it was secret sly behind these discovered benches in 360 degrees and explore fascinating. both heritage spelling d w world heritage. $360.00 now the november 2023 off the coast of u. o. g by japan. and under c volcano erupted giving far as to a tiny new island. researchers are studying a rupture ins like this and the laboratory, hoping to find out more about what powers volcano volcanoes in their mysteries. how close and personal on this edition of dw science show. welcome to tomorrow. today

this is what happens when the hot lava meets voltage like during the volcanic eruption in hawaii. at 1st, the law that doesn't cool down at all. then it starts flowing, more like ribbons of honey dripping from a spoon before turning into chunks of stone and glass. at the same time, you see that the from this pile open now crude sample, there is bubbles for me. let flip this image around. and these steam problems are rising, but then they feel that this cold or water around so they instantly implodes and the bubbles never make it up to the surface of, of my heart. the container volk knowledge is anthony le more and move is purpose. a melting ground volcanic rock. in this oven heated to 1100 degrees celsius. sarah,

only a handful of lamps like this one. here at munich. slow debased maximilian university . they use for experimental canada. g by researches us studying what happens inside a volcano. deep inside the box where the maxima is before it tends to lava when the volcano erupt. how does mack my forms deep in the are in demand to allow? does it make its way to in the cross? how does it involve stall in different places in magazine chamber, and then move up, install again, and then move up. and it's priming itself on the way to the surface. only about 5 or 10 percent of meg won't make it to the surface. most of it gets stuck into across the sort across as a filter and we need to understand that. so we need to actually start modeling the system as a whole. where nearly the there's a lot to then how does the mcmurry expand? how does it fracture? how does it simply define young lovingly and his team built these ovens so that

they can follow the process step by step to see exactly how solid rock mounts underground. not looking over the phone and the top 200 kilometer is of the, this mental, what the temperature and pressure conditions are right. even the black met isn't everywhere. mach mahoney mounts in places where tectonic plates are drifting apart . and the pressure decreases, allowing the maxima to rise like an iceland, for example. cold places where one plates drifts on top of another, on the presence of water, allows the rock to mount despite the high pressure. that's how the volcanoes in central and south america were formed. the 1st place when martin amounts is that what a cold hot spots, places where the temperature is unusually high. hawaii volcanoes, for example, powered by hot spots. every volcano is different and routes in a different way,

and that's why the team often heads out the field research like here to the long valley caldera in the united states. they gather volcanic rocks, and bring it back to the bar train. for a long time, the process by which friction makes the volcanic rocky top as it rises up, the volcanic vent wasn't fully understood. that's why jackie kendrick studied help or kind of grok, so rather against each other until they melt. this is something that happens when you rub your hands together on a cold day, and you'll see this is also true of trucks. this happens in tectonic aspects, and it also happens it volcanoes. and so here when we move on to some whose past one, another richly stimulates one of these frictional contacts. so we want to understand what kind of motions create and levels of heat inside of the results was captured on video. it takes just

a 2nd for the rock to mount. so at the beginning when we have split, we're going to see this kind of aspect created from the folks flip side. and you can see that from the house from the surface, and then very quickly, we're reaching a couple of 100 degrees and then already a 1000 degrees where we start melting. it can reach up to 1400 degrees through the friction alone as this thermal image shows that this is quite remarkable. and this is not something that we were actually expecting when we pick on a 6 foot. maybe the most risky is not going straight into touch it afterwards because they really quite exciting samples. and the idea that you want to go and grab that didn't get that in your hands right away, is the, is very tempting. but it actually takes about 30 minutes to cool down to room temperatures, so we have to be careful not to them. so jackie kendrick and her team discovered that the friction doesn't just generate more heat

. it also helps all kind of rupture. as the molten maxima rises, the pressure goes down that allows the gases in the maxima to expand. the gas is phone bubbles, and that increases the volume of the maxima. well, decreasing it's density, that gives the maximum momentum. finally reaches the stuff is why it's called lava . so it's the same as a bottle of champagne. and if you happen to open it too quickly, it splashes everywhere. and every time we open a bottle of sun panel, but of coca cola, we try to regulate that with our hands. we do this systematically on of us every day. so could we do the same with the magma? could we drill in a way, way we could control the gas coming out, so we prevent eventually prevent eruption from happening. young. i'm on a and his team wants to put those questions to the test at the cross landmark move

testbed in iceland planning to drill a to kilometer long, not much chained to upset the maxima wave. it's normally hidden from view. and the hoping to figure out how to tap into that super heated liquid rock as a new source of energy. huge amount of energy in maxima. if you take one liter of magma at a 1000 degrees and you cool it slowly to room temperature, you obtain one megawatt. we have full kind of corruptions in history and artistry that they've reached. 4 or 5000 cubic kilometers. there's a lot of energy sitting there that the power of entire country, the noise is energy. but it's also the source of all of these, the minerals that phone's are deposit, rare of gold capa all comes from them from the magna. so there's

a lot of benefits from them. similarly, the fluids are utilized for internal energy, but we also have lithium coming out of these fluids. so there's a lot of goods to magwell. volcanoes are a force of nature, the fascinating and frightening. and this to them, not the volcanoes can be deadly as a visit to this party, a logical site makes clear. the ancient roman city of pompei was wiped off the map when mountain assume v as a ruptured almost 2000 years ago. what's this like for people who live here today? and i'm always a little afraid you. i lived through 527 quakes with 2 small children, and i still didn't move away and many people less but not me. and i'm wondering it

as close as he, when there's a quake, we just wait outside. it's scary at night, but you learn to live with it at all. and that will be thing. so the concern is understandable because there's another volcano here, along side mount vesuvius to fly grey and fields. so let's take a closer look at the region. the place that at 1st glance is practically picture perfect. this is a famous volcano in southern italy. and so, is this one rises towards the sky at the edge of a city. the other is basically invisible. the company for the great west of naples, isn't a mountain. it's a caldera, a college in like color, that spends more than a 150 square kilometers. it may look innocuous, underground, it's burbling in simmering. and everyone's wondering whether they're wrapped,

if you start challenging question how you will not see under option during my live here, come people agree because they're more than 80 percent of the city of what's on the lives on top of the company. so i think the culture and was for him to find interruption almost 4000 years ago. steam and hot gases rise from the funerals, pushing the floor the caldera upward, the that causes earthquakes, and is made the ground rise by almost 4 meters here over the last 70 years. so what's happening inside the volcano? scientists regularly analyzed the gases that escape here, and the gas is trapped in the mac, the chambers of several kilometers underground. some gosh, this are mostly because of the of the commodity process is mostly because of montgomery for example c o 2, but also some other, i know it's got this like you, nitrogen and so on. he said other uh gosh,

just like me telling me things are mostly because of what is happening in the i deterred most east. and so in the shallower part of the system, the geo chemical data confirm that the long dormant volcano is stirring and the earth across it above it is stretching and weakening. during the last thunderous phase, start and own going got the space started in 2005. it was reduced through on increasing the flux of seo to which reaches value of about 4 uh, $5000.00 tons per day. the spaniel rings to the company for the great one of the a to a mean it meter, so both conic suits you on. this is the reason for which the most scientists are talking about the diesel. ok. no indices of engine is, will cannot predict to disclose. it is a large and for fraser. so the credit can cause

a very high in 2012 the alert level and the region was set to yellow is the alert, went to orange and red. nearly half a 1000000 people would need to be evacuated within 72 hours. the volcano last directed in $1538.00, which is also the only historically documented direction. about 40000 years ago, this area was shaken by a super rection, a term that gave rise to the word super volcano. remnants of volcanic ash can still be found in eastern europe. elizabeth regional v. these great tactical, whether they're not ill, 7000 years fuck, you know, features so far. i think i own the company and i guess was the destroyer. but these by you said option to was a very impressed to hit option in the label for for more and more

videos of burbling slides are going online. people are getting worried. is that worried justified? sandra ross tod, distressing to each. so just the dates are the main not me to come disagree are mainly dr. inviting section of mathematics fluids inside the shuttle where i'd return most east. obviously at the moment is not possible to completely screwed up . so the involvement of shuttle of and smooth my commodity intrusion, which obviously to uh, do the right stuff to provide the details under option in the future. but the magnet and these companies that guy has been burbling and flowing for centuries. the underground magnet chambers fill up an empty regularly, which explains the brady size in here, the slow lifting and thinking of the earth's surface. it's evident on the collins and these ancient ruins. the residues shows that they were under water at some

point, and then re surfaced next door in the old harbor. there's more evidence of this up and down movement. many boats, light beached on the sand here, understanding the brady science and then the region can help decode what's happening deep under the account era. but even with all of the monitoring, scientists still can't predict exactly this. and when the super volcano might erupt, the sicily and the cells that there is home to another big volcano, mount at it, began belching lava and clouds of gas again, in early december, 2023. can of russians like this be predicted? no 2 volcanoes are alike, some erupt by spewing lava, gas and rocks into the air. others are relatively gentle. we can look inside

a volcano, of course, but in the lab, we can show how magma explodes. maxima has very different properties. it's, it can be more like a, like a tar, you make the streets. this is to very slowly deform it. it can flow, but if you fast the deform it, it accommodate stress and it breaks. that's exactly what's happened. an explosive organisms. this cylinder was carved out of a large chunk of volcanic rock to simulate a volcanic explosion between a show, a place is a cylinder inside a model. volcanic event, the gas has been sped into it, raising the pressure inside until it splits into fragments of old cannick material like sender ash and broken rock called pyro classed, and explodes. the experiment shows what happens in the conduit when the volcanic matter is objected upward at an ever increasing velocity

and how a cloud form. so above a volcano, the, this gives us the possibility to observe it with a high speed camera and really see where it correct why it's frank. just how holes are the grades for large of a whole all the loading and how is the direction of that? then creating the flu and creating the ballistics. being a check from the volcano which post the has on the research team could even observe the lightning forming and mccloud. when particles involve panic, ash, fragments and collide. they found that the smaller the particles, the more lightning there is in the plume. in 2022, the volcanic eruption in the south pacific country of tongue sparked the most intense lightning storm ever observed. each volcano is this luck personalities, this different personality. so you have to study for each were panel, how they behave. and with this, the 10 impulse, the forecast, what the con to

a photograph of them that the volcanic rock here and the munich laboratory comes from around the world. because every volcano is different in their shape, vince porosity, magnet composition, and more. every volcano has its own personality and every a russian does to the in december 2023 and mount to more rocky on sumatra erupted with little warning. just one of the counselors that russians, indonesia has experienced over the years. wonder option about 200 years ago was so powerful that it led to the year without summer in europe. this devastating 10 for interruption went down in history. the

the, your option of 18. 15 deposited millions of cubic meters. volcanic material on some of our island come by law. i'm going with it, i believe 92000 people died and all 40000 straight away. but what would be the, the that and if, if the day we have these beautiful scenery with the money and we can see what happened in a $1015.00 here, up on nothing about. so then for the 1815 was when the tamora volcano erupted the most powerful in recorded history. what happened on the island of symbolic was felt around the world. climate data confirmed that the a russian costs global temperatures to cool with a devastating impact on agriculture around the world.

the in parts of asia, the monsoon rains, were disrupted, leading to drought in europe. so the cold and rain led to crowds failures and widespread famine, disease, and economic turmoil. the crisis also made waves in the world of art and literature . hers are sent to have inspired novels like mary shelley's frankenstein. and the use of light and color and cost. barnaby and free drinks, paintings captured this striking sconce in the darkness. the trout of the earth, catastrophe and creativity went hand in hand. it's even been plans at the interruption, sparked the invention of the bicycle. it's a theory that's on proof and, but we do know why be a russian brought cooler temperatures. so, but kind of low the level suddenly a little bit when a volcanic eruption injects action of what the tacit and gas is into the atmosphere

. i've gotten into the stratosphere so by that all you have in for the for a sulfate aerosols or which the earth's rotation helps spread around that glow d by $100.00. and those aerosols have a cooling effect on the earth. done by now, crops fail thing be not that many animals can't find enough food. and so what are we going to say uh, but uh, if any of that indonesia is situated on the pacific ring of fire, mountain bora, on some boss, is just one of more than a 100 active volcanoes. there this caldera is also a legacy of the russian of $1815.00. today, the area around mount 10 bora, as a national park, it takes 2 days to reach the edge of the crater. for many people in indonesia, volcanoes have spiritual significance. sweet spot and as highly consulting the witness that 1st hand in 1847,

he climbed. tom bore and pinned the depictions of eruption of the year 1815. in his pamphlet, he described how local people warrenton against climbing the volcano, wherever you set foot and fire reps from the ground. people spirits inhabit the mountains, and those who want only to ascend in that region of kelly spear it's are faded to suffer storms, tempest, and certain perdition. before the disaster, people didn't realize that tumble ro might corrupt. nobody knew that mountain bordeaux was a volcano asper time in memorial. it had a jack, did neither ash, nor lava, nor had rumblings revealed that it held chambers of underground fire. the i've been yeah. the word tamora comes from the word and bora. bora means to disappear in indonesia and with that time front of it, as in tom bora, it means inviting them to disappear. to me,

i think i'm wrong that let's disappear. not anyone who likes to. it's a place that's never lost it's mystery. i do not deny that i too felt a thrill of exhilaration as i became the 1st person since the terrible interruption to set foot on the crest of this mountain, which had a cheat such sorrowful, fame and history. scientist today are still studying the eruption of mountain bore, a geologist, climate scientists, and social scientists are all interested in the global impact of a natural disaster that took place more than a century ago. a disaster that in essence comfortable, aquino, and half the battery. but not, but at the number of elk and ologist believe or subscribe to the theory that the summit of mountain bore. i'm authorized, 4000 meters above sea level,

one might not be able to move out loud. and because of the time 15 direction, it was essentially cut and a half ago. and what remains is only 2800 meters above the sea level. and what about those? again, my thought on that one more time loud and it was a disaster for local people. the flank of those people was a terrible thing to behold. strewn along the road where human remains surrounding places where others had been buried under lava and ash. villages were devastated houses had collapsed and lay half buried beneath the ash effect the following up on the on the 1815 a russian retreat kingdoms in the region of mountain bora, under lava, that's all that are buried them without a trace. i'm going to go past as got on and during the excavations along the co in their track, archaeologists have under the traces of community life fair, the year 1815 having a problem,

definitely not including rice fields and housing complexes and human scale. it is a complex little man. then come on, come on. we see. the night sky on our ascent was peaceful. nothing like the evening of april 5th, 1815 when the 1st pillar of fire illuminated the night. the infernal lasted 7 days before it subsided. mountain vera is what is called a strato volcano. it was formed by many geological layers. it has a steep, narrow cone. so is it possible it might have romped again one day. over the past 20 years, the region has seen many periods of increase seismic activity. small tremors in the grounds, and the vince and the ground called few more rolls are emitting more volcanic gases and vapors again. mount tumble road is under observation. like many other volcanoes in indonesia, the disability amount of 127 active bulk nose in indonesia,

almost 80 percent of them are between 70 and 80 percent of them have an observatory station kind of just have to pull them up and we even have one volcano, monitored by 3 observatory stations, i'm up, each station has a size mcgrath up, since they have seismic wraps and binoculars that are they measured the wind direction and the temperature in them, but they have their him, a couple of sensors to measure the temperature of humor. rolls and salt, the target list, and so forth. we might also pass that is, my goodness, our journey has come to an end. in 1847, when highly toning to arrive back safely from his ascent, his return was seen as a good omen. it was thought the curse had been lifted and the evil spirits banished the hope was that the disaster of 1815 would never come again. the celebratory gun fire expectations and singing went on until dawn. that's all for this edition about volcanoes and there many mysteries. thanks for

joining us. we'll be back next week with another edition of tomorrow. today. the science show on dw, see you that the, [000:00:00;00]

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