforts. most popular staple food, 80 percent of the nation's rice is important. i submitted 3 reports, 300 kilometers from the gbi and capital project field is being prepared for the next planting site. the surgeon agriculture electricity is driven by on a big shift government program to increase rice production can be a staple for being. so been leaving the board on now coming to take advantage. and the one that happened was a $400000.00 u z in matching branch where they paid 60 percent. and i

did the rest, right? so apart from that, i also benefit it from like i'm in a big, i mean, i mean like i'm in like in the storage and some of the equipment to the government do. so using established promises, i came to distribute grants machinery in palm inputs, re i disability, a pretty good. i seem to able to come in this entire country at no cost. and we think that is also entirely apartments. and those seems that'd be a disability. they are a high you that climate smart, some of them i doubt resist, um, even florida is, is up until now. 9 for probation in the gambia looked like this. it still is in many parts. the government says it wants to change the old methods of not only production, but processing. i went to the local industrialist in last stopped and at the college, i was boost at the front of the bi copy to the rice consumption in the gum. yeah, a country of 2800000 people is 115 kilograms. 80 percent of it is important.

very crazy and also create opportunities for investment. this rice meal is one of several that operating in the gambia. addressing the child in traumas used to face in processing that probably some of the palm which they getting that produced through the markets is still a challenge. the left quadrant leave. i'm in close budget. yeah, the 1080 kilometers. but look at from us also one of the quality of saw it would be improved to open up more areas for contribution and better prizes for that crops. how many degrees i would use it. i put you all the gum. yeah. well, i'm on the top of the arrow now to 0. next, that's the bottom line. the a 150. is that a gyptian history?

seen through an extraordinary photographic archive. this remarkable treasure trove shows how well photographers captured key military historical moments from the earliest british occupation to the arab israeli, who was the 20th century and the contrast and emotions at 6 trees and defeats egypt through the lens. conflicts on al jazeera, a. hi, i'm steve clements and i have a question. has is real committed? dom, aside in gaza, let's get to the bottom line. the neighborhood by neighborhood and mosse by mosque in school, by school is really has systematically crushed the civilian infrastructure and gaza, over the course of the world. we've seen so many homes and buildings targeted that we may have become desensitized. and besides the accusation of genocide, which is the attempt to destroy a nation, un experts have been wanting that israel has carried out scholastic. beside the

destruction of the education system and donna side, the destruction of people's homes. according to international law, the wanton destruction of property that's not justified by military necessity is a war crime. but even if it is a war crime, how does that translate to the more than 2000000 palestinians in gaza? who has to live in an area that is become completely uninhabitable. today we're talking with bala, christian and roger co. paul, you in special repertoire on the right to adequate housing and associate professor in the department of urban studies at the massachusetts institute of technology professor, thank you so much for joining us today. look, i, i want our audience understand this word, which many of them may not have heard before. domiciled. tell us what it means and how does it stack up in the world of war crimes? well, the crime of damage side is one which involves uh, the systematic or wide spread destruction of housing, housing,

destruction on an individual basis. for example, then the destruction of a house is not justified as a military objective who's already award crime under the geneva convention. so that is a war crime scene is about if it is a target and there is no military reason or ration now, that is a work crime in and of itself. that's what it is. i'm going to walk around to destroy a house if there is no military justification of the project to build the international criminal record. cut him con, gave a public interview, an even keitel after you visited drop out last year when he said exactly the same thing. he said, houses are protected objects, hospitals are protected objects. schools are protected objects. so there are many that are protected objects under the geneva conventions and houses are among them. the problem is this houses individually when they destroyed out of cause war crimes . but if you're destroying an entire suite of neighborhood on an indicted city for

that matter, is that a crime? and in international law, it may be a crime if you do it with the objective of obliterating audio. that's the thing. if people in whole or in part, that's a definition of genocide under the 1940 a genocide convention. but suppose he didn't have that intention or the intention couldn't be established clearly. but he will still engage in while lots give destruction of housing. then is that still a crime? i'm not. and i would like to actually advocate for the recognition of such a large destruction of housing, whether or not due to genocide. i'm not saying that it is not a genocide in the case of destruction, of housing and gaza. it very well is. but on the other hand, even if it isn't in any conflict, it should still be recognized as a crime. and that's the dumbest and you want to have it written into the what the geneva convention you want to have it written into law. i would like states to

consider recognizing domiciled as a crime on the law. but it wouldn't be under the geneva conventions, but it would be to the rome statute of the international criminal court which already missed several acts which constitute crimes against humanity. and there is no reason why it cannot be amended to include damage. now israel says that october 7th, triggered in need to defend itself to go after and eradicate from us. israel prime minister netanyahu has been very overt and very public about that. being the mission at hand. you i think don't by the, the, the way that mission is playing out with regard so weird is the equation become a part of what netanyahu is saying and doing, and what we're seeing on the ground and gaza. well, if there was a minute and a justification to respond to the attacks of october 7th, which better horrendous in nature, of course, one would have to see a military operation. but what we have seen instead is an extermination campaign,

not a military operation. entire life of palestinians in garza as being completely obliterated, more than 70 percent of the homes have been destroyed and all the university signing and guys have been destroyed. almost all schools have been destroyed, educational institutions, and religious institutions, public buildings, and during the palace of justice have been blown up. and the way in which this destruction has been counted out is not always through a military campaign. for example, responding to use of force by homicide or other actors, but instead you say the unit is moving in and using controlled explosives using detonation to actually destroy neighborhood by neighborhood. so to me doesn't look at all like what has been happening and gaza actually is a military campaign. it's something else. where have you seen this kind of destruction before in such a short time in such a confined space?

i have never seen such destruction in any conflict, and that actually goes all the way back to world war 2. with the destruction of dressed in or with the destruction of rotterdam, it took much longer and fewer percent of the houses, but actually destroyed, interrupted them for example. and if you actually fast forward to the destruction of a level or homes doing in war or the destruction dropped on a new job during the campaign, or what we're seeing me in march or the destruction of ukrainian cities, but russia, including, you know, the destruction of my vehicle which has been the most expensive and they all have a lot, a longer period of time. number one, and few, a percentage of houses got destroyed. and most closer to you, there's a big difference. those people had up to the place to flee to. but as gaza, you said complained confined space in the population runs from one corner to

another corner, and they have the same place that has been bombed. they're running around in circles, that's extremely unprecedented. i've never seen it in any conflict to put any city like this when you look at the before and after. it's a complex system. you have zoning, you have homes, you have schools, you have mosque, you have hospitals, you have a complex interaction of those systems. so it's not just the number of buildings that we're taking out. it was that the complex system in a, in a whole area was completely wiped out. we've been talking a lot about the day after and how to bring this back. and i'm just interested it from your own experience. does anything come back if the you've talked about dresden, you've talked about other cities. uh, you know, the rotterdam and others that were wiped out. what, what's our experience in terms of returning a healthy, functioning society back to a place that has had this kind of devastation?

well, you're quite right that what is being destroyed? it is not just houses alone. it's not just universities alone. although we do, we do needs very shocking, but the whole society has been destroyed. the whole economy has been destroyed, the economic system has been destroyed. the political system, of course, has been destroyed and society has been shadowed completely. and um, what is needed in terms of rebuilding is much more challenging in gaza because of the extent scale and the philosophy of destruction. but it is also more challenging because unlike for example, say dr. down after world war 2, the big difference between then and now is that what to had them ending date? it ended. and then you could begin the process of rebuilding with the guarantee that when you reboot, what you actually do will continue to stop the problem. and god does that every few years we have seen very large scale armed conflict breakout because of the

continued occupation. so the basic message i'd like to convey is this until the occupation ends. i don't see it replication of what as mean possible. in the case of any other cities that have been destroyed in the past. and there are some journalism out there that is followed in is really army division, the 98 division of 80 to 19 commanders. i don't know if you've seen this reporting and journalism. it's very, very hard to watch because in it you'll see lots of different social media, essentially self reporting by members of this, of this military unit. somebody says, we've actually become addicted to blowing things up. i mean, i'm interested in your observations about this kind of activity. can you conveyed are audience what that journalism is showing in real time with real video on social media. that is real, is proud of. yes. so that i mean very well documented, highly, rigorously deported stories with the environment of specific units that i've

carried out controlled demolitions and, and brought down and died neighborhoods and often uh, taking particular li indeed act and posting videos for example, them social media, celebrating what they are doing uh and uh, the stories that are being published involved interviews with the commanders and the soldiers of these units. but they themselves confessed to what has been done. this particular unit 8 to 19, is documented as having been involved in controlled demolitions of last a sections of housing and con eunice and a number of other locations. and what it shows to me more than anything else is that again, this is an extermination campaign. this is a campaign of amex ation. because when you actually learned that are place, i mean, habitable for the population by the leasing all signs of life,

including their homes, the fort systems that are going to go to our lands. green houses, there are religious buildings there. uh, public records then basically there is nothing to return to so the only logic good sort of option that you leave for such a population. also, the thinking probably goes in the minds of you. certainly planners is that the population gives up and moves on and the land becomes theirs. and so to me, i see this destruction of gaza is simply a logical extension off the unfortunate situation of prolonged an exception and occupation. while you can call something ethnic cleansing, that doesn't necessarily stop it or get to the account ability question. so or do you feel people will be held accountable for what we're seeing? so how does that comfortably for these, what is there is doing is concern. i see 3 levels of accountability that are possible. one is of course, accountability at the level of international justice,

and that we see the international court of justice as well as international criminal court, grappling with the crimes and the serious violations and breaches of international law that israel is coming to, including the question of the legality of the long term occupation, which is also before the i, c j. right now is 2nd level at which i see account of really happening is in the courts of other countries, including the quotes of this country the united states. read, for example, there is an ongoing case happening before the 9 circuit, as we speak about the legality of supplying weapons by the united states to use it. oh, because of its incredibly damaging impact on children. be also seen the courts of other countries that have been using tooting most famously the use of dutch courts to actually prevent the shipping of f 35. yeah. across parts due to that. and that is a binding judicial order. the 3rd level,

which i see accountability happening is in word public opinion. mm hm. and what part big opinion, i think that has already seen that the other deal, what's happening and is actually ready to hold people accountable. and that accountability will not be legal alone. it will be a long, historical accountability which would follow you through. and those will come to crimes in the state of itself, but a very long time. and i don't know, they realize that this is not a burden. they can check over easily. is there another form of domiciled going on in the west bank? you've talked about your extermination policies and we've seen very, very brutal destruction of facilities. but in the west bank. there's also a kind of land grab if you will underway with a lot of sellers movements and others coming in and taking destroying homes, you know, of, of those that resist. and so is that an, is that also in the u. n. a wrap up towards report as it is an area of concern.

that's a good question. actually it completely is covered within the definition of domiciled . in fact, what does mean happening in the occupied palestinian territories? that includes, of course, most bank, gaza and use the rest of them is a decades long campaign of dummy side. and the main tools have not only is being wor, they've been the use of punitive home demolitions for example, or denial of home building permits for palestinians in the area. see right. or they have actually involved systematic the already campaigns, waterford it'd be 2 or 3 years that actually destroys large numbers of houses and increasingly in westbank. it also involves destruction of houses and other objects by settlers, while they certainly uh, governing authority. and the military stands aside and does nothing to impose accountability. so dom side as

a crime against humanity has been committed in all of these occupied territories. and frankly, unlike war crimes, which request that they be coming to during the course of an armed conflict of crimes against humanity or even genocide don't require that the item comes with be going on. they can be commented during peacetime as well. what do you need for the legal architecture of dom, aside to be, to have more grit and traction? i mean, i'm very convinced in the cases you've talked about historically, but we've also watched the destruction of, you know, cultural institutions, mosque hospitals, as we said, the social eco system, in this case, domiciled the many people is a very new term. your role is a new one in the minds of many what is missing out there among your colleagues and peers. among those people in the international legal framework in network that would help elevate the concern and the place on that kind of global dashboard of

human rights of dom aside, i think it's a complicated question because i think part of the problem is that people tend to see a house as simply an asset mostly as a property. so the idea being that you feel houses destroyed, you're going to place it as long as that is compensation. but the house is not simply a financial asset, right? although it involves a lot of money to purchase a house, often it's a largest investment that most families making their lives. on the other hand, houses also a deposit of your memories. and that's actually a lot more than simply monetary value. you valued for all kinds of other reasons and unfortunately, that is very slower recognition of this larger sense in which it how it should be understood. mm. is understood more among certain people who suddenly the water affected people to understand it. what do you think of your house or mean terms of

finance, but normally when it is destroyed, you realize that you missed it for other reasons too. and as far as professional communities are concerned, i am afraid that among the legal community in particular, that is very slow recognition of the fact that when large scale destruction of any economic and social rights take place, it could be a destruction of your phone system for example, you either coach or all of the trees have been destroyed by the hundreds of thousands in the occupied territories. are there well crimes or not? and i would say that they should be if they are not. and unfortunately, i don't think that there is adequate recognition because international law is not quite cut out yet. does recognize logical destruction of housing or food or education for that matter, a standalone crimes by themselves. there's quite a lot of willingness to focus on to leading torture. it's a threat to them or not on destruction of they do apps between that. i don't know,

western notions of liberalism in law. and the way law really works in the 3rd world . i know you've been part of this network called the 3rd world approach to international law network. and i, i get the sense that there is this gap in understanding and application. and we need to, if we're going to get greater justice and get, get greater outcomes in the way the world really works, we need to have some adjustments. so can you tell us about this 3rd world approach to international law? thank you. uh, they're going to purchase international law is basically a movement of leading for legal recognition of equality and for a transforming international law to account for it's fast. you started the baggage because clearly quality of individuals, nations what level of equality? well, initially started as a demand for the equality of nations. i see as countries are becoming independent

after colonialism ended in the 19 forties and fifties, the leaders of those countries as well as the legal representatives of those countries advocated for the fact that the headed construction of international law was utilized and taken colonial. and there is a need to reform international load to reflect the aspirations of the entire world . and that sentiment drove quite a lot of reform and international law over the years. and i would say, even the recognition of economic, social and cultural rights, for example, like housing or food driven by the energy provided by this movement, particularly in the 19 sixties and seventies. but i think the way we talk about the approaches international up today is quite different. it's not about the quantity of nation states, but it's actually about the recognizing the agency off marginalized communities, oppressed people there, can i mean they're, they're, they're k greater case of needs and gaza, or the palestinian case, right? so when you look at economic, cultural and social justice,

how would the features of a 3rd, 3rd world understanding of international law change in a way how, how could we move the needle on some of these important issues for people who feel the mean neglected and kind of ignored not, not, not just by the united states and as by, by everyone. that's a great but complex question as well. uh, in the mean, palestine particularly is a, is really and even headed the problem from colonialism. or in fact, during the fifty's and sixty's when developing countries under covering their weiss and their agency palestine and partner until the after go with the to be 2 big issues on the agenda now. but they, supposedly, it was ended in the early ninety's. but unfortunately, the palestinian situation continues and what that means in terms of when you look at the palestinian situation through a 3rd one approach international differential did make as you as well the basic

difference is to begin to see the condition of the suffering. and what is needed for palestinians in a different light from all the reason which we have imagined, for example, take something as fundamental to a palace name. experience does not come up. me. does international, i have a language to talk about and understand that we can talk about occupation separately, but is not about the same as occupation menu would say, well it is, but it's much more than that. nothing about translators. catastrophe, which is actually much more than occupation. is it about a part alone? and many would say it is, but it is much more than that. and then now we have genocide happening in gaza. so he's not the body of the genocide. perhaps yes, but perhaps more than that, it's a complex term. so just like a part i was a complex term. and the black so the for games and are those who went through the apartheid system always wanted to have

a new word called apartheid. because no english would, could capture the historical experience of what they went through under a part that i would say something similar. that in fact, no other people have gone through that you started can experience that palestinians have gone through. and that is captured by the term, not about, but we don't have a way to talk about an international law. and this is only one example. if you take occupation, for example, an occupation is supposed to be temporary. that's worthington, as you many dirty, and light implicitly assumes of any belligerent occupation. but you look at the smell to occupation occupied palestinian territories. it's been going on and on and on and on. and then slowly there is an expression happening. it'd be kia a bid, they're sending the settlers to appropriate lines, and then the remote control of lined and directly from piloting is already live there. right? so this is actually to me, a very different beast. and we need

a new language. international doesn't have the language. the 3rd one approach international law i would imagine, is at least capable of pointing to the fact that these gaps. because you're not going to get that recognition venue view the policy in that situation using even headed data or traditional understandings of international law. but we'll end if they are you in special wrap our tour on the right to adequate housing and mit associate? professor bala christian on roger. go, paul, thank you so much for being with us today. thank you. hi, we me. so what's the bottom line? diamond side is a key tool to remove and extinguish a population from an area. we saw it in the left, but we saw it in gloss, the and mary a pole and now we're seeing it in gaza. there is simply no excuse for the deliberate and determined destruction of nearly 70 percent of civilian infrastructure by israel's forces in this conflict. other than engineering, the permanent dislocation of palestinians from the areas that had been obliterated . my guest today is right to argue that domiciled should be considered

a crime against humanity. but the case reality is it no global or regional power is willing to constrain israel from pursuing a path that is destroyed so many innocent lives and futures, which makes international law look pale and sickly in the moment it was needed most . and that's the bottom line, the, the house coverage of africa is what i'm most proud of. every time i traveled, whether it's east or west africa, people stop me and tell me how much they appreciate coverage. and our focus is not just on their suffering, but also on a more top listing and inspiring story. people trust to tell them what's happening in their communities in a p a and on and as an applicant, i couldn't be more proud to be part of a unique perspective. i love that. i really not them because definitely i

love and nothing is something you that we on heard voices, but we are committed to guessing best i can know all about you. be so much connect with our community and talking to conversations you will find elsewhere. lot of these vision because all of the medical facilities in golf as it will be preventable. that's the hor, what's the stream on ours? is there a heavy pricing that we don't simply focus on the politics of the conflict? it's the consequential for the human suffering that we have a full time. we brave bullets and bombs, and some of the world's most troubled regions, the army floods in the face of idols, advance. it is one of the most serious stops of violence in recent years. in some instances we are the targets because we give voice to those demanding freedom, the rule of law. and we always include the views from all sides.

you see in the community at the new body, the link or the muscle in the u. s. are so weak gathering and improving so that bus pesa beta, but a southern good 30, any bits or later at the same look of indeed us on the left clubs, they left the ed. i would you be telling you the beginning of the looking to the point in east bed in bits or later they've asked for the city the spend was the

the supreme court in bangladesh reduces controversial quote. us for government jobs officer weeks of student led to process the you're watching elsewhere, 0 life or about headquarters and del, find any navigate. also coming up. israel says it's shot down in mississauga, approaching from yemen. ours officer, it struck support of the for data is really strikes target residential areas.