you think this is just a community center? know it is more than that. >> partnering with a thousand community centers to create wi-fi lift zones so students from low income families have the tools to be ready for anything. >> comcast along with of these television companies supports c-span2 as a public service. >> welcome. we are looking at the church in california today. obviously we won't get through it all. we are going to take a step back and look at the system to start with the kind of get a sense of hierarchy and the system becoming more popular in the

cultuream at the same time as te mission and the sacred expedition. then we get into the expedition get it to last time and then the missions themselves, do a little discussion, some group work, normal things. okay so i want to start with the racial hierarchy and the relationships with spanish exploration into spanish colonialism and the californians, so i thought this would be a good place to get in the back of our heads. and i want you thinking about, you've kind of been hearing this and what to do about it, is how this might have affected how the missions operated in california, how they interacted and the indigenous populations, how they thought about the role and objectives and t of the agenda. remember the effort of the mission at least in the purview of the spanish empire is to build colonialism, to spread the spanish colony as people occupying that space.

so it's growing and we see this happening not just in spain but europeans including the spanish seeking out ways to justify their claims and justify why they should be in the stages they are and why they should be the ones dictating how things go forward. also this is in conversation with growing and developing chattel slavery that is existing in north america and elsewhere and justifying who can be a slave and who cannot. that's kind of background stuff. what we see happen in the spanish empire is the development and refinement of the system. something as more of a loose directory, a loose kind of idea of hierarchy, not something set in stone that can never be changed. it can be at times very detailed and rudimentary but as you can see here what it prioritizes first is spanish and european identity that people at the top

of the system and present-day mexico are people who were born in spain at the top of the hierarchy. the europeans sand in that first category the indigenous people than people of african descent. and one of the things even though they relied on it earlier in the colonial effort is a mixing of racial couples. so, quote unquote pure individuals and within the various. that is kind of how they differentiate in this and these came as a popularity in the mid to late 18th century soap overlapping the chronological period we are looking at today which is why i wanted to start with it. at times they get really detailed. this is myl favorite one they could gohe up to somewhere like the 70s for theop individuals and groups.

a lot of times intensity plays into it. one thing we might think about is why they are coming into popularity and how they try to influence the visual hierarchy. so obviously we could spend a whole class talking about that but iyo want to think about this as we are moving through the mission. okay. so last time we left off we were talking about moving into california we've seen various spanish explorers coming in and out for a variety of reasons. now we are in the late 18th century and beginning but we would call the sacred expedition.e so 1768 he was looking to find a way to colonize california. part of the reason they want to do this is to secure the landholding. at, this point they've had

approaching by the english, concerned about the russians and to expand their avenues to access the philippines because the philippines are being governed from mexico city, so they are looking for a more quick access to that. .. this other gentleman is the captain began planning the settlement of california and the expeditions are going to go on to determine where they will set up parts of their colony and

what will be successful for them. these two are part of the military, more kind of in line with the government. there is our outlier. it's interesting figure in and of himself. just to give you a sense he is not a noble he's not at hierarchy in the class status had been born to a farmer in 1713 in the small village.at enjoy the order at the age of 16. a very zealous in his religious identity. he had academic promise. he hado opportunity to stay and do well there. but instead he decided in his 30s he wanted to transfer from a comfortable life to the mishnah college in mexico city. what assigned him to sell at the most difficult missions in mexico. on servant and physical suffering as a part of his faith. this is also important to think

about as a leader of a mission he sees a physical suffering as a demonstration of your willingness to suffer before god in your faith. think about the physical trials indigenous people go through as they areg converting. that leadership may not see that as a negative but rather as a demonstration of one's faith or what they're willing to go through for their faith. for example he was noted for sleeping on a bed hate lacerate himself with stones. when he did this expedition most of thes time he was in bare sandals as he walked through the treacherous landscape. i know we do some of the readings but this gives us a sense of the pain he was willing to tolerate. after he had a wound is said when i saw his wound and the swelling of his foot and leg i could not hold back my tears. i realized how much he would yet to suffer on this rough and

painful trails. the others not yet discovered what she must after words come upon. he had nose doctor or surgeon other than the divine one no more protection for his injured foot than a sandal. many druze journeys as california never made use of shoes than similar stockings or boots. sing a a difference it offered e excuse he was better out without his leg and foot their praise willing to suffer and keep going they understood someone else needs to go my place. this is notable even to some of his companions and gives us the sense of the willingness he's going to go through. the other thing to take away from this is, was kind of a mid- evil sentiment towards one's religious identity. moving into the enlightenment. we have been at the allotment. for secularar leadership's got this older mentality and again it's part of that.

right so that is the expedition one and you'd have a sense of its errors during that there's four separate parties some of which are going over land some going vsc votes there is going over land and then we have several ships going vsc. and they will meet up in san diego the plan is to continue on foot overth land continuing norh overseas. the plan was around at the stores of san diego bay this is the harbor at many had notable forethought is a good strong harbor for spanish colonialism. and then move forward. they leave and generate nine, 1769 was a very difficultry journey. one ship was lost with everyone aboard. a second ship the san antonio took 54 days to reach san diego from baja,or california. the san carlos took twice this that amount of time with many of its group dead or dying upon

arrival this is not an easy journey. reminds us that despite the fact they have navigated they really did not understand how to navigate the seas they were struggled and were not well prepared. fully consulted july 1, 1769 san diego with only half of the original members. the san antonio decided to return back to get supplies they lost another half of their members. a lot of people perished on this journey. on october 1, 1769 departed from it reaches the bay of monterey but no one believed at the harbor that was supposed to be so well guarded and so well protected. this look like a harbor or an ocean? ocean harbor one of the two ends

to get a sense of it. disappointment in monterey of the server will take this in a very different attitude. and finallyfi they moved north trying to find the bay of san francisco. they were at the bottom shores of it with the peninsulas coming down they could not figure out the entrance they couldn't figure how to get up and were confused and thought it was a lake or something else. there is a lot of confusion about the variousus waterways, where they were supposed to go there is a struggle with the san francisco bay this is another example. by generate 24, 1770 the car as far north as any party had they come back to the encampment in san diego and end up having to

wait for san antonio ship to return. the basically the only take away from this a lot of movement, a lot of difficulties a lot of disappointment this just must be the next bigg frontier for the spanish empire and it feels like a loss. sarah however sees it as a great opportunity. she is very excited july 16, 1769 a few weeks after they arrive in san diego he dedicates the first of the nine missions he found in san diego. very, very modest building other and i made a mistake is a 23 leslie commits a 21. this gets us into our mission. some flow advertisement that the 21 missions established in the california mission at some 1769 until 1823. they give their independence in

1821. these are supportive of the military. there are small villages that have people living around them supported by the mission, supporting the mission truths around these missions with these other outposts as larger support mechanisms for them. does that make sense? again the agenda here are the missions but for the missionaries put forward as the idea they would go into the land. they would pacify these savage people who occupied it they have a religion is just not recognized by the missionaries. confer them to catholicism simply means changing one's entire culture could transitionr too secular control.

it's also worth noting missions operate this way it really thaty looks have control over their region and have no interest forr secular control that's of the get support for the military and have military protection for the exercises. these are generally placed evenly apart. they are located not based on walking distance maybe you have heard thest story each mission s one days walk apart. they are on average about 40 miles apart from each other. these are treacherous difficult trails many have not been established. you cannot typically walk between each of these in a day. they told later to sell it tourist industry to california.

it also places or ships can dock and supplies can be moved back and forth. that is really what is going on here. not the idea of how far apart they are for them different relationships. some are moving around forxa example the first mission they had the population there. luke talked about the article last week the six mission in santa clara university rightfi now. similar things are happening with all these missions they're moving around and changing the buildings of been destroyed due to natural causes and resistance by the indigenous population. they helped establish the first seven we get a sense of how his thinking about this with his recollection of arriving in san diego it's his thanks be to god. i ride the day before yesterday the first of the month in san

diego. truly beautiful well deserving of it being the harbor that's what they know about. the mission is not yet been found it as soon as they leave i will tend to that matter will know within two weeks of dedicating it. it's one of the drawings later create a silvered that event. this is pretty rudimentary. burn down the following year in 1770. the one thing but to walk away from this before as indigenous populations accept the fact in the backyard sometimes assaults opportunities for trade, for negotiations and alliances. their counseling and dialogue sometimes with outright resistance but some time with action. about the decade fire is rating

down is the largest indigenous population with 1400 news. sites to describe those recently converted would be the mission. they are in their faith. we should also see this as a derogatory term the indigenous population seen as a childrened the mission records will costly see them and talk about them as such. this was established in 1780. rebuilt again 1813. if you go to san diego today that mission is the basis of the one to the state.

so now we will tour the hallux is being established. i'll talk about the people livee there as well. what moving up to monterey arriving again on june 3, 1772 establish a permanent t settlement. theyey built an altar under a large oak tree and held their mass. this of course iswo not what it would have looked like this is a nice beautiful artistic word way to silver at the moment. these are people who are tattered they come for her journey. it's uncomfortable and difficult but it's the celebration of it. opand a rendering of it people t reenacting it. second mission in california however is a mention before it does not stay. the following year they mowed to study about 5 miles away the claim is due to better soil and water. it seems are two main causes

with the indigenous population seemed unwelcome. despitewi their claims they want to be in conversation working together he wanted to distance himself away from the military. a couple reasons why. one, he does all of the military interfering with what he is doing. he disowned to fill secular oversight but to the soldiers were notorious for their abuse of indigenous people particular the women. this is causing more friction between the indigenousnt population. people do not to convert your faith the people of the same faith are sexually abusing them. that's causing more problems he was to distance himself for that reason as well. this is the mission to return here often and died here over 70 years old. but then have the senate target mission established in the

mountains and san gabriel outside of loss angeles will me out of that may have this incentive could eighth mission step founded in 1777. the first california mission named for a woman at a christian only california mission that's also part of university campus. i was when it was ruined and rebuilt multiple times. floods, fire, earthquake print was essentially abandoned when the judgments comee back and occupy the 1840s and 1850s was constantly kind of being and dialogue with local population. by 1803 had indigenous population of 1271. end of a highlight because of where we are at we continue to see the missions be built through the years. i want to take some time to talk about what it's like we go through each mission it would take us all with glasgow through

get some similarities and expenses they had through this time.el we note the admissions did not just introduce religion brussel culture, technology, industry, agriculture, and military life. most who are operating came from the college of san fernando in mexico city. they understood themselves as ordinary men dedicated to indigenous people in california they did not terribly seem concerned these people wanted to be evangelized. or wanted to convert. they see their faith as the white faith even if someone is resistant to it they're still tl doing god's work. they never really liked that relationship they had with the military but they were reliant upon eachh other they were reliant upon the military for protection, there is resistance and they need that protection

the military is completely reliant on the missions. all their food, all their clothing, all of their materials come directly from the mission and are produced by the indigenous population.ea they need each other they cannot exist without each other. and again the missions established large indigenous people are less likely to resist or demonstrate a more welcoming attitude. they technically had a very limited authority this is largely because the spanish powers believed they had too much farther want to limit that. all they are large technically do is perform religious functions confessions, marriages, burials, and prayer that's technically all they were allowed to do they were not supposed to feed, clothe, provide medical care, or help the indigenous population o andn the other way but sometimes things are big relatively cruel there take it seriously most of

them break those rules they recognize in order to convert people they have to show them some christian charity. there's constantly arguing with the governors, the secular governors the military governors of california mostly because of that chronic sexual abuse you saw with the w indigenous womeny the soldiers we saw earlier per this is devastating as well as the fact it spread disease and venereal diseases. but the spanish in the indigenous people left breck behindrecords of horrific violet encounters. most of these indict the military but we should recognize a lot of the indigenous record suggests they could also be perpetrators. park commissioners were not in a certain giving of the came from the cult of san fernando.

basic daily structure' lives. they did not demonstrate an interest in empathy of other communities or cultures this causes friction with the indigenous people they establish simple missions. many of your problem into local missions if you been to california that are innate andnd beautiful.l. mission and then want is a very beautiful mission. most emissions at operator this early. our very, very rudimentary building serving a basic purpose. these types of billings do not come on until later their well-established have massive indigenous labor that access too. under really serving a larger spanish colonial population than just the indigenous population to think about that in the back of her mind. most are simple one room chapels thatch roof. very easy to catch on fire, many of them did and over the years they be more built up.

most of the missionaries themselves awful also lived hard lives. to missionaries at every mission more often than not that's not what happened. often times are as one there's e missionary, one priest found themselves earned by population then did not speak their language, they had nothing in common with me know several of them have what we would now call today att nervous breakdowns thy edare suffering from anxiety because are so isolated in their community that is not toid excue their behavior but provide context. let's go back to some of what i reckon it's earlier two. so often times frustrated with the military and secular leadership is constant argue with the military itself is concentration of to leadership in mexico city about these problems. one of things is really concerned about is the sexual abuse of indigenous women by

soldiers and missionaries he felt it is hypocritical to their effort and that mission and the concern of disease. he assaults with the most upper echelon of leadership including the governor who you actually read about his life experience. so is a chance were going to turn to her neighbors in just a minute this is onr pages 235 in theland of promise andnd despai. this section isn. called the trials of a frontier woman. about gender rolls in early california. they can few minutes, talked her neighbors that what you see happening here what she is accusing her husband off doing and they will have a few people share what comes up in your conversations with each other.

>> we see the key issues for women living in spanish california. i think that is the main point of this. there's not a lot ofan social mobility. on the grant dictated by the church is committed against it woman of relatively high social standing she can still get the law to do a thing about it. what she is married to the most powerful man in california. for the whole combo. think about that too. she's one of the highest status of women. is not a public venue at the same but she cannot and get held accountable. site will go back in the back to the front.ad

>> adulterate was considered against catholic church at the time. i did how entangled the courts ththey basically believe almost anything the catholic churchh said. it's interesting they didn't dot much and they just followed it. there prudent for the matter. well i could knownt what we dont divorce you should just forgive your husband. there were this is not a secular state they also record the importance of keeping the status quo are just going to say you

have to forgive him. pretty harsh punishments. it kind of shows about how intertwined the church were interconnected. there are so bizarre and sexist bird quickly took a risk to do this. when he said even though it should have failed even to

appeal to these men which goes to think to answer the second question her is cementing how little power she actually has. >> it's pretty damning charges she is raising this historical moment willing to take the consequences the church have to be careful in how they manage his particular case. i don't really want him here. debbie careful how they use this to advance the concerns.

they were to see this is what we are up against. they havess been expelled theres always a possibility you could have that translate navigate this very careful line behind the scenes as allows for the expulsion that's probably it. the replacement in california. and they would have someone take the place they would begin to take his place who also kind of recognize the importance and you also recognize they need to have more families coming in. went back to this later want to give you heads up it's under his leadership lucille call for overland expression of families coming to california bring a stabilizing force. if soldiers have their wives and

children and families with them they would be less likely to harm the indigenous population. this is not a solution to the case we just saw his wife was with them he did thisin anyway. wish come back on this one said but i want to acknowledge it here that is happening as well and want to continue on with going on the missions themselves. so the missions are established and then they start to grow. let's start the missions of what they're doing. they are placed by more permanent ones. from secular colonies and training converted into indigenous population. as more people convert whether willingly or not more labor is available the commissions can then grow. we saw the high population in san diego we saw about 1200 and

san carlos is 900. pretty significant number of especially think about there's a lot of populations before the spanish contact. it is much larger than the committees they previously lived in. these are meant to be self sufficient areas to ms. grant and complete had living quarters for the indigenous spirit or warehouses restoring good, great news they had rooms to make soap, room to weave, carpenter shop, wine presses, large patios and corrals for social events. others that may be specific to mentioned before and of course the church itself. as a grand beautiful buildings give the missionaries and the colonists greatt pride but in reality and masks a lot of

difficulty and pain. the missionaries saw themselves i mentioned before they're willing to do so violently if necessary. they believe it was only to build spanish colonialism i'm making sure people don't send spend an eternity in. they went surfing on the earth side iny theory better in the afterlife. of course we know the indigenous populations have their own religion, zoned rituals, their own culture, there in society and a force to often deny these, give them up or find ways to practicehe them on a less obvios opportunities.ua the language receipt already thq beat people when they misbehaved or ran away which is simply to go back home. it was not accepted again by a fugitive slave you might think about with the american society is similar patterns are being

established. many often were still exposed of one to more detail later but former people died then were born. these numbers are extraordinary. the immigrants brought diseases with them influenza, smallpox and typhoid the race to the local villages. syphilis was common often and cause irreparable harm. sometimes people ask why they go to the missions by the except the missions? part of what's happening as these diseases are going past the mission they are in contact with each other. living decimated by disease they find themselves desperate for food, for supplies so they go to the missions looking for a way to survive it. not necessarily aware of the thn their suffering so much because it had been established somewhere in the region.

we know there's a population of indigenous people on the coastal parts of california dropped by at least half if not more. and again system in the population was run through the thousand that's on the conservative side it could be as high as a million. the missions themselves were populated by diverse communities. it was often many the different relationships with each other. missionary leadership regulate move people around. they knew too many people spoke the same language had same cultural background have the same community they could come together to resist. when they got wind of communities speaking to each other probable threats of resistance they would move people to faraway missions this is like that move there from santa cruz to santa clara although that did happen.

they would move them to san francisco that's in much further destination. they also try to get leadership from various committees to commend a topic that would help people come into the communities. the missions themselves were diverse from each other. some are expensive states with industrial centers others had vast grazing lands at ranches for their cattle put some focus more on agriculture, mission santa barbara ranch cultivated week they prioritize different aspects. they kind of demonstrated what they were doing. we'll go back to the previous life or second as these types of images they had these images created and spread out around the colonies to shout look how well we have done, look what we have established for they would share images like this one of indigenous people in spanish

dress. this is also from the reader i assigned you all but i did not assign this particular document. what kind of impression do youtr get the artist is trying to make about indigenous people and howt does this contrast with the actual expenses they're having? take a minute, turned to neighbors and chat about that and then will suit your thinking. going to share some of things that come up in your group? books on second want to come appear? i think it is well said. but i think it's kind of like okay they treated well they're getting the food they need. >> this is in the way europeans are being presented this is

based it's a pretty common tactic is the is the same faces they might have put on ait european person they kind of talk about that. these are people who look like they are comfortable in life. they are being well taken care of excellent observation. >> the way they are dressed shows they are assimilating to their ways and catholicism is like being a spaniard because of my previous readings how they said to people at home they are going to take in everything but in reality they aren't. it's not actually happening. >> one under the leadership of the government this is the images reported back. this is successful or moving in the right direction. when there's resistance that's documented. that might become as a massive shock to you.

anything else? i think you're picking up on similar things it's the right things these are further arguments about colonialism is going to sack with the same asentiments result from the secular documents and what appear to colonialism. in the north american era and relate projecting an image it does not seem to be replicated in reality. we think about some of the images i showed you last week of indigenous populations where in the early 19th century it looknothing like these individu. or even the ones i'm showing you clearly there being remembered and thought about is looking different. so in reality there is no evidence that suggests people are living lives like this. indigenous people tried really hard from the evidence we have

two try to keep some of their life, some of their culture and the day to day life even they were they weren't supposed to. there were difficulties in doing this because their lives were so regimented. that time theirs was to get up, go to mass, eat breakfast, work, eat lunch, go to mass. you can see where it was going for us meant to be filling up their days so they had little time. and yet we see evidence in both the admissions documents and indigenous documents that efforts were taken to again maintain their culture. went see evidence they continueo cook over fire rings and brushed dwellings. they continue to use old tools that harvester local food and try to get the social and political networks and. when a possible they'd pared down ceremonies these tose practice, i'm take rituals, body paintings they would paint the

gods of nature they continue to use the prayer polls in different times of the year. to setla different levels of success. in places where indigenous life was disrupted they were notio successful there is disease, violence or livestock they bought with them. i had devastating effect and could be harder. places like san diego county the populations that were more robust and retain their culture or have more of a dialogue about this. even the missionaries themselves would acknowledge it's happening and tried to water it down. it has no religious component it's not a threat to catholicism. the reason they're willing to do this as they were more likely to resist or had resisted were trying to base out far can we control let them have a sense of identity and whack opportunity to resistance.

we see examples on the oceanside talks about these ceremonies and what of his letters he wrote quote with inquiries is the purpose of the ceremonies we've never been able to get any information other than they did this because their ancestors practice practice i' unquote saying it's not the big threatss read that always done it does not seem. the other thing to recognize it doesn't seem is a lot of evidence to suggest indigenous people converted they understood what that really meant. often times are names are signed with an exf we do not see evidence that suggests are being taught latin is what the bible was written in. they don't seem to demonstrate in the documents there is any explosion of the catholic rituals or symbols they are not required to attend church service but they did not understand of what was being said there. it seems they're doing it for

survival but sure, sure i will take this means of access to your food or i can access these tools. new adventure change 1850 all the missions were having catechism at local dialects. it's partially are goodly in response to somee of the records people visiting it acknowledging that this does not seem to be working correctly on the fact they had a high number of runaways. sometimes they could be successful and getting people on board and especially allowing some element of indigenous life to persist. this one more discussion today these are some of the writings he travels to europe in the 1830s. he was born and dies during 16 years old if i recall correctly. he was seen as a promise of what they could have brought he converted to catholicism is

going to rome to study to be a leader. he dies because of exposure to european diseases in europe he recalls some of the experiences he had in the mission. so as to questions that go together than a t quote we can think about. thinking about how he is describing when the same turn to your neighbors, think about how he is describing hissc life and how he sees the people he was from retaining their culture, if you see that. that i have a quote he writes great mercy the indians did not kill the spanish when they arrived. so thinking about that quote on the resistanceho even though he someone who is loyal to the missionaries what might that reveal to us as well? let's take a fewom minutes to tk about some of the things and anything else you'd note and we'll chat about this one last time. >> assert the first question. what are some things he is describing about how they live their life there's a lott here.

>> they did not seem to have a lot of control of their lives. you mention they help build a garden but they could not work in the garden they could just ask for things fromso it. >> this is really common is they provided a ton of labor but they did not reap the benefits of f that. one of the reasons why they might have gone is to access the wine and food it is not >> they're getting that in return. this is some considered the most favorable they're going to give us have a stable record anyone else? >> they work at large plantations of agriculture they kind of describe all the stuff, the pomegranates and stuff. vegetables cabbages lettuces,

radishes and others which i don't remember. >> is being organized. >> one thing i thought was interesting they were reserved for the natives may be because they're easier to grow or something like that? >> we don't have a lot of sense what's behind that going on. that's another thing to think about looking back at their childhood to. >> in terms of an incentive to come to the mission that has got to be a pretty big driving factor. >> anyone else? did anyone get a sense of how or ways you're describing the indigenous lifestyles or behaviors? yes appear in the front? >> he talks a lot about the dances and they are like a major part of thell writing as well as

the ballgames. there's definitely still some practicing of those types of traditions. in the dance they mention clothing. >> that is an important point. here is talking about like fordances he talks about the ballgameks he talks about the closing and the various colors the body is painted, the chest is a bear this is a lot like a traditional part of the communities culture which is very much in opposition of what you would expected. this feels like there are things being preserved there is some give and take happening there. i found it particularly interesting they mentioned how busy their days are. in the mornings we do this. we eat tortillas we don't have a bread talks about these dances. there is a lease in this

particular to suggest they will. in sum against doing anything recognize it as a transparent and what it is that can cause a ,disservice they play it down like this is what we do people get married we dance andn. thers happiness. and see them navigating that skspace. the last x time probably is he talks about there is a hint there is frustration, there is anger. we often get told in one of two ways i think i mentioned this last week the admissions came, they were established there is a

beautiful legacy we can look at them and again if yoult live in california it's all happy times right? or they ended horrific and victimize and hair-raising to this population. in both of the narratives and see people pushing back with happening around them as well. that is something we want to keep in mind. we talk a little bit and this goes into great detail. the schedule and how busy it was. we'd rather talk about the difficulties to get into the idea of the sense they push back and thought about.ri that really dangerous lives we know they are experiencing difficulty. their willingness there too

tolerant and not tolerant. these became catalysts for some kind of action. women being sexually assaulted would be a reaction to that. it's a scene almost every culture in california as inhumane. they would never do that to someone else. they would bring someone before a community whipping them and public was incredibly dehumanizing it was frustrating or putting them in the stocks. again the public punishment really seems to be something the indigenous population could not wrap your head around. so, while they are going through the stuff in the difficulties the punishment, the encounters, at the same time they're leaving massive numbers of people and i'll give you the context here. you can look at in more detail on your own time but i have all of what i wanted to highlight how difficult and how active are really dying.

we had this in santa cruz with the baptism people coming and being baptized of their own accord or being forced to preach a looming board with then we have burials. in their stark differences in b179614 people are born but 91 people died. ninety-seven people came that your 91 died. ilet's go to another slide went to highlight some these dark ones. in 180690 baptism 60 people born 105 people died. more people are dying than coming to the mission. or people are dying than her being born this is a recipe to decimate a community and decimate a people. you take thesee numbers these really stark numbers and put them into conversation with the other punishment and violent sexual assault this is where was he resistance happen all these

coming together some insurgency resistance this is not one place or one time but throughout the mission one of the first documented ones was seen in 1775. this is the actual burning of the mission the switch of calm things down they built the relationship. they killed thehe missionary isa quote from the other missionary who is there who found him i talks about what he saw on. the. he was quite unrecognizable he was disfigured from head to foot iced could see his death was cruel beyond description and the satisfaction of the barbarians you see here he is re- edifying they are inhumane themselves i'm sorry that formatted weird heev was stripped completely of his clothing even this undergarments around his middle his chest and body countless jobs they'd given him his with a oneon great bruie the clubbing and stoning he

suffered. see that level of violence that's anger, that's personal, it's retribution of the violence they feel they suffered as people. it's one particular at this missionary we think because he was cruel and his punishment toward indigenous people to receive these actions happen time and timeov again. they give us another example. we'll talk more about this next time.pl mission santa cruz is another place we know a lot about violence that happened in 1812 we know and mission santa cruz there's a missionary there who was also killed he's killed in a way that's more discreet they don't realize it until later i think he died in his sleep. he was known for being so violent to the indigenous population he whipped them with iron tips and public in front of all of theirfo peers. as following another attack a couple years earlier they shot flaming areas that set the

thatched roof on first 1781 that yuma people attacked the soldiers traveling through california fear what they might establish or bring to their area. so time and time and time again we see these attacks. i'm leaving this up. we'll have two minutes and won't have a chance to discuss it but what i asked you to read for the speaker two different documents one is a descendent of one of the people who participate in the rebellion at mission santa cruz he's remembering making note of what happened. the other talks about that women who help plan this. that is what i'd like to start with class on mondays have the conversation about those who are participating, how we get theis evidence how we are breaking down history. how we know what we know. if anyone has any questions please feel free to ask come see me, thank you so much everyone. ♪ if you are enjoying american

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