so, last class, right? we picked up where we off with reconstruction. everybody remember that? we started talking about i it's

after 1865. so we start with the end of the civil war. what did i tell you all about the civil war? does anybody? well, did i describe what was going on? was it it was like the bloodiest war on u.s. soil. your bloodiest war? what else? because i picked up and i was talking about a specific group. so who was most by the civil war. we went into this political the political issues that this group is running into. what are we talk about? yeah. you had. so we talked about the form. you agitated. we talked about the 4 million enslaved africans who are now free. right. the federal government is now dealing with this. they think they deem it an issue, but african-americans don't think freedom is issue. they're just trying to make freedom happen. they're running into all of these things now. we have trying to maneuver a free labor society.

remember, i said people are now going to their possible former or could be their former master, a white southerner, and saying, hey, listen, white southerner, i'm no longer enslaved. you have to pay me what i'm doing, how this is what i'm worth. this is what time i want to get off all of these things. and it's just issues. you are i keep there, keep conflicting why southerners are refusing to do that. why southerners and many of them are upset because they have lost the civil war. white former confederates. their confederates who lost the war. i also mention a group of people are just incite everybody. black soldiers are walking in cities and towns with their uniforms on and this is upsetting you all southerners are asking like, look, like we are, we're defeated. this is we were the defeated people and we're having to deal with all of these things all the time. now, i told y'all that it's extremely violent during the

civil war, said he was right, but it's also extremely violent after the war because of this conflict, this big deal. race relations. i want to also today, i'm going to dig a little bit deeper into this. i'm going to pour something that i spent lots of student loan in. can't pay it now that i spent a lot of years, my specific was on black women in the post-civil war south and i this and i told you this last cause i, i grew up in the south. i knew civil war monuments. i knew something about the civil war, but i wanted to know more about black women. and so i wanted to understand them specifically after war, because i just told y'all, we messed up in the united states. and i thought to myself, if the united states is messed up, black women got to be doubly messed up because of gender and race. so i wanted make sure that point that i created in my head was

true. i am. i started with understanding black women and all of them, but specifically single black women. and that is because i don't know why i may have mentioned this last class. we talked a lot about the the things that african-americans did. they built institutions. i remember those institutions included churches, schools. i talked name changes. the indicators of freedom. another indicator that i did not mention specifically mention here was mayor rich, african-americans run to get married. why is that all? why is marriage so important? was allowed during enslavement. marriage was not legal during enslavement. so enslaved african-americans could not legally marry. what does that mean they could get married? if you to engage, get married today. there are a couple of it's a complex process that i didn't know anything about until i got

married, but it includes a informal ceremony that most people have at a church or you can really have the informal ceremony wherever you want, but it also is the formal process where you sign the real city. i forget it is the legit court thing that y'all are together. right. an african americans run to do not the informal process because they did that. have you ever had to jump in the right? all of those indicators of marriage, the informal process they run to do the formal, the legal process of getting married being recognized as husband and wife under the law. why is that important? why is it so important to be recognized as partners? the law? what kind of benefits do i get if i'm legally recognized as a as a partner? this one y'all know for sure. well, i know it, but would you say that's an asset? assets as insurance, everything

legally recognized under the law means that if my partner should pass, i will get something. but also, it's all sorts other protections that i'm not going to go in. 90 century is real different too, because as a woman, when you get married, if i had any property, if just so happened to buy a little bit of land, that also goes to my husband. so another asset land that means and we'll get into this later that the children that i bear are legally recognized my partner's children. so it ain't no discussion that it's over. okay. so those legal recognitions matter in freedom and that is what they to do. and so if y'all should decide to go into reconstruction way deeper than view that we have, which i will notice in most of the reconstruction books, there are always talking about african-americans pushed be

married. and it is true that the union army remarked that they the people follow us and all they want to do is be legally recognized as husband or wife. they hold mass weddings. it's totally true. but i wanted to know, what about those people that didn't get married? like, what about those people who chose not to get married? and more important, really chose freedom to exit an informal marriage because that's a big deal. when i'm free. that means that i can decide to get married or i can decide to get unmarried. so i wanted to know more about that. right? i started focusing specifically on single black women or black women regular black women. now in this huge setting that i just gave y'all, everybody is yelling at each other. we try to work how to be a united states. i told your president is assassinated. is just bad. what northerners know is is that here's deal.

whatever is going to happen with race relations in the united states somebody going to have to be a mediator. black southerners and why southerners they are going to need somebody to stand in them and help them deal with their issues, whatever they should be. we have thrown in. there's a huge race, right in 1866 in memphis, 46 black people are killed. all of this race riot just starts because black soldiers are in the streets. i tell you, these these incidents of race riots are happening. and the federal government says, or the union, federal government says these people some help y'all. we have thrown them down and back to the defeatist southern states and they need some help. and so they create a federal agency. okay. federal agency mean is ran from the washington dc not annapolis, maryland. washington, dc the head of the federal agency is selected is

oliver otis howard. y'all may know him. the namesake for howard university, a former union general. he's probably the best leader. the freedman's bureau is going to get. being in freedman's bureau is really created to help and really to help formerly enslaved african. and it's this is the interesting part of it. poor white southerners integrate back into society because what was happening before was not going to work out. and so this bureau is created it is ran from d.c. again, but on the ground, which is how it is implemented on, the ground there are local well, there's an office a state office, then there are local offices. so some places the office would have been in baltimore in virginia, some of the offices were in richmond, somewhere in the rural, rural portions of town, rural portions of the

state. but it is a really it is supposed to work you are they're supposed to help you. and so through that agency, through the freedom bureau agency, black women get to it. they know what going on. i told john he's struggling labor and so one historian mary pharmacol says they besieged the office in office every day with the bureau complaining about several things, talking about several things. and i let me follow. so this is an important image. a long time ago, the newspaper used to there's important newspaper, harper's weekly. we all read newspapers today. y'all don't care. but newspapers used to be a vital form by way to get information, not twitter and not the instagram but harper's weekly was of these newspapers that came out weekly, and they would include images in some of these images y'all may have seen. but this is one of the biggest ones to reconstruction, a one

thought. there are white southerners, the other side out there, african-american males. and this is the freedman's bureau agent saying, hold up, everybody. let's just talk it out less mediate the situation together. okay, now one big thing i want to mention is that freedman's bureau agents back then were normally white northern men. so you take a white northern man and place him in. let's let's give him a little bit a chance. i'm a place in richmond, virginia. richmond, i'm i'm your richmond. because it's supposed to be a city in the south. let's place them in richmond, virginia. why? nor the man may or may not have seen slavery up front. let's assume. kind of have he read maybe uncle tom's cabin. he he's not just completely aloof about slavery but what this white northerner has not seen is how white southerners react to formerly enslaved

people. and so there's this big, big adjustment. i also want you out of thinking we may be going a little too deep here, but i'm try to get trying to think about it. we also we need to think about the perception of black women and black men in the white northern mind or just the normal mind. and so these people are where that formed they were, of course, formerly enslaved. but can they can they be free by themselves? like are they to live by do they have religion? that's a big thing. the freedmen's bureau agent is always about like, do i go to church unaware if that's the real church go to, are they interested in reading? do they understand? and the institution of marriage, of legal marriage, do they think that you can be with everybody, your neighborhood and still be married? so it's a lot of the framers bureau is supposed to mediate

economic and social issues but free agents come in with their own opinions of black black people in the south so formed way before they ever met any of them. so black women start to go to these freedmen's bureau agents office and say, are you supposed to be here to mediate? let me just tell you what i'm dealing with some of the things i talk about, they i said this last class, they start complaining about i went so my employer and ask him for my dollars and he refused to pay me. what are you going to do about that? y'all are the better. and again, it's the federal agency that had the power of the federal government to do this, stepping in and do it. another thing that happens, their freedmen's bureau agents here, and this is probably the biggest complaint they hear they hear about black women who their children have been taken under enslaved. y'all remember the child would did not belong to the mother. child was an enslaved child. right. and so after in freedom, white southerners still believe that

this woman is not the mother of this child. and i kind of mentioned this last class. the labor is so important with children. after the civil war, people are it white. white southerners have to get back on their feet somehow because this is a free society, right? they need as much labor as possible in some of these places. and so they take these women's children and in layman's terms, they enslave them. they say this child no longer belongs to i'm not paying you, nor them let it go and so black women come into the office and talk about this. my child was taken, my child was taking, can you help me get back my child? and in some cases, the bureau is successful in doing that. black women talk about this, a case actually in maryland of a child being taken. what is this one? another child, she holds her son, luke caspar norman, against her consent. he's these people are taking their children. i told you, are they besieged? officers say, listen, he refused

to me. another big one is the violence. what i said is they run into places and they're just hit across the head for not moving out the street for some black women, they get into fights with their employers, though the employers mad when they ask for breaks by violence at a level that we that is a normal occurrence to them. and so they use the freedmen's bureau for that. now that's what the freedom of bureau is, this federal agency that's supposed help. another aspect of this is that when a free ms.. bureau runs into the white southerner and says, hey, listen, like you can't take the children, you can't you can't hit you can't hit people over the head. they run into the issue. they run the people they run those people who have been accused violence through the courts. but the courts are still ran by white southerners. and so they are unable to any justice there. so the free says, all right, all right, we got it. you we have to create a whole

court system to deal with this sort of thing. they create freedmen's bureau court. it's three people. it's southerner, an african-american and a no. i could be a northerner, but it's supposed to be an unbiased person, whatever that meant back then, an unbiased person. so i would say a northerner, but the southerners definitely do agree with that. so is in front of this freedom is go court. people didn't start getting a little bit of justice because now the freedom bureau has the authority to send you to jail. if hate somebody, if you take child again when federal government comes after you, your is a serious thing. that's not the local this is the arm of the federal government. and so they can they can imprison you. and now black women show up in different ways. and the freedom is be a record because now the court is not only doling out justice for white southerners, black women now use courts for a different thing. now it's hold your people are

rushing to get married. another group of these people are rushing to unmarried. and so they using the courts to say, hold are no longer want to be married. how can y'all help me get out of that? so freedman's bureau court in doing that, black women start saying things like, okay, listen, i had a child, my child's lives across the way in a county. he is not supporting me. y'all go over there and get money from or make him come back. either one. they start asking for support when they ask to leave their husbands, they start to say, well, if i leave him, he do what he needs to pay me about $5 a month or something. they create alimony. all of these times. you know, today black women use the freedman's bureau court to do that. they the freedman's bureau court to accuse black black men of domestic violence. and in some cases, they are very successful with domestic violence, because if accuse a black man of domestic violence,

the premise of your court is more than likely going to, of course we have and i should make it as easy as that they have to gather witnesses. they have to. it is a real it's a real case. but when they do they are able to imprison black men for domestic violence. and so i should not make this seem like black women are the only people doing this. black men do this to they say, look, i had a baby such and such. she took the child, bring the child back or pay me the money. it's a lot of different things they're able to do, but the freedman's bureau court steps in to domestic, right? that's the way the black black women start to really, really. and that's what i'm saying. when i wanted to know what was what were black women doing right? what was on, that's something that i found very interesting because they use the court to solve issues in their household the way they use it. so they use it for complaints. they use it for domestic

household issues, barware where they use it is i'm going to call dependency, but i don't know after i describing it, y'all tell me which i think it is dependency that told you all is messed up. we all african-americans are all looking for job ups, job market, bad, everything going wrong. people don't want to get paid. african-american women say. are in the frame, is off it's taken all the time. look, agent fitch, you know so much looking for a job every day. i'm looking everywhere are people don't want to pay the right price is just a lot can can you can you give $5 a month right today. we know this as probably public assistance or welfare, but they ask these agents, look here, you can you help me? and i don't want to make it sound. this is just african-american is doing this so specifically black women, because that's whole stereotype. i want to make it very clear that the bureau agents are right all the time to.

oliver oh, that's how we're saying oliver look, they don't call him out. they call him howard. but super day now where it is messed up, this is a messed up place. virginia is a death they call this is the language they use. this is a death to to place the ground is bare and they the the union army burned it down. richmond is destroyed. these people need our help like they're not. there's not a fake thing they're actually suffering down here. so any help we can offer them, we should offer them. that's what bureau agents are saying on the ground right. and so black women are going to the office, just help me. give me a rash rations. back then, our food and clothes or money or shelter in some places in virginia, shelter in some places in maryland, shelter, too. they're asking for just let just something to get me on my feet. so bureau's starts being a very, very personal, a little bit lax. they're like, okay, we'll give you some rations.

but they come to things. the conflict with, the bureau agents, they start to say, well, look have you been working? have you been looking for a job? and the women are like, yeah, we've been looking for jobs. well, let me let think about this. maybe you should leave, find a job, maybe isn't the isn't the place for you. maybe you should go to another state and find a job. you see those conflicts? these people are asking for help and the bureau aides are deciding, look, no, no, clear that you are not looking for work. you're it's clear that the disconnect is happening, that they believe that maybe formerly enslaved people actually don't want to work and they perceive quickly attach that to black women that y'all do not want to work. and so they start to have this and i mean there are whole books about this conversation, about dependency, what should a black woman get who comes into the freedman's dropping? is she a widow does she have children? has she been can she does she show reluctance to work?

they have these really i'm not kidding. all the correspondence very lengthy about what should we do, howard says. he says look. yeah we actually don't have the money to feed these black women or anybody else who comes into the office. let's cut dependency all together cut the rations, cut the welfare, cut everything. and the bureau agents right back. and i mean, this is the language use. you cannot do that. these people be homeless. winter is coming. there are no people refuse to hire them. and how it basically does end up cutting the ration and cutting everything else, leaving these in black. although black women are large number, leaving african-american to fend for themselves without at least economic assistance from the freedman's bureau. okay, so complaints, violence dependency now becomes a huge issue with the bureau age and i want to really focus on a dependency for about two more

seconds because when i teach this in black women in slavery and freedom, we have conversations deeply about this, because when we talk about the stereotypes attached black women today or we talk about in the eighties and nineties, there will there will be people who call black women who are on assistance welfare queens. they talk about they don't want to work. they don't they want to get food stamps. they want to have a bunch of children on government assistance that is not a new stereotype. it's not a new perception of black. i'm showing y'all that this was created in 1865. this concept that black if you allow black to stay on government assistance, they will not work. that's oliver otis. howard believed about black women and he he executed that. he ended up ending assistance for them. so i just when people think about the perception, the perception, again of the image of black womanhood, it is

nothing is new. there it is not. they did not come up. i with this perception out of nowhere. but it is also grounded in historical fact in the freedman's bureau agent agency is one of the first to do that. one day when i have a lot of time, i'm a write a whole book about this. any end. hopefully it is groundbreaking. probably not going to be groundbreaking now, but if it is, i'll see y'all on a popular. so yeah, i want you to so it's complete violence dependent. okay now another group i'm on the disclaimer is i'm a go ahead to tell you how to freedman's bureau is dismantled. okay we'll get to that later. but before do there's one more group i want to talk about, another group african american widows this important because in the is bureau records the agent say look everybody is poor but i'm going to tell you right now the poorest group of women are widows now, not just regular widows of united states colored troops. last class i told the biggest

issue with me about the civil. are white men fighting when truth is black soldiers were enlisted the union army. they fought for the union army. i'm about 8000 from the state of maryland. more in other southern states that black men are a part of civil war. i have to talk to hollywood about why they won't make any other movie but glory. but one day i'll get to that and again be, very rich, hopefully. but i'm african-american widows. these women who are the wives of deceased, they are what they had their husbands have passed away in service. the union army after 6865, i hope you all understand what that means. these women are the literal represent of freedom. their husbands gave their lives for freedom. and so these women have not they their husbands are not there. and so they first come to the freedman's bureau say, listen, look, my is gone.

what am i supposed to do? those are the first women who really ask for dependency, even when i should be clear, when you don't want dependency. oliver out is how we're stops dependency. the agents disrespect oliver otis howard and say forget oliver, we're got to keep giving it the widows because their husbands sacrifice their lives and so they become a core group. what i like to think, of course, that they become a really core group it's a how reconstruction in the years after reconstruction there is one agency, fred freedman's bureau agency for everybody but the widows pension bureau just for widows just for widows of you asked soldiers. this is the 49 estates colored infantry. it was in baltimore, the fourth saw. it's pretty popular. they have a picture, but it's also popular because they saw action in the battle of the crater, the battle of petersburg. they just it's and when i say a lot action they were in those battles which means they suffered great losses. this is a flag that some they

call this organization, the colored ladies of baltimore created this flag for. the fourth i'm trying to link that to because you are that these are people who support the civil war and support the troops during the civil war specifically black so the pension bureau was designed american revolution american widows of people who passed the continental army who served in the continental army and passed away. asked the federal. hey, listen, you are our husbands past. these are, of course, white women in the continental army. give us the money. give us money. a monthly a monthly amount that will. i'm not going to say you're to be rich, but it will sustain you right? some cases, 8 to $12. it increases if you have children. and so this the widows pension goes way back to the american. but the when you are after the

civil war black women for the first time have access to this federal system now disposed to be good. we have access. there's you can argue with the fact or can you you not supposed to be able to argue with the fact give me the $8 a month to talk about the issues they run into. of course, are. that enslaved black people were able support pension bureau say well since and have no legal document y'all really merely what happens like you said you say i'll marry but what's the deal y'all have a contract. if you got married before 65, really? before 63? when the union army started going places. where is the documents station of your marriage? better yet, you're trying to get

a widow's pension for your husband. but you're also to get more money for your kids. how do we even know that man was father of these kids again? union perceptions of black women. y'all used to with everybody. you didn't even know what marriage was. so how we even know this marriage thing that you trying to collect money about was real is so a normal and i'm going to make it sound drastic. so let me let me not exaggerate a normal why union widow's application is maybe. the longest one i've seen has been about 25 pages because you still dealing with regular. yeah people do change their name locations. they don't have the modern technology to look up people. and so why union what else do run into a lot of stuff but black women are more than of a of trying to cheat the system

with these things i just told you all about. so on a black woman's widow's pension application can run between 200 to 300 pages. i've it. this is one from susan brooks. she in dorchester county trying to get it for her husband. let me see george brooks he serves in the, i think 25th he dies and 1864 from back from wounds occurred in received an action and this file is about 100 pages because what they the widow what the pension bureau realizes is now when i question you about marriage susan, go get all your neighbors get every single one of them who thought you were married and believed you were married. and let's get to testify. let's put it under oath. let's go do that, susan, because if you like. if you cheat, the pension bureau, y'all you go to the you

can be in prison or you have to pay back. and so this is a huge deal. these women have to get all of testimonies where. they got married when they met when when were there conceived. y'all see how like how, how and they said that is when were your children can where who was there when your children were born? what did your children look like and so have to gather all of their community members to make this pension happy? and again, i'm telling you out of pension is normally 8 to $8 a month so you're not going to live very rich off the pension but just to get that $8 a month. this is what black women have to go through. okay. now, pension, pension. they are, of course. i said they so normally $12 a month if you have kids. but increase over time the pension bureau just it after a while it's just messed up system period is it for everybody but

the 1890s and so it's a system that goes through a lot of changes and historian brandi bremmer has this very important about claiming widowhood claiming you heard about black women black women as widows, the pension bureau system. but i wanted to that up because this is another federal that black women are dealing. i should also say if y'all ever should go out on the phone three and think to yourself, i'm bored, let me read a pension for you are probably not going to do that, but in case you do, they also talk about the war, right? because these women would have come with their or maybe without their to free territory to follow the union army. they talk about how they experience war is one of the ones that i that i always to is the woman describes the battle of the crater which was extremely bloody battle but talks about the sounds she heard she talked about leaving her plantation and her former master trying stop her. how dangerous was all of those

things? so they're really good file applications to read, period. so now i'm going to wrap this up because i've been talking about the freedmen's, the pension bureau, but i should about what ends up happening where reconstruction, how we get into said to now basically the freedman's bureau after a while freedman's bureau says we can't give to give that welfare to child looking for we can't give of arm and freely bureau agents also start to write out as howard and tell the truth. they say straight up director howard we don't think this is going to be resolved. this federal agency that we're about, we both have the arm, the federal government. we don't think that's enough to deal with what is going on in the south. what is going on in the south is

we have never seen the violence that african americans experience is unlike anything ever thought we would see that it's not going to work this this this agency is enough. there's a website called mapping occupation. right. and i may give it to y'all as assignment mapping occupation show where the freedman's bureau and it shows when freedman's bureau is there the complaints they receive and the violence experience is just is just unheard of right in agents. right all the and say look we i don't think what we're doing is enough like i'm just being very frank. and so in the middle of that, there's this large and i talked about there's a large political conversation happening. what should we do with these to feed it? southerners do we welcome them back in with open arms? do we force them to pay for rebelling against the united states? all of these things are happening and they don't do

story. i can go to a lot of different levels, but the short story is that the states government decides, it's over. the freedman's bureau is dismantled. let it go. 80. by 1872. so it existed from about 66 to 72. but in those years, the freedman's bureau is active 72. they're out of most states. african americans, while least southern african americans left to fend for themselves. no federal agency to go to. and what i keep on bringing the federal agency, but what i really mean are armed people. these are the freedman's bureau agents and the union army were armed. that means that if things got out of line, they had the guns 1872 and in some places earlier that it's over this cost of helping african americans is over. we've done as much as we can do. moving. that's it. however y'all work it out is how

y'all work it out. white southerners and black southerners, which i'll do is what you all do. we out of it now? we accepted southern states back into union. southern states receive of their power back all of the goes back to the local courts. look this is they it country we all get along now we fought the civil it's all over y'all. we're brothers now we're all now and so i say that to say that from that moment forward, right. i said this last class y'all remember if there was a chance after eight from 1865 and 1872, there was a chance really, really give it a honest try. race relations in this country and the framers bureau is one way that it was it was never completed. now, i don't want to daughter freedman's bureau under the bus because they are successful in a couple of things they're very successful education. they end up working african americans to establish schools,

african-americans to stay in those schools. so i'm not going to make it seem like they had a really, really horrible, horrible because they are able to do some things. and one thing they are successful in is schools their success in legalizing those may ideas. but the other portions are left are left alone. so in i said leading up to next class, well, we talk about the need. there are race relations from history. right, for logan brings it to 1877. but say the end of reconstruction 72 so about 1923 he calls it the lowest point in american history, the most violent time in race relations. and i'm telling y'all this because it is because freedman's bureau is no longer there to help african americans. i also don't want to make it seem like african-americans were solely dependent on the freedman's bureau for any help right. although all these women were going at cities asking for jobs,

using the courts, divorce, all of these things. when the bureau moved out, they decided, look we was kind of making it work before in a britain freedman's bureau. let's continue to do that. and so one of the best examples i have, again, this is a post request in and south is the 1881 washerwoman strike. in 1881. i must set this thing for y'all. we're in atlanta, georgia landed georgia during the civil war, destroyed, burnt down, bad look in bad shape. horrible shape. a union general william t sherman, basically made it his business to destroy the city of atlanta when conforme a confederates returned. there is nothing there nothing at all? is so by 1880, we about 30 years after the war, people are now like thinking, okay, we need to rebuild this south. we need to rebuild it with lanta in the middle, right? atlanta will be the shining city

at this in 1880. it is mud everywhere destroyed. but they imagine that atlanta will be this bright city to show the new south when we get into the next class. booker t washington, he has a speech in atlanta at the cotton exposition that is not by happenstance. atlanta is supposed to be this brand new. how the south will rise after the civil war. and in 1880, these 1881, these these black women, larger states. and in washing women in in the city now to be very clear talk about. 98% of the black women in atlanta work in that in the home, which means they are a washerwoman, a cook. a made up of all the jobs that include service in the home right and they have been talking about unfair wages forever. they have been talking amongst themselves, but also to their

employers. look, employers, we need more money. i should be very clear. the washer woman today is not the same wash that you and i do. okay? i don't want to do the chores. i don't want to load the washer now. i don't want to plug up the vacuum i don't want to do any of it. okay. it is all hard to me today, but in the 19th century it was the real deal hard it physically strenuous. you had to carry loads and loads of clothes is no washing machine so you have to stand over boiling hot water. in most cases they made their own. y'all see where i'm going is not the game in the machine anymore? it is very difficult. you have to have some sort of pivot, physical aspect to to do this work. and so about 20 women, they've been complaining about this for a long time. they decide to form a washers. you och why am i was this even a

big deal? because i talk to you all about how people use these agents but i also want to talk to y'all about how people showed agency by themselves, how they organize us within themselves. and so 20 black women got formed a union. then they started recruiting people. so the union. okay. hey, look, y'all, we've been talking about fair wages for a while. looks like we're not going to make it happen join our union. they get other domestics with them. it's a huge deal. in 1881, they strike. they decide. none of us are clothes unless wages arise. and y'all, why atlanta. atlanta people are like, what in the world we're trying to rebuild a city and y'all striking what we we i thought we work this like we actually didn't work out anything like we are on strike the lasts for a

little while but through that strike black women are able to black women black white women are able to get their wages increased. so sorts of things are very because that was no freedman's bureau know about that mediation was gone and they did this by themselves. so it also changes the work aspect for all black. and again, this is more than 98% of the black women work in the it's how domestics are able to get higher wages. it really changes the labor aspect in atlanta for at least a little while now now with the end of reconstruction and examples like this, i just want charts again. think this was my whole seven years in the school. i could go on and on about it. i do want to stop for questions. i want to shout to think about these next appearances of black women and all different ways. okay, because next class, when

get into we're going to go into there are a lot of black women i love okay there's my mom there's beyoncé there's harriet tubman and then there's b whales. okay, everybody looks to me secondhand because she knows i this every single class next class and we get into rb wells and lynching. you will see the work of black women continue like this that look we can the federal government or we can with this another way we can besiege the i in some cases especially ought to be well i can tell you all about lynching or i could tell y'all about what's going on, how to organize around this. we'll get to the the black women's club movement. we'll talk about these things. but i think again, because i spent a lot of time with this. i think you start seeing most historians think that starts 19th it i mean 20th century so they started out to be will always start here because to me it is these black women who are determining what who are telling

people what freedom is. so if you say that i'm free, then compensation is freedom. you say that i'm free. you helping, me out when i needed is freedom. you say that i'm free not being married to. this man is freedom. okay, there really defining freedom in a much different way than what we hear about today. okay. any questions question questions? questions. all right. if you have any questions, we'll start back how to be wells on thursday. thank you you.

speaker jerry desmond is going to talk about the hybrid jet farmville and he hails from maine and recently retired from a six year stint as executive director, wrapping up the historical park. there's also served as director of the rome history museum and