as well then progress pop calls to everyone who wants to know more about this topic. that concerned about this story is beyond the headline world in progress. the w talk cost, the november 2023 off the coast of u. o g by japan. and under c volcano erupted giving far as to a tiny new island. researchers are studying a rupture like this and the laboratory, hoping to find out more about what towers volcano, volcanoes in their mysteries, up close and personal on this edition, a dw science show. welcome to tomorrow. today

this is what happens when the hot lava meets water like during the volcanic eruption in hawaii at 1st, the law that doesn't cool down at all. then it starts flowing, more like ribbons of honey dripping from a spoon before turning into chunks of stone and glass. at the same time, you see that the from this pile open now crude sample, there is bubbles for me. let flip this image around. and these steam problems arising, but then they feel that this cold or water around so they instantly implodes and the bubbles never make it up to the surface of of my water container. vocal knowledge is anthony le more an overs cooper's a melting ground. volcanic rock, in this oven, heated to 1100 degrees celsius. sarah only

a handful of lamps like this one here at munich. slow to the smoke. some millions university. use for experimental canada. g by researches us studying what happens inside a volcano. deep inside the box where the maxima is before it tends to lava when the volcano erupt. how does mack my phones leaving the yard in the mantle allow? does it make its way to the cross? how does it involve stall in different places and magnum chamber, and then move up, install again, and then move up. and it's priming itself on the way to the surface. only about 5 or 10 percent of the bag won't make it to the surface. most of it gets stuck into across the send across as a filter and we need to understand that. so we need to actually start modeling the system as a whole. where nearly the there's a lot to learn. how does the mcmurry expand? how does it fracture? how does it simply define young lovingly and his team built these ovens so that

they can follow the process step by step to see exactly how solid rock notes on the ground. not looking at any form in the top 200 kilometers of the this mental, where the temperature and pressure conditions are right. even the black mate isn't heavy way. mach mahoney mounts in places where tectonic plates are drifting apart. and the pressure decreases, allowing the maxima to rise like an iceland, for example. cold places where one plates drifts on top of another, on the presence of water allows the rock to mount despite the high pressure. lance, how the volcanoes in central and south america were formed. the 1st place when locked in the notes, is that what a cold hot spots places where the temperature is unusually high? hawaii is volcanoes, for example, powered by hot spots. every volcano is different and routes in a different way,

and that's why the team often heads out the field research like here to the long valley caldera in the united states. they gather volcanic rocks, and bring it back to the bar train. for a long time, the process by which friction makes the volcanic rock the top as he rises up, the volcanic vent wasn't fully understood. that's why jackie kendrick studied help or conic rock. so rather against each other until they melt. this is something that happens when you rub your hands together on a cold day, and you see this is also true of trucks. this happens in tech 20 cars prices and it also happens it volcanoes. and so here when we move on to samples, task one, another rich, the simulates one of these frictional context. so we want to understand what kind of emotions create what levels of heat inside of the results was captured

on video. it takes just a 2nd for the rock to mount. so at the beginning, when we have split, we're going to see this kind of ash that's created from the folks at the same. and you can see that from the house from the surface. and then very quickly, we're reaching a couple of 100 degrees and then already a 1000 degrees where we start melting. it can reach up to 1400 degrees restriction alone as this thermal image shows. that this is quite remarkable. and this is not something that we were actually expecting for maybe the most risky is not going straight into touch it afterwards because they really quite exciting samples. and the idea that you want to go and grab that and get that in your hands right away is the, is very tempting, but it actually takes about 30 minutes to cool down to room temperature. so we have to be careful enough to jackie kendrick and her team discovered that the friction doesn't just generate more heat. it also helps

folk interruption the, as the molten maxima rises, the pressure goes down. that allows the gases in the maxima to expand. the gas is phone bubbles and that increases the volume of the maxima. well, decreasing it's density that gives the maximum momentum. finally reaches the stuff is why it's called lava. so it's the same as a bottle of champagne. and if you happen to open it too quickly, it splashes everywhere. and every time we open a bottle of champagne, a whole bunch of coca cola, we tried to regulate that with our hands. we do this systematically on of us every day. so could we do the same with the magma? could we drill in a way, way we could control the gas coming out. so we prevent even to prevent eruption from happening. young. i'm on a and his team wants to put those questions to the test. at the cross landmark move

testbed in iceland, the planning to drill a to kilometer long, not much chained to upset the maxima wave. it's normally hidden from view. and the hoping to figure out how to tap into that super heated liquid rock as a new source of energy. huge amount of energy in maxima. if you take one liter of magma at a 1000 degrees and you cool it slowly to room temperature, you obtain one megawatt. we have volcanic eruptions in history and artistry that they've reached 4 or 5000 cubic kilometers. there's a lot of energy sitting there at the power of entire country. the noise is energy, but it's also the source of all of these, the minerals that phone's are deposit, rare of gold capa, all comes from them,

from the magnet. so there's a lot of benefits from them. similarly, the fluids are utilized for internal energy, but we also have lithium coming out of, of these fluids. so there's a lot of goods to magwell. volcanoes are a force of nature, the fascinating and frightening. and this to them not to the volcanoes can be deadly as a visit to this archaeological site makes clear, the ancient roman city of pompei was wiped off the map when mounted. assume v as a ruptured almost 2000 years ago. what's it like for people who live here today? and i'm always a little afraid you at least i lived through 527 quakes with 2 small children. and i still didn't move away. as many people less,

but not me. and no wonder that as close as even when there's a quake, we just wait outside. it's scary at night, but you learn to live with it at all and it will be vain. so the concern is understandable because there's another volcano here, along side mount vesuvius disagree. in fields, so let's take a closer look at the region. the place that at 1st glance is practically picture perfect. this is a famous volcano in southern italy. and so is this one rises towards the sky at the edge of the city. the other is basically invisible. the company for the great west of naples, isn't a mountain. it's a caldera, a cauldron like color that spends more than a 150 square kilometers. it may look innocuous, but underground, it's burbling in simmering. and everyone's wondering while it around if you start

challenging question, pio, that i will not see an interruption during my live here. come people agree because they're more than 80 percent of the city of what's on the lies on top of the company. so the culture and was formed by new reps in almost 4000 years ago. steam and hot gases rise from the funerals, pushing the floor the caldera upward, the that causes earthquakes, and is made to ground right, by almost 4 meters here over the last 70 years. so what's happening inside the volcano? scientists regularly analyze the gases that escape here, and the gas is trapped in the mac that chambers at several kilometers underground. some glasses are mostly because of the of the commodity process is mostly because of montgomery for example c o 2, but also some other i know it's got this like you, nitrogen and so on. this said the other, oh gosh,

disliked me taught me things are mostly because of what you said putting in the idea, terry modest and so in the shallower part of the system, the geo chemical data confirm that the long dormant volcano destroying the earth, the crust above it is stretching and weakening. during the last thunderous face stopped an ongoing guys, a space started in 2005. it was reduced through on increasing the flux of c o 2, which reached the value of, of about 4 uh, $5000.00 tons per day. this value ranks to come to flick rate one of the a to a mean it meters of both kind x you to on here. this is the reason for which the most scientists are talking about the diesel. ok. no indices of angels will cannot predict to disclose it is allowed for fraser. so the credit to the cause of very

high in 2012 the alert level and the region was set to yellow is the alert, went to orange and red. nearly half a 1000000 people would need to be evacuated within 72 hours. the volcano last directed in $1538.00, which is also the only historically documented direction. about 40000 years ago, this area was shaken by a super option. a term that gave rise to the word super volcano. remnants of volcanic ash can still be found in eastern europe. elizabeth, originally these great tactical, whether they not ill, 7000 years fuck, you know features. so i think i own the company and i guess was destroyed but these by use that option to somebody for us to hit option in the label for for

a more and more videos of burbling slides are going online, people are getting worried. is that worried justified? sandra ross, todd, distressed into each. so just the dates are the main dynamics that come disagree are mainly drive in by dean section of magnetic fluids inside the shuttle where i'd return most east. obviously at the moment is not possible to completely screwed up . so the involvement of shuttle of and smooth my commodity intrusion, which obviously a builder, a right south to prevent bbc of under option in the future. but the magnet and these companies that guy has been burbling and flowing for centuries. the underground magnet chambers fill up an empty regularly, which explains the brady sky. as in here, the slow lifting and thinking of the earth's surface. it's evident on the collins and these ancient ruins, the residues shows that they were under water at some point. and then we surfaced

next door in the old harbor. there's more evidence of this up and down movement. many boat slide beached on the sand here. understanding the brady science and then the region can help decode what's happening deep under the account era. but even with all of the monitoring, scientists still can't predict exactly if and when the super bowl aquino might erupt. the sicily and the cells of italy is home to another big volcano, mount as it began belching lava and clouds of gas again in early december, 2023 can of russians like this be predicted? no 2 volcanoes are alike, some erupt by spewing lava, gas and rocks into the air. others are relatively gentle. we can look inside

a volcano, of course, but in the lab, we can show how magma explodes. maxima has very different properties. it's, it can be more like, uh, like a tar, you make the streets with the is to very slowly deform it. it can flow, but if you fast the deform it, it accommodates stress and it breaks. that's exactly what's happened. an explosive, oh goodness. and this cylinder was carved out of a large chunk of volcanic rock to simulate a volcanic explosion between a show, a place is a cylinder inside a model. volcanic event, the gas has been sped into it, raising the pressure inside until it splits into fragments of old cannick material like sender ash and broken rock called pyro class and explodes. the experiment shows what happens in the conduit when the volcanic matter is objected upward at an ever increasing velocity. and how

a cloud form is above a volcano. the. this gives the possibility to observe it with a high speed come or, and really see with practice why it's practice, how holes, all the grains for large of a whole, all the evolving and how is the direction of that. then creating the flu and creating the ballistics being it checks it from the volcano, which post the has on the research team could even observe the lightning forming in the cloud. when particles of alt haneke ash fragments and collide, they found that the smaller the particles, the more lightning there is in the plume. in 2022, the volcanic eruption in the south pacific country of tongue sparked the most intense lightning storm ever observed. each volcano is disliked personalities, this different personality. so you have to study for each were panel, how they behave. and with this, the 10 impulse, the forecast,

what the con dual focus on that the volcanic rock here and the munich laboratory comes from around the world. because every volcano is different in their shape, vince porosity, magnet composition, and more. every volcano has its own personality. and every a russian does to the in december 2023 and mount to more rocky on sumatra erupted with little warning. just one of the counselors that russians, indonesia has experienced over the years wonder option about 200 years ago was so powerful that it led to the year without the summer in europe. this devastating term for interruption went down in history. the,

the, your option of 18. 15 deposited millions of cubic meters about chemical material on some of our island from by why it's believed 90. 2000 people died and all 40000 straight away by proving the, the, that it and it's, it, the day we have these beautiful scenery with the money. and we can see what happened in a 1015 here, up on nothing of the so simple to 18. 15 was when the tamora volcano erupted the most powerful in recorded history. what happened on the island of symbolic was felt around the world. climate data confirmed that the a russian costs global temperatures to cool with a devastating impact on agriculture around the world.

the in parts of asia, the monsoon rains, were disrupted, leading to drought in europe. so the cold and rain lift across failures and wind spread spam and disease and economic turmoil. the crisis also made waves in the world of art and literature. hers are sent to have inspired novels like mary shelley's frankenstein. and the use of light and color and cost barnaby. frederick's paintings captured the striking skies. in the darkness the trout of the earth, catastrophe and creativity went hand in hand. it's even been plans that the russians 1st the invention of the bicycle or a theory that's on proven. but we do know why be a rupture and brought cooler temperatures. so what kind of lower the level sonia miller be when a volcanic eruption injects action of what be

a tacit and gas is into the atmosphere come into the stratosphere. so by that will fall young for the, for a sulfate aerosols, or which the earth's rotation helps spread around the globe, the by $100.00. and so their souls have a cooling effect on the earth. done by now, crops fail thing be not that many animals can't find enough food. and so what are we going to say uh about that? just to be back near the indonesia is situated on the pacific ring of fire. mountain bora, on symbolic, is just one of more than a 100 active volcanoes. there. this called era is also a legacy of the russian of 1815. today, the area around mount tamora is a national park. it takes 2 days to reach the edge of the crater. for many people in indonesia, volcanoes have spiritual significance. response and as highly consulting the witness that 1st hand in $1847.00,

he climbed tumblr and penned the depictions of eruption of the year 1815. in his pamphlet, he described to local people warrenton against climbing the volcano. wherever you set foot and fire reps from the ground. people spirits inhabit the mountain and those who want only to ascend in that region of kelly spear it's are fated to suffer storms, tempest and certain perdition. before the disaster, people didn't realize that 10 bora might erupt. nobody knew that mount 10 bordeaux was a volcano pass for time in memorial. it had objected neither ash, nor lava, nor had rumblings revealed that it held chambers of underground fire. the i've been yeah. of the word come. bora comes from the word and bora. bora means to disappear in indonesian who lives with a ton in front of it. as in tom bora, it means inviting them to disappear to him. i think i'm on that. let's disappear.

i'm not even here long. it's a place that's never lost. it's mystery. i do not deny that i too felt a thrill of exhilaration as i became the 1st person since the terrible interruption to set foot on the crest of this mountain, which had a cheap such sorrowful fame in history. scientist today are still studying the a russian of mountain bore geologist, climate scientists, and social scientists are all interested in the global impact of a natural disaster that took place more than a century ago. a disaster that in essence comfortable, aquino, and half the battery. but not, but at the number of balkan ologist believe or subscribe to the theory that the summit of mountain bore. i'm authorized, 4000 meters above sea level one met that analogy,

but i'm not allowed. and because of the 1015 a reduction, it was essentially cut and a half ago. and what remains is only 2800 meters above the sea level. and what about this? again, my thought on that one more time loud. and it was a disaster for local people. the flank of those people was a terrible thing to behold. strewn along the road where human remains surrounding places where others had been buried under lava and ash. villages were devastated. houses had collapsed and lay half buried beneath the ash effect the following up on the on the 1815 a russian retreat kingdoms in the region of mountain bora, under lava. that's all that are buried them without a trace. i'm going to go past as god on and during the excavations of the window track, the archaeologists have under the traces of community life fair, the year 1815 having a problem,

definitely not including rice fields and housing complexes and human scale. it is a complex for them and then come on with the the night sky on our ascent was peaceful. nothing like the evening of april 5th, 1815 when the 1st pillar of fire illuminated the night. the infernal lasted 7 days before it subsided. mountain bora is what is called a strato volcano. it was formed by many geological layers. it has a steep, narrow cone. so is it possible it might have romped again one day. over the past 20 years, the region has seen many periods of increase seismic activity. small tremors in the grounds, and the vince and the ground called few more roles are emitting more volcanic gases and vapors again. mountain bar is under observation. like many other volcanoes in indonesia, the disability amount of 127, active bulk and i was in indonesia,

almost 80 percent of them are between 70 and 80 percent of them have an observatory station i kind of just have to we don't, we even have one volcano, monitored by 3 observatory stations, i'm up, each station has a size mcgrath up, since they have the size of the graphs and binoculars that are they measure the wind direction and the temperature in them, but they have it there. i'm a couple of sensors to measure the temperature of humor, rolls and salt the target was and so forth. we might also, i thought, is my goodness, our journey has come to an end. in 1847, when highly toning to arrive back safely from his ascent, his return was seen as a good omen. it was thought the curse had been lifted and the evil spirits banished . the hope was that the disaster of 1815 would never come again. the celebratory gun fire expectations and singing went on until dawn. that's all for this edition about volcanoes and there are many mysteries. thanks

for joining us. we'll be back next week with another edition of tomorrow. today. the science show on dw, see you that the, [000:00:00;00]

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on youtube, the . this is the w news of life in berlin. israel's military says it has accidentally killed hostages, captured by him. us during the october 7th attacks said to be mistaken for threat. the 3 were killed during ground operations in gaza, sparking renew demands for and is really use for negotiations to release the surviving hostages. also on the program, israel opens