r8u?making and to recreational

lite w that traditional function buprobably took

a bit of a backseat in the war. this is the library at warint of information one of theseddle is for compulsory insurance went to get regulations pamphlet would be on display or new rules and regulations whichollow during wartime. so also byd cross, for meetings, the in war. also a very great deal of advice on cooking, keeping chickens and rabbits on grow vegetables. when you think that in were down 30 to 30% of their pre-war levels, you can see that everybody was doing their very best to, contribute as much as they could to putting food on their own table. however, this compels pre-war insurance played an unexplained

active rol when 6 million copies of the publisher's stock were destroyed in one catch a strategic raid. in december 1940. this wiped out backstop 15 different publishers. but this wasn't all bad because of course book is books are in es because nobody had bought them. but they got the full value of this heavily. the written down stock from that war insurance. and this brings us to a point which unwin made and that was the problems that i've just made lot of money because the factories with paper rationing being short output way down, new books, everything that they sold out and sold quickly. so well. unknown describes as greatest expense error.

you put yoursucceeding you pay 5000 then you are in trouble. you can hope that the profit will come along and. you'll get the insurance back for. libraries. also played a more much more proactive role in both world wars with these book drives as we see on the photographs clearly, a posedtwo young ladies in the second world war with some of the books which poster your money brings the books we need where we want it. this is the american libraryciations campaign in the first world war. but these sort of drives didn't really work. they didn't of the soldiers to whom they were he whole urban working class people, whereas most of the people giving the books, people like us rummaging around in their back cupboards bor wanted, there was a total

mismatch between donor and recipient. also, of course, these hardback books,ke up much more space thateditions, which i described librarian i wanted to introduce you to warren on this side by the. on the left, as you're looking who was rector of the los angeles public. between 193anran the victory books campaign she was very well reheidi efficient. it mak brings to our attention the feminization of the american library profession, which was mu much earlier and more rapid than it was in pe at the beginning of the war. librarians male, particularly the higher librarians, and also very, conservative. whereas in america we'd have leadings, leading libraries from the 1890s onward very different state of

affairs. i've also since we're in new york at adding another character of somedson who was the head of the new york map worked in it from 1970 to 2009, and an important figure rather later than the war. but looking back on the role of the new york public library map division in the war, when the japanese attacked pearl harbor america leaders realized that knew very little about many of theslands that they were their troops were going to spend so much timen was so that at that americans to send in their guidebooks holiday stamps in the hope that then they'd know a little bit more the mall islands and they did however the funds of knowledge was really the neutral public which had a collection maps which were now put to very good effort. the library of congress had point 4 million, but unfortunately non-american left maps h getting find

anything was very and army service set up cartographycourses 57 different america and during the course of the war they turned something like 500 million maps for the to map in the center is to make another point and that is importance map making in europe as a as an incitement to war famously. woodrow wilson when he became the first president in office travel outside the western to supervise the creati the at the this a peprocess found himself down his hands and knees scrambling over maps a very great deal but the solutions of course were toxic to the germans who still claimed as this map shows that a large part of the central landmass of germany of europe should beer germany and the

convention of german geographers. as early as 1921 passed a resolution that any maps and atlas se u should show these greater bor of germany. so that schoolchildren should not lose a sen grievance about what had happenedthyou. want to come on now to prisoners who? of course, they ultimate captive audience for books and many of read incessantly choice. here is second lieutenant captured in so was a prisoner of war for almost five years now. many prisoners of war kept a journal. and in this francis stewart reading. and he says in the course read almost 350 books. but he reader. and he had a read a thousand books. now, prisoners of war extremely

well supplied this as p.o.w. library makes clear they were supplied because camps developed large libraries, but also because personal collections sent by friends and family were regarded almost as a as a collective resource as. you were expected to land or swap or make available your books to and course people read this was the sort of time when it was possible to sit down and and or the trollop was a great wartime but it was also a time for getting library in oxford there was a specialtextbook for the over 100 courses that they the prisoners of war took during the course of the second worldnow the lonelyle to

pursue, and i found a book with of a handwritten cab war which somehow survived was on the on the death march at the war, the prison of the editor. just when he found someone watching the prisoners go by, he just t newspapers into this lady's hand and say can you keep these for me? i' some time. and she did. and he and so they survived astonish. she and his of the bookadvertisements, which appear on thiscr newsletter wanted on loan for a very short period.richardson's comment. pamela and clarissa an' roderick ransom and humphrey clinker. a very short period, it is clear exam because they're not the sort books that you would read wanted. norwegian grammar return for cigarets cigarets of course were the currency of prisoner of war camps. so you happen to be a nonsmoker which very few people were in those days then you then you

were rich because you had lots ofey in your pocket which you were not going to smoke elementaryned to german elementary grammar. k this is quite near the end of the war when people could see which way the wind was blowing so giving up that german and lost aopy of some of a salado by robert's service sonadian poet then verysardo it sold up to 3 million copies of personal ownership that you lend t the who. and so have to put this sort of appeal. i do it all the time with my students it must be said a lot of them bought into few weeks ago, handed me back a couple thank very much. but she did in fact before and seemed to think nothing of it. so i should berateto after time. now, aprisoners all marched out of the campsd, get away from the advancing russian armies and all of the were left had if they carried out the scene, they carried food for this journ going to get any food

along the way. so none books survive except this, which i is my most precious possession. it's a penguinu can see its life in nine stamps, nine official stamps, first of ist was marked as censored by the first, because there's no point sending books to germany. italy, which you knew wouldn't get through the german then on the right hand triangular symbol of the y.m.c.a. in geneva. the and then it went on to a polish officer's camp in and we see three stamps for that that. and then right at the last minute, it been withdrawn from the camp library. and you see that rather. redpermitted. but what has gone wrong? i think what's gone wrong is that one of the censorsly doing their job

properly and reading the text temple of canterbury was not a man much in the war and the british cause. read it so it was withdrawn probably put in the stores and that's why it's survived to be bought by me at york at the book for two years ago and while i show manym talking about this this subject to br safely at home. so let's now move on. censorship. all countries have censorship word but it's practice in all societies at all stages. but in wartime in wartime, the victims of this were the e newspapers coming out every they want information, their army occupational information importance can easily be given awor that reason newspapers

bear the brunt of censorship. but it' books now actually the diff censors in theh less and one might imagine tha are by nature patriotic they have no wish to and in any case with paper being sure that in itsou want a paper route ration, you're not going to risk publishing anything likely to get anybodyone of the ways in which differentiate themselves is thedifferent attitudes takene books. winston churchill, the to, the books of adolf hitler, books were in principle banned from comes, for instance but he of spencer churchill, and they got through in grounds. an missed out were books by the american winstonfound his books being banned from prisoner of war accounts for being

somebody quite different. on the other hand in britain the reading of positively encouraged. ll translation of hitler's mein come until 1939, after much earlier abridged, which didn't really show full danger and horror of what hitler was . and this full was published both as book inform x, and i found a full set of thseptember. i'd never seen it before and. books and then put them in theset that. one. the second installment actually ends in mid-sentence, because it's justto the next page, which you'll find in issue number three. now this the insouciance of the britishuthorities shows that the circulation of mein kampf is actuallynot only was it freely, but

it was recommended reading for army camp libraries, and they made mein camp was in all the british campi think they thought that the more the serviceman read want to destroy the force which created it. well, representative censor is one of my favorite figures in the book frames. aiken franke censor chief in theireland. that republic of ireland was a neutralstrict rules. so the censors were meant to remove books which were in that general ten most the british main publishers some. but frank ai of. the edmund de villiers v in a party, many of whom, if not german sympathy abuses, were distinctly anti british. so he had to very difficult

balancing act to maintain so he put people like frank king into high sounding jobs with probably weren't all that he the chief censor and this meant that irish times had to send to frank and manydisallowed or bcase with this book by john of the biggles books, and this is his female hero created the for the war time quarrels of the wife and this came back completely very pro-british of smiley biding his time submitted exactly the same review, but for book he claimed could have been written called lottie look fluffer and this sale thproblem which gave him the opportunity to kick up a tremendous revealing the evil of aiken. let's come on towartime is a very

difficult time for aut go on writing fiction or should they join up the armed forces, which many of the younger did? or shoul they other war work like for instance, a thriller wr dennis weekly did neville scientist or someone like archiewrote titlesf those books i've shown you from the government issue that pamphlets but anonymously not to take credit for his work so time when older authors like w.b. alice utley were more likely to ones. this was particularly difficult time, it must be said, for women pause the magazines from which they made much of theirncome were many of them were closed down at the beginning of the war to save pape because this was a point where most households domestic

help of one sort or another gardener maybe even e. were away to do better paid war much of the leisure that authors had for writing now disappeared in a round of co clean, ing, chewing for food. and i share with you this which to. penguind it to you. i wondering if you'll be sending me a statement of my royalties soon. i will tell you i'm worrying about this domestic servants. can command a much higher wage d i'm in danger losing mine if i don't give a to able to say to my maid that i'm a wages. if i lose her, there will be no more ora series of this author war children's series puffin books for i cannot possibly do without her happy ending story. a check was in the post were three

more orlando shows by the end of the war.my representative all so i wanted to give you a new smith. now betty smith was the writer of this incredibly popular book a grows in brooklyn. her debut novel,n 1943, which was an instant and it washe american services additions and became a troops they read it repeatedly. they read it ovethey were in a convalescence in hospital many them wrote to betty to tell them how much it meant to them. she received. she later calculated 1500 letters a year from troops and. she always replied, and sent them a signed photograph of that was her work. let's come on reading once you that many people read more duringtime troops on detachment from most much

also much less nella last pictured here was a housewife in barrow in es cumbria, which was a major shipyard. so a target bombing. she was an avid reader, self-educated, but she read rtually during the war. but why? nella because shepeople to sign up to mass program where people were invited to keep a diary during the war, which they would send on a weekly or monthly basis mass observation headquarters. well, now it took seriously. she she wrote about a thousand words a and 2 million words in all during the war. so she's one of the people fromr social background we know most about during the war. we therefore that in addition to keeping the household food, looking after a garden, keeping

chickens, she a restaurant in the center of shop to sell secondhandso with that in writing her diary, she l time to read. we have another witnewalter, who left her husband's working in london to down to the family home int and likewise living on a farm with most been let go. she too hadread. well, we're coming to the personalities and we've gfirstly, survivor, a few yago, this most remarkable diary berlin came to light published.then anonymously, and it tells the story of the last weeks russians come to berlin and. the consequences for young women like herself when. they did of occupy berlin.

she is very interesting and lady a publisher very well traveled, spoke many languages and during the when the russians arrived she did the sensible officer her protector. many of the sequential rapeswomen. experience. but she was also very wry observer of collapse of the nazi regime. this her writing in april the cold doesaway. i see. i sit hunched on the stool in barely kept burning with allliterature, assuming everyone is doing the same thing and they are mein kampf, or going back to 's item, as indeed has occuroccurred. another member, her flat block was a bookseller. and of course they all went down shelter for the bombs . he was the most fanatical of nazi in the building.

they had to be a bit careful when he was around and his bookshop was weeks of the war. so imagine her surprisers cries. but he then revealed he kept back a couple of cases of books with which he was going to start a library. and despite h convictions, filled this these with the books which were banned by the of just preparing in cas going start a library that these previously now desirable books. finally i want to statesman chairman mao almost all thers in the second world war. authors. churchill lived from his wits, writing for 40 years before he became prime minister. hi kampf sold 9 million copies. the realt to be stalin child read

hugely and was a published poet by the 18 age of 18. had he become a revolutionary he intended become animagine how the world would have changed had that been the case. outpaced in their production famous littlenow, the older those of us may remember a time when the little red was distributed to anyone who would write a polite message to embassy. and i was a schoolboymany, many people because it was perceived as being do. and so we had lots of these things lying around. but this was pub language of the globe, just about of up copies. so this was byinfluential book of the of the century, in of its reach. so helpedate all sorts of communist insurgencies all over

the world. well, i justglance that he was a i should so he's a only. only of th did this he as a young from the pr country boy. he was found a in berlin ibeijing university library and was so ignored that he never forgot it. this is from his own.later reminiscence. but if you're a cultural revolution was as hard time forhs, it may have been, but chairman mao is thinking back to these t experienced. i won't go to end with a glance at ukraine. ukraine? onry as a very 21st century war. but it's very 20th century in its impact of of of all the books all of the that we've witnessed in talk the destruction ofies of already been destroyed in the which writers are

prepared ground for this invasion by a series of ukraine year novels to prepare the russian to think ukrainian neighbors in a very different way as therussians arrived, people fled to the to the west, leaving behind their much loved personal ons, including this man, diary of the first year of the invasion. i very recomm to. libraries were also used f classes. in the west you musrethat for a third of the citizens of ukraine first language. a beginning of the war a for pulping. this is a60 million books so they could be pulped for the war effort ahappily the librarians were able to insert rescue very valuable books which never have been offered just for pulp. but this is a pi citizen giving up their books in repulsed to then do

russia. and sadly kir writing this book been a victim of polarization, of opinion. he is a native russian ukrainian writing mostly particularly fiction. and in inntly been shunned by manyf authors. but on rather more cheery learn writing about is that the most significant libraries in the world are the libraries we own in ourrivate. and this is what in fact library kabak's books in distress double with and there's been a lot of work on the damage to artworks during there and that return and artworks are themselves by nature unique. whereas books are publishedof a thousand 5000, 10,000. so even if public actions are destroyed by acrecreation of those

colle much plausible and roosevelt put ideas live on. they cannot bestroyed by bombs. thank you very much.