as many times as you would expect was devastated and this watch was given to her as a way to make sure she cap abe lincoln close. we have an array of things to give you a different story. the last is a piece of trench art. during the war, there were these moments of real terror and boredom. many of the soldiers created art a piece created out of shelves that was created in the shape of a book that was used to store material. it just demonstrates the array

of things that are part of the smithsonian collections. i would say to you anytime you want to come and have me give you a tour, please let me know. >> we thank you. maybe the ranking member and i can take you up on that. it is a institution noted by all of our members that we enjoy being able to visit the art we appreciate your testimony here today. >> you can watch more programs featuring artifacts online. up next, more american history tv. bombardment on june 5th and june six. and it was incredible to hear their stories. i will attempt to give you an overview. please understand i cannot touch on every hero. but what i would like to do is to give you a survey tonight and give you some pointers for a

future reference research on your own. it's like the old library of congress series from the 1980s, and at the end of their hour long special would say and the library of congress recommends the following books, and they'd give you two or three or four books. well, i'll talk about some movies. i'll talk about some books. i'll talk about some future avenues of approach. not everything has been declassified. there are still areas where you can not get into. i know that regarding my own father's activities at the end of world war two, at hitler's eagle's nest with the band of brothers so bear with me. we'll try to make this as intelligently presentable as possible. you may have to jump around with me a little bit because when you

work in the field of intelligence, as i have, i had four top secret clearances and four different government agencies. you jump from that to dot and sometimes from dot to know that in order to make connections because a good intelligence analyst is putting together a jigsaw puzzle that the other side doesn't want you to put a put together. so with that in mind, the first slide and here you see. members of i don't know which division they could be the fourth infantry division, they could be the 29th, which from here in virginia and maryland, or they could be big red one, the regular army division. they're going into the beache on the morning of june 6th. d now iill attempt to

advance the slide. if you find yourself on enterprise menrily, you'll know what's happened. there we are old friend ge on. you remember him from last year's lecture and th before and thebefore and the yearore. what would normandy be without george? well, as he wouldnothing but here's the starting iononight, and we'll have a number of them. if if the proudy of mankind is man their proper study ofre, our maps. maps are the key to moving mies. why is that? the american army in europe, in world war two, the average division of 20,000 men consume.

700 tons of supplies per day. that's mind boggling. and you have to have a road network to do that with. you can't be hollywood and go traipsing over hillandale. it doesn't work that way. and we're here tonight because our sister city is con france. and i would like for you to look over here. here's normandy. normandy is the key to liberating france, england. there's no other proper area of beaches that can be covered by support and can be landing craft coming in from the english ports. but normandy. ere's paris why france? because france is the gateway to third re here it is. and here's the rhine river and the siegfried line you've got to come in to normandy, swing

through paris to get to the rhine and hitler's third reich. there's georgia and now we're going to go to the movies. 1970, patton. and they're on th island, sicily and they've got big, huge maps of sicily. george and his headquarters. he looks at his staff and says, messina, bill messina's the key to sicily. if they had let me land that syracuse and drive up the coast road. messina, i have every german on this -- island now. it's the same thing with con, ladies and gentlemen. if you're going to go into normandy to get into northwest france, to get to the third reich, you've got to go through con imagine the old fashioned spoke wheel and the center hub that the roads come through

north, south, east, west is con you cannot move an army through normandy unless. you have a road network. the only exception, of course, is george patton, because he doesn't go through general montgomery, stays at con and visits there for six weeks. and before gets anywhere. but that's another story. the next map r right shows the relationshi con to paris. here's the rhine river and the third reich. so you can see how important this is, this connection cois like a bow and arrow pointed at the heart of pears, and that poinectly east to the third reich. george knew what he was talng about. so did someone else.

thiseman from france, great napoleon mof continental warfare, a good spy is 20,000 soldiers. emember that number, because that's the equivalentf two divisions. and general eisenhower, our leader in the program will touch on that very thing greatly others think alike. they see the big picre picture. our first film,al, is an american lady from minneapolis, mia, ota, which is how my family it, because that's where they're from. this is called cynthia. cynthia was the nom de gue of of amy elizabeth for born in

1910. she is awood central casting model, tall, blond hair. they said she had the piercing emerald green eyes. anyone saw. she was fearless. she apso lutely was fearless. there wasn't. she wouldn't go or anything wouldn't do to achieve her goals, which were espionage. she comes here to washington, a teenager. she comes becomes very fluent and linguistics. and she's bitten by potomac fever. probably the most deadly fever in the history of mankind. she goes over to spain during the spanish war in the 1930s. and she becomes deeply involved with british espionage in during their civil war.

she then goes to for special operations executive mr. churchill's little plaything of spies in occupied europe. in the beginning of the war in vichy france. and she does a very credible job, so creditable all that a gentleman by the name of william stephenson, head of security operations throughout the entire western hemisphere. you know, his biography, a man called intrepid. he will her the most important spy of world war two, four, two reasons, one for himself and england and one for general eisenhower. power and operation torch, the invasion of north africa. what she does is there's a log jam on capitol hill. gee, that sounds familiar.

and senator arthur vanden berg is an old curmudgeon. and he's not going to on lend-lease. in the spring of 1941, i'll be darned if fdr is going to get lend-lease over my vote. cynthia goes to pay him a midnight visit. and, you know, the next day, he had seen the light and voted for it. and it got passed. amazed. because lend lease, say england as you've just been seeing on the fdr series. then she goes to the french consulate up in the vichy french consulate in georgetown and see seduces a senior member of the staff. and while she is having her way with him but letting him think

he's having his way with her. lo and behold, a team of black bag fbi i safe crackers walk in through an open door. go to the safe and the vichy consulate. open it up. pull out the code and cipher books to see if i remember all northwest africa was under vichy control. and they take them out and they photocopy him that night and take him back in just morning. no one the wiser. those are the code and cipher books that enable general eisenhower to succeed fully launch operation torch. and of course, who else could lead it but george patton. but we need to go to georgetown. we didn't go to northwest

africa. we can go six miles up the road to arlington hall on route 50. and collins brings road. it was girls finishing school as they were known at that time, taken over by army signal lligence. and here you see old signal or the old signal school as it was it was a girls finis ol. there's been a book written about that called girls highly recommended. now thld work three in shifts8 hours each a round the, seven days a we, 5 days a year. obviously, they weren't. congresspeople on capitol hill with their schedule. these very dedicated duals, mostly women, because women are much more paoverall than men and

they have a much more heightened sense of detail than most men. these are generalized options, yes. but basically troop now on your right side is a photograph of a separate section that work there because virginia was completely segregated at the time. and these ladies and a few gentlemen are all african-american cousins. they were doing same work, but in a different sec a lot of the recordsre, i want to say, missing. for the talk and my friends in the field there said, we can't cometh them right now. maybe in a year's time. stuff does get misfiled. i've worked in top secret in the archives. stuff does get lost. and then some stuff gets

shredded and burned. so you don't know which road they've down. i feel based on just gut instinct alone, that there is at least masters, if not a doctorate, waiting to be written on this african-american section at arlington hall. very dedicated. and they weren't technically spies behind enemy lines, but the work that they did was as critically important to bringing about victory. and what i'm trying do tonight, both on this side of the pond and the other side of the pond, is to have you realize that you need everybody working together as a team. i was born in an army hospital and raised on army post. and believe me, you're taught from day one. you're a member of a team.

excel on your own. yes. but only as member of a team. so it takes the people back here at arlington hall, as well as people out in the field doing their espionage best, such as this lady here from a town just north of us, baltimore. i know weave one representative here tonight from that distinguished town. and this iinia hall, bn in 1906, ten years after wallace simpson is born up there. there methg obviously the water because virginia hall was uncontrollable. her and as a young woman, she went off and, joined the foserve. but e was heavily discriminated against because sha woman. she we fie honey. onday accidentally. blew off her lower leg. so she was a war. her down a -- b.sis didn't slow

she was gutsy. she had grit. and then some. sheoes rk for mr. churchill's. so we speciaatio executive in vichy france, and she has a very good sixth sense. if you. and she finds out that the gestapo was about to come and get her. so she takes cuthbert her wooden leg. and she walks 50 miles through the pyrenees mountains in the middle of a snowstorm to get to neutral spain. she then cable is the british contact office in london saying, i am now in spain. but cuthbert gave a lot of problems and they cable back should crews. not realizing it was her wouldn't like she is gutsy.

so in fearless brave she goes back into occupied france for oasis. you see there their original insignia there. and while bill donovan general donovan sends in and she does a magnificent job of espionage and then she comes at the end of the war, he wants her to be given a medal at the white by president truman. she says no, i want to stay undercover and ce my work whatever it may be. so he presents herthe army, distinguished service cr privately in his office, which the photograph h the my gut instinct having been 41

years and several seven feder ag. man and in uniform, sheshe been have gotten the medal of honor. and i think somebody should really seriously look into that. she was in career edible general donovan, who won the medal of honor in the first war. general donovan called her the finest espionage agent in all of world war two. that worked for the ss very, very, very high recommendation. here is someone i met when i was 12 years old, figuratively speaking, because that is when this fabulous book air spy came out and i have my copy over here

on the table i t when i was and was totally captive by it. it was the first booome out on photo interpretation analysis in the form of inence at it meant. it meant the difference between d-day being and launched and it's all to this fabulou hero, a photo interpretation. constance babing smith she has three things going for her. nune, she's from a titled english family, which means hing across pond. number two, her brother also works in photo analysis. and then the same overall area so he can back her.

number three she looks like she came out of central casting from hollywood and she was in aviation having become aviation buff in the 1930s as a young woman. when amelia earhart is flying in and june cochran and and all of these women are in the group that will eventually called the 99 ers. and she is just really an expert on early aviation. she notices something on one of her skirt, stereoscopic views. and they're looking down like this and that's the illustration here. now is fuzzy ii could have gotten a better copy. i couldn't. but that is the v one the buzz bomb. now, this is shown the movie

1965. george peppard and sophia lore operation crossbow. and there's also a book by that name i mentioned, the movie because the movie. sure. it now it's a british. so is better than american movies, especially at the time. but the interesting point here on constance babington smith, they show the hardheaded wooden blockheads, she has to go up against, namely professor lindemann, who is churchill's scientific advisor. and he is adamant that she doesn't know what she's talking about, that he does. and that's a torpedo, a 30 foot long german torpedo. well, professor lindemann, i've dealt with those people for 41 years. it's not fun. they're a pain that a pill can't

reach because are god and they know it. and they're going to let you know it. and it's their way or no way. well, again, she's titled. she has a brother who looks like he came out of central casting and works in the same general area. and she presents her theory over and over. she sticks her guns. and this is critical because it finally gets to mr. churchill, as you'll in the movie. and he the entire royal air force bomber command 800 plus to fly from england over panama and on the north central german baltic coast and bomb the secret base there. they do so, causing great havoc,

great casualties. and it causes the nazi rocket project to go underground down into central germany and southern germany in the hearts mountains and in the four alps. and why is this so important this evening? because general eisenhower, our when asked the war about the importance of the raid on panama, india said it delayed the german rocket program six months in august of 1943. is the raid if that raid had occurred when it did, the germans would have had literally thousands of these v rockets going into the ports in southern england where the invasion fleet was gathered south hampton, plymouth, etc. . and those young men you saw in the first slide going on the

troop ships to get ready to go onto the troop ships and landing boats would have been fish in a barrel. they would have beenen slaughted in an invasion would have taken place. i'll do to this one woman sticking to her guns. we need some more people like that today. s if she didn't do it by hersel. there was a whole team in england at bletchley park. if you look at the in the upper cnehere you think it's wk.etty decent place to they didn't work there. that w where the high marks where visitors came be shown aro this is where they worked, then heated huts come, no heat and no

ac andan they work eight hour shifts, three shifts a dayeven days a week, 365 days aear from september of 19 until september of 1945 d-d was declared. grit it takes grit to go in there every day to put in an eight houhift it takes perseverance. i had the di hon a privilege to have lunch at fort myers with one of ladies that workedt bletchley park. she was a scotch woman. i wouldn't want to meet her in a alley. we were talking at a course all i was doing was asking you questions and one time she stops and looks at me and she has this

intense look on her face, a burning look. her eyes are like beams of lasers and she pounds on the lunch table and goes we did it before and we can do it again. hey, works for me. [laughter] so that was the spirit of bletchley park. here you see the group of women walking in the men were working there too but the vast majority for women and in the lower right corner what were they working on? i have fooled around with an enigma machine. before you ever try to lift one up certainly -- make certain you to eat your wheaties. small like atabl pipe but

it's heavy as lead. the germans thought they were unbreakable but as you would see in the movies the imitation came out in 2014 the superior british elite and what i would like to say what would it look like if hollywood did it in there focusesal on alan turing. there weree a huge amount of women working there day and night doing this. now we will come to mr. churchill special operations forhe heroes of the soe. in that book came out a number of years ago so you may to go to e-bay to pick it up. tht lady here on your left

bialek and i'm going to nounce it sazbal i believe. she was courageous beyond belief. and she got picked up early in occupied fra tting picked up early in occupied france she has the board a piper cu sized aircraft in the middle of the night high over f the channel and get dropd into a darkened field somewhere in france hoping to that her contacts are down there to greet her. that's incredibly brave in and ofof itself. and she is a courier and the radio transmitter and they catch her here's why i have included herford d-day. she never broke.

justol absolutely incredibly courageous. she never gave away any of the secrets of the other agents or operatives in occupied france so the and the ss being who they were they executed her at the concentration camp. british made it very nice movie about her in 1958 and it's called carve her name with pride on a monument. i would recommendd it. it's a little bit dated yes but it gives you the german word the spirit of the times. much better than the movie made today would do. the next zero is a lad who has

an american motherrom mexico and her father is from india and nor khan was a princess through father side of the family. she like violet was 23 years old. she stood five feet 4 inches and she was as courageous as violette sazbal. tragically on hend night stopcupied france and again you get in an airplane in a darkened airfield somewhere in england flying over the channel and you don't know if you'll get shot down in the copy over a darkened field somewhere in france and you hope to you will get to the bottom. she did but one of them was a

counterintelligence agent with the gestapo. he betrayed her and took her prisoner and she ended up never talking no matter how brutal they were w with her, no matter what the torture and they executed her along with two of her comrades in dachau. it's because of this type of courage that the rest of the underground throughout europe and in particular in france were not betrayed and therefore were able on d-day to go forth. this lady h is jill wetherington. that's close and probably not exact and she was a master at blowing up t

where she got this specialty from i don't know. there is in very interesting novels written recently about her called charlotte gray and i would highly recommend it. up 800 trainof german supplies in fra it was phenomenal. 700 tons of supplies per day per division so if you are blowing up 800 trainloads of supplies over period of time think of the division not getting there and in -- ammunition and not getting their food, not getting their replacement equipment, not getting their tanks or artillery pieces etc.. she escaped and survived the war and was a fabulous by linguist

specialist. they couldn't tell her french accent from a nativenc of franc. a lot of these women were brilliant linguists. the last lady here is somebody movie made about her.individual the gestapo tried to get her for four years and saped time. they called her the mouse. that is the title of her biography, the mouse. name was nancy weight. she was originallyrom new zealand. great people, i worked with some in the pentagon and then she was a in australia. fabulous people.

well, she said whenever she had to travel about france a and remember she's 20, 21, she would make sure to put on her perfume, her makeup nice clothing for traveling. when the regular german army guards would stop her at a roadblock that couldn't smell she had been drinking but she was also great at flirting with them so they got to know her on her regular runs so they would see her coming and say great we can relax and we can work. we have a pretty french girl etc.. she got away with everything. she escaped and got all the way back to england. these ladies were highly decorated and i forgot to mention princess nor there is a new tv series made in britain

about her entitled spy princess. it's rather recent. recently within the past five years. so that would be well worth looking into. this lady is simone and a pronunciation exse me. she was aimed member of the ch uerground andhe became the darling a magazine geoe stevens the great hollywood director. they cam across her as they were liberatinnce d she became their poster girl, first in "life" magazine in two ed in ptember 20

2044 andvensas him quite bein color film movie on to exploitsut how they showed generalized in o toin a war in europe. why do i have i chen we we are talking about female spies? go back to napoleon. remember this quotation? a good spy is worth 20,000 soldiers. the division of his time was 10,000 that was two divisions. ike was asked how important the french under -- were to the freeing of all western europe. he immediately replied they were worth 40,000 soldiers. that's the equivalent of two officials in world war ii and 20,000 soldiers per division.

it's interesting to note that tall lanky lieutenant that he is lkin to survived and went back home pennsylvao run a gas statd evy member of t 101st airbon the photo that could be identified ns out survived. we a going to have the final slides. thee final slide encapsulates everything we are here tonight to honor and i think it's done by the one man who, like many of these women stood alone and he did it in 1940 and nobody else was doing it. i will getf the way so you can read it.

of course i nevero meet . churchill but his first as working in main state when i wking top-s in 72 or 73 and occasionally i would see him walking out of main state down to the bus stop on lower constitution avenue. you would swear to to he were seeing double. he was deliberately pointed out to me by some of the old-timers there. they said if you stand her watch of at a certain time monday through friday you'll see churchill's first cousin and you thank you are seeing him and right.re it was quite a fabulous site to say the least. that is the program for the evening but i'm open for q&a.

please goto to the mic. you can ask about the program and you can ask about previous programs, you could ask about world war ii, you can ask about something did do with the federal bureaucracy and you can ask about all the spy locations around washington within 200 feet of where you are now sitting for too cold for top-secret army offices. so it's all around you ladies and gentlemen. whether you are aware of it or not. every time you turn a corner aroundpo washington there's a -- >> the lady with the submachine gun there her name is simone.

>> bank you. really appreciate that. her dad was a decorated soldier frenchman. >> it runs in the family. how interesting there's a lot of family connections involved in this. smenda thank you you for your lecture. i'm interested in your thoughts on josephine baker as a spy. >> josephine baker was hollywood central casting of course. she was beyond talented. she was a fabulous by as long as up.health held she spied for the alleys and the french throughout 1940 and 41 and then she had a series of catastrophic incidents the likes

of which having gone through several hardar operations, i dot know how she went through whatth she did and she still survived. she is nowhere close to describe her but she would not have a role as far as i could determine she did not have a role with regards to d-day. i say that with a caveat. files are still classified. help you if you try to work on english files. they have a 75 year rule automatic and they may expand it another 30 years beyond. i can tell you working top-secret in our national archives that things are misfiled. honestly missile. somebody's having aebod bad dayd a sam going homem and poof it goes into the wrong file or

somebody says that hester remain classified and off it goes. when i was working top-secret in one of those huge vaults like you see in indiana jones raiders of the lost ark, they honestly exists not that far from here, we would do that and we would run across ultra-and this was before was declassified. we had to automatically raise our hands and a team leader would come in with clearances above my top-secret. only knows what they were but they were there and he would come and he would take the document out at the file and put in a blank page stamp it and the dock in earnest by so-and-so on such and such a day at such and such a time and then he and i would half to walk over to a

safe that look like something out at the james bond movie and he would say now you have to look away while i open it up and he would open it up, rip a big six or seven-inch steel door would open and he'd say okay look back and i would look back and he'd say no i want you to know i'm putting the document in here and then the safe doors closed and we have to sign off and date it can do everything but a blood test. and that's how careful we were with that stuff. so with josephine baker there's a wonderful biography out on her. she had more courage and grit just to withstand the physical trauma to t her body and all tht she went through. and yet she came through with flying colors and she likes simone, she went back and she

adopted 12 children that had been abandoned and took care of them and raise them which i think is just an example for everyone and simone the one who became the poster girl for "life" magazine and george stevens, she became a pediatric nurse after the war which is quite wonderful. so service to others. i think it's in these people's dna. yes sir. >> could you comment on thero maroles of marlene teacher can - >> parlaying dietrich worked for oss and being a native german she could listen in on german conversations on the radio and tell you, there are many

different german dialects forget the hollywood dialects. there's high, middle and low german then there's where i come inch stuttgart having been born an army hospital there and irish where they speak in bavaria and then they got the twists and turns and every little enclave of germany at that time had its own linguistic dialogue and she would dare to listen that that's a native speaker or someone trying to fake it and what did they mean by using that "quayle expression. that's the security service. you could feel the battlefield at the end of years fingertips. interestingly enough and then i'll get to hedy lamar original

press secretary was brought over here just outside of alexandria bush hill on eisenhower avenue today between eisenhower avenue and the beltway at the west end of alexandria bush hill plantation that's that's where they put press secretary and he fled germany becausee he thought the inner circle of the were trying to get him. every time would give a public speech fdr would have put in the trunk of a car brought over to the white house and they would sit there and listen to give his public speech and fdr who was basic german would ask him is that really voice and what did he mean by that?

it's down there on the austrian german border in bavaria. he had lot of local dialects. he had a lot of expressions that they only used locally and he would say what does mean by that? so he was able to give him the real score of what was going on in mind in his public speech. hedy lamar was from austria. she was married to a missions tycoon. she escaped way beforehand and came to hollywood. not only was she beyond beautiful, she was beyond smart. i don't think they could measure her iq.

she invented that pulsating radar transmission and it's absolutely incredible. i am when it comesec to technoly and she just sat down one day with a male counterpart in the two of them together worked it out. because she was a female well, she didn't get any credit for it at the time. she still really hasn't gotten the full appreciation for what she did. if congress was to strike another congressional gold medal which is not the same as the medal of honor by the way, there would be a gold medal for certain people in the contributions to the war effort, she should certainly be there. >> it was vital to the allies to know exactly what was happening

without giving away the facts concentrating on normandy to the effect of pay tribute to the hundreds of nameless people predominantly women who reported on every single change they saw as they deliberately made their way along the coastline. if the german engineers moved the telegraph home she found it and if they moved it got reported. there were hundreds of these people sending back these little bits of information on what they hadt done. >> yes and they are nameless today. i think there still time for them to be recognized. i am a firm believer that a monument should go up for all those who served for the cause of freedom in france and as a matter of fact when they showed

it on the fdr series last night they talked to fdr about the tragic negative cost of the bombing in france and i think it wass general marshall said yes i understand there were so many casualties. france lost around 40,000 civilians, killed by allies from the air. that was the cost of liberation and they borit stoically and there should be a monument for those individuals also. there is still time for next year's 80th anniversary. there are still as few survivors left and their family members still left. i think it would be d very fittg to do both. any questions on the federal bureaucracy in washington?