[000:00:00;00] the, [000:00:00;00] the november 2023, off the coast of u. o g by japan. and under c volcano erupted giving far as to a tiny new island. researchers are studying a rupture like this and the laboratory,

hoping to find out more about what towers volcano, volcanoes in their mysteries. how close and personal on this edition of dw science show. welcome to tomorrow. today. this is what happens when the hot lava meets voltage. like during the volcanic eruption in hawaii at 1st, the law that doesn't cool down at all. then it starts flowing more like ribbons of honey dripping from a spoon before turning into chunks of stone and glass. at the same time, you see that from this pile open the crude sample. there is bubbles. let slip this image around, and these steam problems are rising. but then they feel that this cold or water around. so they instantly implodes and the bubbles never make it up to the surface of,

of my what the container boca knowledge is. anthony le more until this group is a melting ground volt. any growth in this oven? heated to 1100 degrees celsius. there are only a handful of lamps like this one here written unix note of each month for millions university use for experimental chronology by researches us studying what happens inside a volcano. deep inside the box where the maxima is before it tends to lava. when the volcano erupt, how does mack my phones deep in the yard in the mantel allow? does it make its way to the cross? how does it involve? stole in different places and magnum chamber, and then move up, install again, and then move up. and it's priming itself on the way to the surface. only about 5 or 10 percent of the bag will make it to the surface. most of it gets stuck into across the send across as a filter. and we need to understand that. so we need to actually start modeling the

system as a whole, where nearly to there's a lot to then how does the mcmurry expand? how does it fracture? how does it simply define young lovingly and his team built these ovens so that they can follow the process step by step to see exactly how solid rock mounts underground. not looking at any form and the top 200 kilometers of the this mental, where the temperature and pressure conditions are right. even the black mate isn't heavy way. maxima only melts in places where tectonic plates are drifting apart. and the pressure decreases, allowing the maxima to rise like an iceland, for example. cold places where one plates trace on top of another. and the presence of water allows the rock to mount despite the high pressure light. so the volcanoes in central and south america were formed the 1st place when locked in the notes, is that what a cold hot spots places where the temperature is unusually high?

hawaii is volcanoes, for example, powered by hot spots. every volcano is different and routes in a different way. that's why the team often heads out the field research, like here to the long valley caldera in the united states. they gather volcanic rocks, and bring it back to the bar train. for a long time, the process by which friction makes the volcanic rock the top as he rises up, the volcanic vent wasn't fully understood. that's why jackie kendrick studied help or conic rock. so rather against each other until they melt. this is something that happens when you rub your hands together on a cold day, and you see this is also true of trucks. this happens in tech 20 cars prices and it also happens at volcanoes. and so here when we move on to samples, task one,

another richly simulates one of these frictional context. so we want to understand what kind of emotions create what levels of heat inside of the result was captured on video. it takes just a 2nd for the rock to mount. so at the beginning, when we have split, we're going to see this kind of ash that's created from the folks at the same. and you can see that from the house from the surface. and then very quickly, we're reaching a couple of 100 degrees and then already a 1000 degrees where we start melting. it can reach up to 1400 degrees through friction alone as this thermal image shows. that this is quite remarkable. and this is not something that we were actually expecting when we pick out for maybe the most risky is not going straight into touch it afterwards because they really quite exciting samples. and the idea that you want to go and grab that and get that in your hands right away is the, is very tempting,

but it actually takes about 30 minutes to cool down to bring temperatures. so we have to be careful not to to jackie kendrick and her team discovered that the friction doesn't just generate more heat. it also helps kind of option the. as the molten maxima rises, the pressure goes down. that allows the gases in the maxima to expand the gases phone bubbles, and that increases the volume of the maxima. well, decreasing it's density that gives the maximum momentum delete finally reaches the stuff is why it's called lava. says the same as a bottle of champagne. and if you happen to open it too quickly, it splashes everywhere. and every time we open a bottle of champagne, oh but it was coca cola. we tried to regulate that with our hands. we do this systematically on of us every day. so could we do the same with the magma? could we drill in a way, way we could control the gas coming out. so we prevent even to prevent interruption

from happening. young. i'm on a and his team one to put those questions to the test. at the cross. lemme lemme testbed in iceland. the planning to drill a to kilometer long knocked my chamber to upset the maxima where it's normally hidden from view. and the hoping to figure out how to tap into that super heated liquid rock as a new source of energy. huge amount of energy in maxima. if you take one liter of magma at a 1000 degrees and you cool it slowly to room temperature, you obtain one megawatt. we have, we'll kind of corruption in history and artistry that they've reached for 5000 cubic kilometers. there's a lot of energy sitting there that the power, entire country, the

noise is energy, but it's also the source of all of these. the minerals of funds are deposit rare of gold capa all comes from them from the magna. so there's a lot of benefits from them. similarly, the fluids are utilized for full time on energy, but we also have lithium coming out of, of these fluids. and so there's a lot of goods to magwell. volcanoes are a force of nature. the fascinating and frightening and there's still a lot less volcanoes can be deadly. as a visit to this archaeological site makes clear, the ancient roman city of pompei was wiped off the map when mountain the sioux v as erupt it almost 2000 years ago. what's it like for people who live here today?

and i'm always a little afraid. you know, i lived through 527 quakes with 2 small children, and i still didn't move away and many people less but not me. and i'm wondering that as close as he, when there's a quake, we just wait outside. it's scary at night, but you learn to live with it at all and it will be vain. the concern is understandable because there's another volcano here, along side mount vesuvius, disagree in fields. so let's take a closer look at the region. the place that at 1st glance is practically picture perfect. this is a famous volcano in southern italy. and so, is this one rises toward the sky at the edge of a city. the other is basically invisible. the company for the great west of naples,

isn't a mountain. it's a caldera, a cauldron like color that spends more than a 150 square kilometers. as it may look innocuous, but under ground, it's burbling and simmering. and everyone's wondering whether they're wrapped challenging question, pio, that we do not see an interruption during my live here. come people agree because they're more than 80 percent of the city of what's on the lies on top of the company. so i think the called in was formed fine interruption almost 4000 years ago. steam and hot gases rise from the funerals, pushing the floor of the caldera upward, the that causes earthquakes, and has made the ground rise by almost 4 meters here over the last 70 years. so what's happening inside the volcano? scientists regularly analyze the gases that escape here and the gases craft and the magnet chambers, several kilometers underground. some gosh,

just are mostly because of the of the commodity gross is mostly because of my for example to you too, but also some other i know gosh just like you, nitrogen and so on. he said other gosh, just like me telling me things are mostly because of what is happening in the i to return most east. and so in the shallower part of the system, the geo chemical data confirm that the long dormant volcano is stirring and the earth across it above it is stretching and weakening. during the last tundras face start and ongoing guys of space started in 2005. it was reduced through on increasing a flux of c o 2 which reached the value of of about 4 uh, $5000.00 tons per day. this value ranks to come to flick rate uh, one of the a to

a mean meter. so both kind of q 2 on there. this is the reason for which most scientists are talking about the diesel ok. no indices of inches latino because it discloses the fuselage. and for fraser, so the country is a very high in 2012 the alert level and the region was set to yellow is the alert, went to orange and red. nearly half a 1000000 people would need to be evacuated within 72 hours. the the volcano last directed in $1538.00, which is also the only historically documented interruption. about 40000 years ago . this area was shaken by a super rection, a term that gave rise to the word super volcano. remnants of volcanic ash can still be found in eastern europe the fully to this regionally. these great, the cool,

the not ill says in 1000 square feet of features. so particularly the companion nadia was destroyed. but these by just that option. so it was a very easy for us to hit option in the label for for more and more videos of burbling slides are going online. people are getting worried. is that were you justified? sandra ross tod, distressing to each. so just the dates are the main not me to come disagree are mainly dr. inviting section of my commodity fluids inside the shuttle where i'd return most east, obviously at the moment is not possible to completely screw, don't. so the involvement of shuttle up and smooth my commodity intrusion, which obviously a builder right shop to provide the bbc of under option in the future. but the magnet denise companies that guy has been burbling and flowing for centuries. the underground magnet chambers fill up an empty regularly,

which explains the brady size in here, the slow lifting and thinking of the earth's surface. it's evident on the collin's these ancient ruins. the residues shows that they were under water at some point, and then we surfaced next door in the old harbor. there's more evidence of this up and down movement. many boats live beached on the sand here. understanding the brady size and then the region can help decode what's happening deep under the account era. but even with all of the monitoring, scientists still can't predict exactly this. and when the super volcano made or bumped the sicily and the cells of italy is home to another big volcano, mounted, it began belching lava in clouds of gas,

again in early december 2023 interruptions like this be predicted. no 2 volcanoes are alike, some erupt by spewing lava, a gas and rocks into the air. others are relatively gentle. we can look inside a volcano, of course, but in the lab, we can show how magma explodes. maxima has very different properties. it's, it can be more like, uh, like a tar you make the street 1st is to very slowly deform it. it can flow, but if you fast the deformed that it accommodates stress and it breaks. that's exactly what's happened, an explosive, oh goodness. this cylinder was carved out of a large chunk of volcanic rock to stimulate a volcanic explosion. bettina show a place is a cylinder inside a model. volcanic event, the gas has been sped into it, raising the pressure inside until it splits into fragments of all kind of material like sender, ash and broken rock called pyar,

requests and explodes. the experiment shows what happens in the conduit when the volcanic matter is objected upward at an ever increasing velocity and how a cloud form. so above a volcano, the, this gives us the possibility to observe it with a high speed camera and really see what frank way and frank just how close of the grades for large of a whole all the evolving and how is the direction of that then creating the flu and creating the ballistics. being a check that from the volcano which posts the has on the research team could even observe lightning forming and mccloud when particles of faults, haneke, ash, fragments and collide. they found that the smaller the particles, the more lightning there is in the plume. in 2022, the volcanic eruption in the south pacific country of tongue sparked the most

intense lightning storm ever observed. each volcano is this next person that it is this different personality. so you have to study for each were panel how they behave. and with this, the 10 impulse, the forecast, what the con to a focus on that. the volcanic rock here and the munich laboratory comes from around the world. because every volcano is different in their shape, vince porosity, magnet composition, and more. every volcano has its own personality. and every a russian does to the in december 2023 and mount milwaukee on, sumatra erupted with little warning just one of the counselors that russians, indonesia has experienced over the years. wonder option about 200 years ago was so powerful, didn't lead to the year without summer in europe. this devastating 10 for

a rupture and went down in history. the, the rupture of 1815 deposited millions of cubic meters. volcanic material on some of our island turned by why it's believed 90. 2000 people died and all 40000 straight away by the time that i didn't miss it the day we have these beautiful scenery with the money and we can see what happened in a 1015 here upon nothing other than for the 1815 was when the tamora volcano erupted the most powerful in recorded history. what

happened on the island of symbolic was felt around the world. climate data confirmed that the russian costs global temperatures to cool with a devastating impact on agriculture around the world. the in parts of asia, the monsoon rains, were disrupted, leading to drought in europe. so the cold and rain lived across failures and wind spreads famines, disease and economic turmoil. the crisis also made waves in the world of art and literature. the hers are sent to have inspired novels like mary shelley's frankenstein. and the use of light and color and costs are going to be free, breaks paintings captured the striking sconce in the darkness. the trout of the earth, catastrophe and creativity went hand in hand. it's even been planned that the russians for the invention of the bicycle or

a series that's on proven. but we do know why be a rupture and brought cooler temperatures. so, but kind of low the level suddenly a little bit. when a volcanic eruption injects action, must be a tacit, and gas is into the atmosphere i've gotten into the stratosphere. so by that all you haven't for the day for a sulfate aerosols, or which the earth's rotation helps spread around the globe will be by walking. edu and those aerosols have a cooling effect on the earth. done by now, crops fail thing going to be not that many animals can't find enough food. and so what are we going to say uh, but just to be back, indonesia is situated on the pacific ring of fire mountain bore on some bond is just one of more than a 100 active volcanoes. there. this called era is also a legacy of the russian of 1815. today, the area around mount tamora is a national park. it takes 2 days to reach the edge of the crater. for many

people in indonesia, volcanoes have spiritual significance. with boston is highly controlling the witness that 1st hand in 1847, he climbed 10 boar and penned the depiction of eruption of the year 1815. in his pamphlet, he described how local people warrenton against climbing, double quino, wherever you set foot, and fire a reps from the ground people spirits inhabit the mountain, and those who want only to ascend in that region of kelly spear it's are faded to separate storms, tempest and certain perdition before the disaster, people didn't realize that tumble ro might corrupt. nobody knew that mountain burrow was a volcano. as for time in memorial, it had adjusted neither ash nor lava. nor had rumblings revealed that it held

chambers of underground fire. the admin. yeah. the one tamora comes from the word and bora. bora means to disappear in indonesian who lives with a town in front of it. as in tom bora, it means inviting me to disappear to him. i think i'm on that. let's disappear, met him on the line and it's a place that's never lost it's mystery. i do not deny that i too felt a thrill of exhilaration as i became the 1st person since the terrible eruption to set foot on the crest of this mountain, which had a cheap such sorrowful fame and history. scientist today are still studying via option of mountain bore geologist, climate scientists, and social scientists are all interested in the global impact of a natural disaster that took place more than a century ago. a disaster that in essence comfortable, aquino,

and half the battery, but not but at the number of elkin ologist believe or subscribe to the theory that the summit of mountain bore. i'm authorized, 4000 meters above sea level. 1 may not be able to move out loud. and because of the 1015 a reduction, it was essentially cutting the half ago. and what remains is only 2800 meters above the sea level. what about this? so again, my thought on that one more time loud and it was a disaster for local people. the flank of those people was a terrible thing to behold. strewn along the road where human remains surrounding places where others had been buried under lava and ash. villages were devastated houses had collapsed and lay half buried beneath the ash effect. the following up on the, on the 1815 a russian read the 3 kingdoms in the region of mountain bora, under lava. it's all that are buried them without a trace. someone in the past has got on and during the excavations along the co

window track, the archaeologists have under the traces of community life fair. i'm from the year 1815 following up on the one of the including rice fields and the housing complexes and human scale. it is a complex little man. then come on, come on, we'll see. the night sky on our ascent was peaceful. nothing like the evening of april 5th, 1815 when the 1st pillar of fire illuminated the night the infernal left its 7 days before it subsided. mountain bora is what is called a strato volcano. it was formed by many geological layers. it has a steep, narrow cone. so is it possible it might have romped again one day. over the past 20 years, the region has seen many periods of increase science, mac act. tiffany:

small tremors in the ground and the vents in the ground called few more rolls are emitting more volcanic gases and vapors again. mountain bar is under observation. like many other volcanoes in indonesia, the disability amount of 127 active. ok. and i was in indonesia, almost 80 percent of them between 70 and 80 percent of them have an observatory station i kind of have to we don't, we even have one volcano monitored by 3 observatory stations. i'm up. each station has a size mcgrath up since they have the size of the graphs and binoculars that they measured the wind direction. and the temperature seem simple that they have their him a couple of sensors to measure the temperature of humor rolls and sold the target list and so forth. we might also, but i thought, is my goodness, our journey has come to an end. in 1847, when highly toning to arrive back safely from his ascent, his return was seen as a good omen. it was thought the curse had been lifted and the evil spirits banished

. the hope was that the disaster of 1815 would never come again. the celebratory gunfire. expectations and singing went on until dawn. that's all for this edition about volcanoes and there are many mysteries. thanks for joining us. we'll be back next week with another edition of tomorrow. today.

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