it is more than the the genuine 2 musicians under the swastika, a documentary about this sounds of power, inspiring story about survival of the home and you go get the tennis. i was the only one, usually in nazi germany. watch now on youtube dw documentary. the november 2023 off the coast of u o g. but japan and under c volcano erupted giving birth to a tiny new island. researchers are studying interruptions like this and the laboratory, hoping to find out more about what power is volcano volcanoes in their mystery. up close and personal on this edition of dw science show. welcome

to tomorrow. today. this is what happens when hot lava meets water. like during the volcanic eruption in hawaii at 1st the law that doesn't cool down at all. then it starts flowing more like ribbons of honey dripping from a spoon before turning into chunks of stone and glass. at the same time, you see that the, from this pile open now crude sample, there is bubbles for me. let flip this image around. and these steam problems arising. but then they feel that there's cold or water around. so they instantly implodes and the bubbles never make it up to the surface of, of my heart. the container. vocal knowledge is anthony le more. an overs cooper's a melting ground will kind of rock. in this oven,

heated to 1100 degrees celsius. there are only a handful of lamps like this one here at unix ne maximillian to university they use for experimental volt canada g by reset. just us studying what happens inside a volcano deep inside the dots where the maxima is before it tends to lava. when the volcano erupt, how does mack my phones deep in the are in the mental out as it make its way to the cross out as it evolved? stole in different places and magnet chamber, and then move up, install again, and then move up. and it's priming itself on the way to the surface. only about 5 or 10 percent of meg will make it to the surface. most of it gets stuck in the cross. so the cross is a filter, and we need to understand that. so we need to actually start modeling the system as a whole, where nearly to there's a lot to then, how does the magnet expand? how does it fracture?

how does it simply define young lovett lee and his team built these ovens so that they can follow the process step by step to see exactly how solid rock notes on the ground. not looking at any form in the top 200 kilometers, it'd be this month. so what the temperature and pressure conditions are right? even the magnet isn't everywhere. maxima on the mounts in places where tectonic plates the drifting apart and the pressure decreases, allowing the mac let to rise like an iceland. for example. cold places where one plates trace on top of another, on the presence of water allows the rock to mount despite the high pressure. lots of the volcanoes in central and south america were formed. the 1st place when locked in the notes is that what a cold hotspots places where the temperature is unusually high. hawaii volcanoes, for example, powered by hot spots and every volcano is different and routes in

a different way. that's why the team often head south field research, like here to the long valley caldera in the united states. they gather volcanic rocks, and bring it back to the board train. for a long time, the process by which friction makes the volcanic rock the top as he rises up, the volcanic vent wasn't fully understood. that's why jackie kendrick studied help or kind of grok so rather against each other until the mel. this is something that happens when you rub your hands together on a cold day and you see this is also true of trucks. this happens in tectonic prices, and it also happens that volcanoes. and so here when we move on to some post past one, another rich, the simulates a more of these frictional context. so we want to understand what kind of promotions create what levels of heat inside of the results was captured

on video. it takes just a 2nd for the rock to mount. so at the beginning, when we have flip, we're going to see this kind of ash that creates it from the folks at the same. and you can see that from the house from the surface. and then very quickly, we're reaching a couple of 100 degrees and then already a 1000 degrees where we start nothing. it can reach up to 1400 degrees through a friction alone as this thermal image shows. that this is quite remarkable. and this is not something that we were actually expecting when we think maybe the most risky is not going straight into touch it afterwards because they really quite exciting samples. and the idea that you want to go and grab that and get that in your hands. right away is a, is very tempting, but it actually takes about 30 minutes to cool down to room temperature. so we have to be careful not to of the jackie kendrick and her

team discovered that the friction doesn't just generate more heat. it also helps all kind of option the, as the molten maxima rises, the pressure goes down. that allows the gases in the maxima to expand. the gas is phone bubbles, and that increases the volume of the maxima. well, decreasing it's density. that gives the maximum momentum until it finally reaches the stuff this way. it's called lava. it's is the same as a bottle of champagne. and if you open open it too quickly, it splashes everywhere. and every time we open a bottle of champagne, a lot of coca cola, we try to regulate that with our hands. we do this systematically on of us every day. so could we do the same with the magma? could we drill in a way way we could control the gas coming out so we prevent even to prevent interruption from happening. young. i'm on

a on his team one to put those questions to the test at the crossland block, my testbed in iceland. the planning to drill a to kilometer long knocked my chain to upset the maxima wave. it's normally hidden from view. and the hoping to figure out how to tap into that super heated liquid rock as a new source of energy. huge amount of energy and maxima. if you take one liter of magma at a 1000 degrees and you cool it slowly to room temperature, you obtain one megawatt. we have all kind of corruptions and mystery and artistry that they've reached for 5000 cubic kilometers. there's a lot of energy sitting there that the power, entire country, the noise is energy. but it's also the source of all of these,

the minerals that funds are deposit rare of gold capa all comes from them, from the magnet. and so there's a lot of benefits from them. similarly, the fluids are utilized for, for jo time on energy, but we also have lithium coming out of these fluids. and so there's a lot of goods to magwell. volcanoes are a force of nature. the fascinating and frightening and there's still a lot less the volcanoes can be deadly. as a visit to this archaeological site makes clear, the ancient roman city of pompei was wiped off the map when mountain the sioux v as erupt it almost 2000 years ago. what's it like for people who live here today? and i'm always a little afraid you. i lived through 527 quakes with 2 small children,

and i still didn't move away and many people left but not me. and i'm wondering, let's close it. when there's a quake, we just wait outside. it's scary at night, but you learn to live with it and it will be vain. the concern is understandable because there's another volcano here, along side mount vesuvius, disagree in fields. so let's take a closer look at the region. the place that at 1st glance is practically picture perfect. this is a famous volcano in southern italy. and so is this one rises toward the sky at the edge of a city. the other is basically invisible. the company for the great west of naples, isn't a mountain, it's a caldera, a cauldron like color that spends more than a 150 square kilometers. it may look innocuous,

but under ground it's burbling and simmering. and everyone's wondering, well, it erupt, challenging question, how you will not see an interruption during my live here. come people agree because they're more than 80 percent of the city of what's on the lies on top of the company. so i think the called in was formed, finally reps, in almost 4000 years ago, steam and hot gases rise from the funerals pushing the floor the caldera upward, the that causes earthquakes, and has made the ground rise by almost 4 meters here over the last 70 years, so what's happening inside the volcano? scientists regularly analyze the gases that escape here, and the gas is trapped, and the magnet chambers several kilometers underground. some gosh, this are mostly because of the of the commodity processes. so i mostly because of my, for example to you too, but also some other i know, gosh, just like you,

nitrogen and so on. he said other gosh, just like me telling me things are mostly because of what is happening in the i do to our most east. and so in the shallower part of the system, the geo chemical data confirm that the long dormant volcano destroying and the earth across it above it is stretching and weakening. during the last tundras face start and ongoing guys of space started in 2005. it was reduced through on increasing a flux of seo, to which reached its value of about 4 uh, $5000.00 tons per day. these value rings to come to flick rate. uh, one of the a to a mean meter. so both kind of q 2 on there. this is the reason for which most scientists are talking about a diesel, okay? no indices of inches. okay. and what was it to disclose it if he is allowed for

free? so the pregnancy is a very high in 2012, the alert level in the region was set to yellow is the alert, went to orange and red. nearly half a 1000000 people would need to be evacuated within 72 hours. the the volcano last directed in $1538.00, which is also the only historically documented interruption. about 40000 years ago . this area was shaken by a super option. a term that gave rise to the word super volcano. remnants of volcanic ash can still be found in eastern europe, the elizabeth regional, the these great, the cool, the denial says in 1000 square feet of features. so particularly the companion nadia was destroyed. but these by just that option. so it was

a very easy for us to hit option in the label for for more and more videos of burbling slides are going online. people are getting worried. is that, were you justified? sandra ross tod, distressing to each. so just the dates are the main dynamics that come piece a great are mainly dr. inviting section of my commodity fluids inside the shuttle where i'd return most east. obviously at the moment is not possible to completely screw, don't. so the involvement of shuttle up and smooth my commodity intrusion, which obviously each uh, the right shop to provide the bbc of under option in the future. but the magnet in these companies that guy has been burbling and flowing for centuries. the underground magnet chambers fill up an empty regularly, which explains the brady sky. as in here, the slow lifting and thinking of the earth's surface. it's evident on the collins

and these ancient ruins. the residues shows that they were under water at some point, and then we surfaced next door in the old harbor. there's more evidence of this up and down movement. many boat slide beached on the sand here. understanding the brady size and then the region can help decode what's happening deep under the account there. but even with all of the monitoring, scientists still can't predict exactly this. and when the super volcano made or bumped the sicily and the cells of it is home to another big volcano, mount at it began belching lava in clouds of gas. again, in early december, 2023. can of russians like this be predicted? no 2 volcanoes are alike, some erupt by spewing lava,

gas and rocks into the air. others are relatively gentle. we can look inside a volcano, of course, but in the lab, we can show how magma explodes. maxima has very different properties. it's, it can be more like, uh, like a tar you make the street 1st is to very slowly deform it. it can flow, but if you fast the deform it, it accommodates stress and it breaks. that's exactly what's happened, an explosive, oh goodness, sense. this cylinder was carved out of a large chunk of volcanic rock to stimulate a volcanic explosion. bettina show a place is a cylinder inside a model. volcanic vent, the gas has been sped into it, raising the pressure inside until it splits into fragments of all kind of material like sender, ash and broken rock called pyar, requests and explodes. the experiment shows what happens in the conduit when the

volcanic matter is objected upward at an ever increasing velocity. and how a cloud form is above a volcano. the. this gives us the possibility to observe it with a high speed camera and really see what tract way and frank just how holes of the gray and so large of a how are they involved and how is the direction of that then creating the flu and creating the ballistics being adjusted from the vocational which posts that has on the research team could even observe lightning forming and mccloud. when particles involve panic, ash, fragments and collide. they found that the smaller the particles, the more lightning there is in the plume. in 2022, the volcanic eruption in the south pacific country of tongue sparked the most intense lightning storm ever observed each volcano is this next person that it is this different personality. so you have to study for each were panel how they

behave. and with this, the 10 impulse, the forecast, what the con to a focus on that. the volcanic rock here and the munich laboratory comes from around the world. because every volcano is different in their shape, vince porosity, magnet composition, and more. every volcano has its own personality and every a russian does to the in december 2023, mount milwaukee on sumatra erupted with little warning just one of the counselors that russians, indonesia has experienced over the years. wonder option about 200 years ago was so powerful, didn't lead to the year without summer in europe. this devastating 10 for a rupture and went down in history. the,

the rupture of 1815 deposited millions of cubic meters. volcanic material on some of our island come by why it's believed 90. 2000 people died and all 40000 straight away by the time that i didn't miss it the day we have these beautiful scenery with the money and we can see what happened in a 1015 here upon nothing of the so then for the 1815 was when the tamora volcano erupted the most powerful in recorded history? what happened on the island of symbolic was felt around the world. climate data confirmed that the a russian cost global temperatures to cool with

a devastating impact on agriculture around the world. the in parts of asia, the monsoon rains, were disrupted, leading to drought in europe. so the cold and rain lived across failures and wind spreads famine, disease, and economic turmoil. the crisis also made waves and the world of art and literature. the hers are sent to have inspired novels like mary shelley's frankenstein, and the use of light and color and cost barnaby free drinks. paintings captured the striking sconce in the darkness. the trout of the earth, catastrophe and creativity went hand in hand. it's even been plans at the interruption, sparks the invention of the bicycle or a series that's on proven. but we do know why be a rupture and brought cooler temperatures. so if i kind of low the level suddenly

a little bit when a volcanic eruption injects action, must be a tacit, and gas is into the atmosphere. i've gotten into the stratosphere. so by that all you haven't for the, for a soul fate. aerosols, or which the earth's rotation helps spread around the globe will be by walking. edu and those aerosols have a cooling effect on the earth. done by now crops fail. thing going to be not that many animals can't find enough food. and so what are we going to say about that? just to be back. indonesia is situated on the pacific ring of fire. mountain bora, on some bond, is just one of more than a 100 active volcanoes. there. this called era is also a legacy of the russian of 1815. today, the area around mount tamora is a national park. it takes 2 days to reach the edge of the crater. for many people in indonesia, volcanoes have spiritual significance. with boston is highly controlling the

witness that 1st hand. in 1847, he climbed 10 boar and penned the depiction of eruption of the year 1815. in his pamphlet, he described to local people warrenton against climbing the volcano. wherever you set foot and fire are reps from the ground. people spirits inhabit the mountain, and those who want only to ascend in that region of kelly spear it's are faded to separate storms, tempest and certain perdition. before the disaster, people didn't realize that tumble ro might corrupt. nobody knew that mountain burrow was a volcano asper time in memorial. it had adjusted neither ash, nor lava, nor had rumblings revealed that it held chambers of underground fire. the admin, yeah. the one tamora comes from the word and bora. bora means to disappear in indonesian

who lives with that time in front of it. as in tom bora, it means inviting them to disappear. to me, i think i'm on that. let's disappear into my, the money like and it's a place that's never lost its mystery. i do not deny that i too felt a thrill of exhilaration as i became the 1st person since the terrible eruption to set foot on the crest of this mountain, which had a cheap such sorrowful fame and history. scientist today are still studying the eruption of mountain bore, geologist, climate scientists, and social scientists are all interested in the global impact of a natural disaster that took place more than a century ago. a disaster that in essence comfortable, aquino, and half the battery, but not but at the number of elkin ologist believe or subscribe to the theory that

the summit of mountain bore. i'm authorized, 4000 meters above sea level. one might not be able to move out loud. and because of the $1015.00 a rupture and it was essentially cut and a half ago and what remains is only 2800 meters above the sea level. and what about this, again, my thought on that one more time loud and it was a disaster for local people. the flank of those people was a terrible thing to behold. strewn along the road where human remains surrounding places where others had been buried under lava and ash. villages were devastated. houses had collapsed and lay half buried beneath the ash effect the following up on the, on the 1815 a russian retreat kingdoms in the region of mountain bora, under lava. that's all that are buried them without a trace. someone in the past has got on and during the excavations along the co window track, the archaeologists have under the traces of community life fair,

the year 1815 following up on one of the including rice fields and the housing complexes and human scale. it is a complex little man. then come on, come on. we see. the night sky on our ascent was peaceful. nothing like the evening of april 5th, 1815 when the 1st pillar of fire illuminated the night. the infernal left its 7 days before it subsided. mountain bora is what is called a strato volcano. it was formed by many geological layers. it has a steep, narrow cone. so is it possible it might have romped again one day. over the past 20 years, the region has seen many periods of increase seismic activity. small tremors in the ground and the vince and the ground called few more roles are emitting more volcanic gases and vapors. again. mountain bar is under observation. like many

other volcanoes in indonesia, city. these are the 127 active bulk and i was in indonesia, almost 80 percent of them between 70 and 80 percent of them have an observatory station i kind of just have to pull them up and we even have one volcano monitored by 3 observatory stations i'm up, each station has a size mcgrath up since they have the size of the graphs and binoculars that are they measured the wind direction and the temperature in simple that they have their him a couple of sensors to measure the temperature of humor rolls and sold the target was and so forth. we might also, but i thought is my goodness, our journey has come to an end. in 1847, when highly toning to arrive back safely from his ascent, his return was seen as a good omen. it was thought the curse had been lifted and the evil spirits banished the hope was that the disaster of 1815 would never come again. the celebratory gunfire, expectations, and singing, went on until dawn. that's

all for this edition about volcanoes and there are many mysteries. thanks for joining us. we'll be back next week with another edition of tomorrow. today. the science show on dw, see you that the, [000:00:00;00]

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