the swimming leg of the first triathlon training session due to pollution in the river seine. they are blaming rain in recent days. now on bbc news, click. this week's click is hot stuff. here is a man with a plan to power the planet. we believe that sticking

a needle into a huge magma chamber is not going to create an explosive effect. does he sound sure about that? yeah, i'm sure it'll be fine. also, lara looks at the livers being kept alive in a lab. and here's a question you never though you wanted the answer to. so, if you put a cat on the moon and dropped it, it would still be able to right itself? we could try, but i guess it should work. look, trust me, it's all to do with a space bot jumping for joy. iceland is one of the most volcanic places on earth, sitting on top of the mid—atlantic ridge, where two tectonic plates are pulling apart. that means the country has become known for its geothermal power as water is heated from the earth below. but now, at the krafla volcano, there's a more extreme plan under way. yeah, a daring scientific project to drill deep into the rock to create

the world's first underground magma observatory. blimey! adrienne murray's been there to find out more. in this part of iceland is one of the world's most active volcanic hotspots. krafla has erupted 30 times in 1,000 years and last blew in the 1980s. and though it may sound crazy, scientists are now preparing to drill into it. the idea is to learn more about how volcanoes behave so that we can better predict eruptions, and also tap into a super—hot source of energy. volcanoes can be spectacular but they are also devastating. around the world, millions of people live close to them. here in iceland, residents of grindavik have had their lives upended by a string of eruptions.

but researchers here hope their work will change that, helping to save lives and money while also pioneering a form of volcano power. we have about a0 wells spread around the geothermal field, producing a mixture of hot water and steam. this plant supplies electricity to about 30,000 homes. soon after it began operations five decades ago, krafla began to wake up again. we started to have volcanic eruption only 2km away from where we are standing now. this was a very strong indication about where the heat was coming from. using those new clues, scientists began drilling in this spot where, in 2009, they stumbled across an extraordinary discovery — a shallow pocket of magma... we were aiming to drill

to 4.5km and were absolutely not expecting to hit magma at only 2.ikm depth. ..much closer to the surface than scientists ever imagined. the extreme heat from this molten rock destroyed their equipment. we were able to measure the power that comes out of it. this well produces around ten times more than the average well in its location, giving us an indication of the extremely powerful resource we may be sitting on. now, a team from kmt — the krafla magma testbed project — want to find it again. right here, 2km down, is a red—hot magma chamber and scientists are preparing to drill down into it. starting in 2026, they will begin work on the first ever underground magma observatory. we are basically standing

on the spot where we are going to drill. what we want to do is to basically revolutionise the way we monitor volcanoes. the plan is to place sensors — temperature and pressure sensors — in the magma. this will allow us to predict with more accuracy volcanic activity, so this will change how we predict eruptions. with the second well, they'll harness that extreme heat, developing what's called near—magma geothermal. the plan is to drilljust short of the magma itself, possibly poke it a little bit, the geothermal resource which is located just above the magma body. we believe that is around 500—600 celsius. just two bore holes of this kind could match the output of this entire plant. we now, today, need to feed the power plant with 22 normal wells, so there is an obvious game changer.

and there's the exciting possibility of potentially limitless, cheap, clean energy. this is a big part of how we are going to take geothermal to the next level and also, of course, a huge part in the green energy transition. but the drilling will be technically challenging. at the university of iceland, lab work is under way, testing materials to withstand extreme heat and pressure. this is carbon steel, so the typical material used in the geothermal wells. these carbon steel materials lose strength quite quickly after 200 degrees celsius and they are also not corrosion—resistant, so we have to explore new materials and more corrosion—resistant alloys. they're working with temperatures of up to 500 degrees and corrosive gases. we have been focusing on high—grade alloys, nickel alloys, and also titanium alloys.

but there's still one question i need to ask. from the outside, all this sounds, you know, just a little bit risky. is it going to be safe to do this? we believe sticking a needle into a huge magma chamber is not going to create an explosive effect. this happened in 2009 and they found out they had probably done this a few times before without even knowing it, so we believe it's safe. and the team here think this could be replicated around the world. there are indications about shallow magma bodies in east africa, in the us and in hawaii. possibly, this kind of geothermal power production can be applied in many other locations around the world where we have active volcanoes. so, this crazy—sounding plan may actually have huge potential. every year in the uk, there are over 10,000 deaths

due to liver disease. high quality liver transplants are in short supply and currently, there are no effective treatments. but one company in oxford is using al to try and change that. there are plenty of companies out there that are doing ai drug discovery but what's different here is once drugs are developed, they're then being tested on human cells and then on actual human livers that are being kept alive. they call this new york facility an icu. it is where 0chre bio tests promising treatments that been developed by teams in taiwan and oxford. can you open me a biopsy kit? these are livers that couldn't be used for transplants, so would otherwise be discarded. they would never be routed to research facilities in lieu of transplantation. here, they're supplied with oxygenation blood, nutrients and medications while

a machine performs dialysis. it's replicating the functions of a human kidney to help filter toxins from the blood that supplies the liver. kenny was instrumental in setting up the facility. we have multiple different machines you plug the liver into. you have to integrate yourself into the all the different infrastructure out in america to obtain the organs, to put them on the machines in a short time frame, so these things often happen at night, it's quite labour intensive and an incredible dedication that the team put into this in order to put a liver on a machine and have it maintained alive for five days. it's quite incredible. it gives 0chre the chance to test treatments in almost humanlike conditions. we can't look inside you, we can't look at your liver over time and see how it is degrading and becoming diseased, so there's a lot of guesswork when we make medicines. and when we finally have a medicine that we think could work, we spend years testing them in animal models, which we know don't really

predict what happens in a human being. along with data from the livers, 0chre is using a method called phenotyping, which combines imaging, genetic and biochemical analysis. we're sequencing livers across the world in incredible detail — right down to the level of individual cells — and we use all of that data. we put that data into commuter models and that tells us what genes we need to be thinking about for the therapies we want to develop. and once we have those therapies which we generate here, then, instead of testing in animals, we test in humans — and by that, i mean we start off in human cells, then, we move into tissues and then, eventually, whole human livers that we would keep alive on these machines. but there is a lot of challenge out there. developing drugs is notoriously difficult and expensive. you've got past setting up the icu but there's a lot more to do. for all chronic disease — notjust for chronic liver disease — there are big bottlenecks in drug development. one is getting good data.

the other is validating or testing out those ideas in humans sooner, using human data. so, we can do all of that and then still spend $100 million on a clinical trial for it to fail in a matter of months. to improve their chances, they're betting on rna technology. rna is the complex molecule that relays messages from our dna to our proteins and cells — the machinery that makes things happen. rna is something that we target to either increase expression — so, if you increase the level of rna, you can make more protein, and that's what the covid vaccines do — or you can actually create a medicine that blocks that rna, and that's what we do. we send the rna therapies to specific cells in the liver. they get inside and then, they block certain genes that we want. so, this is where the chemistry that we've been looking at and the biology come together. it's over here, is it, that you are testing on human cells? that's right. that's the key differentiator. we use primary human cells and check whether our rna has

knocked down the proteins of interest. they look like fax machines. what is this actually doing inside them? it is doing a quantitative measurement of the rna inside each of the cells. normal drugs target the 3—dimensional structure of the protein. whereas now, we are looking at the 1—dimensional genetic code of the messenger rna, so we can do it much more precise and much faster. traditionally, the preclinical phase of drug development can take 6—10 years. 0chre bio, though, is hoping to reduce it to under 60 days. while the company continues to search for that elusive molecule that will block the onset of liver disease, it recently signed a data—sharing deal with the drugs giant gsk. the aim — to better understand how the liver works. the partnership may eventually lead to the development of new effective treatments for liver disease which, for anyone suffering from it, can't come soon enough.

0k, time for a look at this week's tech news now. google has abandoned a controversial plan to fully block third—party cookies from its browser, chrome. chrome already gives you the option to stop businesses tracking your activity and targeting you with ads. it says it's looking for solutions to support a competitive marketplace for publishers and advertisers. the uk's data privacy watchdog said it was disappointed by the decision. crowdstrike, the cyber security firm behind last week's global it crash, has blamed a bug for not spotting a fault that knocked out systems across the world, disrupting everything from flights to health appointments. the firm says a coding error slipped past its own quality control measures. crowdstrike has apologised for the impact of the outage and promised to improve how it tests and checks software. and researchers at the university of hong kong have developed a new kind of lithium metal battery which can last

longer and function safely at higher temperatures than the batteries widely used today. the researchers have been focusing on finding solid electrolytes which are safe and work with lithium metal anodes, even in extreme conditions. 0nce fully developed, the scientists say the batteries could allow electric vehicles to recharge in the time it takes to drink a cup of coffee. cuba — a place now where millions of inhabitants face rationed food and limited medical supplies. there's also poor internet access and daily power cuts. yet, undeterred by the challenges of daily life or connection, these two games developers have overcome outages to achieve an international publishing deal. all my life, i want to make a video game. all my illusions, expectations have been saved

for so many years to be the first to put cuba — simple — in the map of video games in the world. then, i met david, and we start to work together. and we right away started working right away on what would become saviorless seven years later. saviorless is a classic 2d platformer. it starts like a narrative game, like, just asking the player to see the world, to enjoy everything. but it suddenly turns into a very action, fast... kind of frenetic... ..frenetic game. saviorless was an eight—year project, but the first four years were just making a demo just to try and convince an international publisher of signing with us. that was actually the hardest part of the project. if you're an international publisher and you see a pitch

from a completely new game studio of two guys and, on top of that, they are in cuba, you are asking a huge trust. out of the blue one day, dear villagers contact us directly after experiencing our game on the internet. they sign us. and that was a key point in the project — the moment where dear villagers signed with us — and then, we spent, like, three years straight on developing the game. the typical cycle of the development of saviorless is very uncommon in terms of what you expect the development of a video game of this scale should be. notjust because the internet is slow but because it's very inconsistent, it's not stable enough to sustain the loading of the files that you usually find in a game, that are huge files. we lost a whole week of work

just because these tools are not built thinking that at any time, there will be a blackout. the generator. today, the schedule says that from 2pm till 6pm, we won't have lights, so we are two hours away from the blackout. we just store the generator for important moments because there's also not enough fuel. even if you have to deal with all this stuff and all these problems, it's very difficult — i would know, like anyone, about it. but if you love video games, i definitely think you should try it. when you look back, you see a lot of obstacles but you realise that we were able to go over these obstacles but we didn't remove them. the situation in cuba right now is far difficult than when we start, but i feel pretty confident. i feel that even if our first game was not perfect, you will see a second

game from me. i've got a question for you. you're in space on an asteroid. it's a complete mess out there. what's the best way to get around? well, here's an idea i think�*s got legs — spacehopper. no, not that kind of space hopper. boing! actually... to be honest — yeah, that kind of space hopper. boing! ten students from eth university in zurich designed this prototype for extremely low gravity environments, maybe to look for different minerals that are worth mining from asteroids, and it gets from place to place by pronking about like some

3—legged space gazelle. boing. i've seen a few bouncing space robots in my time. you might think it's quite a chaotic way to get about and, certainly, if you're on wheels and tracks, that does seem more controllable. but if you're on a really uneven surface, leaping over small boulders, big stones, it might be quite sensible. the thing that worries me is what happens if itjumps and then flips itself over? 0r lands on its side or something? but what it does to keep itself stable when it's off the ground is think like a cat. see, as a feline falls, it fffrantically ffflails its ffffur — well, actually its legs — and spacehopper keep itself upright during flight by using its limbs in the same way. basically, as if you're standing on a small rope, right, and if you're about to fall, you will swing

your arms to stay upright — that is exactly what it does. so, if you put a cat on the moon and dropped that, it would still be able to right itself, even there is no air to grip against? we can try, but i guess it should work. yeah, ok, let's not try. not with the cat. how om earth did you work out what it needs to do to get itself back in the right orientation, regardless of which way up it is? that's a great question because for a human, that's really hard to design. so, we've use this reinforcement learning — a type of ai, basically — so the robot learns that in simulation and figures out what actually works, which motions work to stay upright. so you, in theory, trained, what, hundreds or thousands of virtual robots and one of them eventually came out as getting it right? is that right? exactly. nowadays, you can simulate years of experience in just a few minutes on a pc, and that's exactly what we're doing. simulating low gravity is hard here on earth, so to test their control software, the team took spacehopper on a very special day trip. you took this on a parabolic

flight — you took it on the vomit comet? laughs. exactly. how was that for you personally? i've never done it. i want to know what it's like. it's amazing. i can highly recommend it. right. luckily for me, it wasn't the vomit comet — i was fine — and then, experiencing that weightlessness was just an amazing feeling. did you have any time to pay attention to the robot or were you just doing somersaults all the time? no, i actually had a lot of time on the robot. just for one small part, i could go and do some somersaults but otherwise, we were just operating the system. and the system performed very well indeed. and, in fact, now the team has parked the asteroid investigation plan and answered a call slightly closer to home. it's been selected by the european space agency, esa, as a contender to go to the moon. the team suggested kitting out the robot with ground—penetrating radar to probe below the lunar surface and look for lava tubes. subsurface tunnels, like the one recently

discovered on a rocky plane called mare tranquillitatis, and which might one day be used as lunar bases to shelter humans from solar radiation up above. and lo, spacehopper has become lunarleaper. our goal would be to land on the surface outside of where we think the lava tube is and then approach what is basically a big hole in the ground — it's called a lunar pit. lunar pits are these steep—walled holes that are collapsed features. so, this lava tube has collapsed in the centre or so, so we would want to approach this hole and look at this entry in a lot of detail, map it in as much detail as we can and basically also prepare for follow—up missions that might be much bigger, much more expensive and potentially lead to some longer—term stations below the surface. what concerns me... yep? ..is this thing bounces around and you want to get as close

to the entrance to a great big hole as you can? i'd want to do that really carefully. and what i'm thinking is this things going to bound towards it. if you get it wrong, it's just going to disappear over the edge. i think we can direct it carefully towards the edge and, obviously, in the beginning of the mission, you would be a little bit more conservative, you would be more careful because you don't want it to die right away. towards the end of the mission, if you know you won't survive the night, you might be a little more risky and a little more adventurous, and that's ok. i'm getting thelma and louise vibes. that... did they make the jump? right. yeah, the bit about surviving the night — see, like most other moon bots, lunarleaper would be solar—powered and have just 1a earth days of sunlight to do its work before the sun went down, temperatures dropped

below —130 celsius and the system died in the cold. it's for these reasons that many teams choose to end space missions by going out in style. possibly towards the end of the mission, one could think ofjumping into that hole... nooo! however... byeeee! all i'm thinking about now is the death of lunarleaper. i've heard it won't make it through the lunar night, now i've heard that you could possiblyjump it into a pit. it's just over there. it's just over there! listen, it's fine, you're fine. and on that note, we'll leave you for this week. thanks for watching and we'll see you soon.

hello there. the weekend started with some more showers around but those showers have moved away now and for the next few days at least, we can look forward to some dry weather and some sunshine. temperatures are going to be rising, particularly across england and wales. the reason for the change in the weather? well, high pressure that's building across the uk, giving us the clear skies overnight. it will be a little chilly first thing on sunday morning. it'll warm up quickly, though, in the sunshine. some cloud will affect the far northwest of scotland, otherwise it's just a bit of fair weather cloud bubbling up. not much of that, really. lots of sunshine to come and the winds will be quite light, a gentle southerly breeze developing. some sea breezes are possible but it's going to be a warmer day on sunday than it was on saturday. two degrees warmer generally for scotland and northern ireland and for many parts of england and wales, temperatures will be four degrees higher than they were on saturday. the high pressure is still around as we move into monday,

particularly across england and wales. there is this weather front now approaching the northwest. it does mean the sunnier skies will be for england and wales. the far north of england, but more especially scotland and northern ireland, will see more cloud and breeze. that weather front bringing a little bit of rain but many places will be dry, some sunshine coming through. temperatures in scotland and northern ireland aren't going to change too much — it's across england and wales that the heat will be building. we could be getting close to 30 degrees in the southeast on monday afternoon. and generally across western parts of europe, temperatures are on the rise. that heat is pushing up from iberia into paris for the olympics as well, and also across the uk. those temperatures rising quickly again for england and wales on tuesday. could be over 30 degrees across the southeast of england. now, temperatures aren't going to be as high for scotland and northern ireland — 20—21 degrees quite widely. there will be a bit more cloud around here but still some sunshine. it looks like being dry. plenty of sunshine for england and wales. there is more cloud, though, threatening to move from northern france across the channel, maybe bringing one or two showers.

and this is where things start to change, really, because the pressure is going to be falling as we head into wednesday. some heavy showers moving up from the south, heading northwards overnight and then, this is when the weather changes. we've got showers and more cloud and slightly lower temperatures, i think, through thursday and friday but the start of the week is going to be very warm and hot in places.

good morning. welcome to breakfast with ben boulos. 0ur headlines today: new footage has emerged of the violent moments reportedly before a police officer kicked and stamped on a man at manchester airport. 12 people, including children, are killed on a football pitch after a rocket attack in the israeli—occupied golan heights. dame priti patel becomes the first women to enter the race to be

the next conservative leader, pledging to unite the party. a historic day for team gb: a bronze and silver medal mean great britain saw its best opening day at an olympic games for four decades. what can they produce on day two? for the third straight 0lympic what can they produce on day two? for the third straight olympic gold in the final of the 100 metres breaststroke, at the gymnastics we get the first glimpse of global superstar simone biles in qualification for the usa. i have the rare trait of bringing you a dry and sunny forecast across most of the uk today. the next few daysis most of the uk today. the next few days is set to get quite hot as well. more details here on first stop —— breakfast. good morning. it's sunday july 28. our main story: new footage has emerged of an incident at manchester airport, which ended with a police officer kicking a man in the head. the cctv appears to show how three officers were trying to make arrests

when two men punched two of them to the floor.