a very difficult journey and one's 3 saw me course is very hard, they beat you, they said everything on your stuff. find out about some on stores. and so migraines, reliable news to migrate wherever they may be. the when it comes to meet, people tend to have strong opinions for some. it's the center of the meal, a delicacy they can't do without. while other people, including beacons and vegetarians, avoid me for various reasons, slight protecting the environment. all this and more on this edition of dw science, you welcome to tomorrow. today the cows or a major climate killer due to their burping and flatulence,

which contains methane, a greenhouse gas, but it's $28.00 times more pump that c o 2. whether they live on a pastor or an a barn and a don't count them, it's between 30500 grams of methane a day. about as much as driving a car for 80 kilometers. cattle are also a major source of nitrous oxide, which is produced when they're done and you're in line these on a pastor as a greenhouse gas. nitrous oxide is 12 times more potent than me thing and $300.00 times worse than c o 2 but how much nitrous oxide is produced? exactly. that's what scientists from the swiss agra scope research institute. want to find out these chambers which close for a couple of minutes every few hours of course collects the gas,

is emitted from the ground you set up for that and the how much of these chambers contains applications, various measuring devices for couple you haven't gotten, allows us to monitor those factors, the amount of harmful gas is being emitted here, the topping kite to which the man the researches also use various devices to monitor the wind, as well as c o 2 and other gases that allows them to assess the net greenhouse gas emissions for the entire pasture the special camera also records how many candle power on the pastor several times in our state. all of this is based on some complex calculations go on using these readings

and what we can see on the photo see me. so we can determine the emissions because one for each hour they spend on the meadow light the study isn't done yet, but the results so far suggest that in switzerland, grazing cows account for less nitrous oxide emissions than previously assumed or the little ball a bell for this what cannot they, me so one's for global benchmark stillwater, cold emissions factors that we've been using to me based on the data from new zealand, britain, the netherlands and so for those a long so hold on. so the thought on the, some of that data is rather rolled on in on the findings can also vary based on the climate and salt conditions processed and also i bench, but i sent one to try to add in garlic, citrus extracts, flaxseed or red l g to the candle feed can help reduce emissions of the 2nd greenhouse gas methane. along with these feed additives,

scientists are also trying to breed kettle that emit less me thing. the real problem isn't the cows. it's our insatiable hunger for me. that hunger is what drives the cattle industry and why they're over a 1000000000 count is on the planet. there are plenty of alternatives to meet like vegan products made of soil grains and legumes and researchers around the world are working on making meat out of sell cultures. in bio reactors, they've already figured out how to do it, although consumers aren't quite ready for it. yes, is this a taste of the future? a piece of meat to cultivated in a bio reactive made by a start top based in switzerland some dusty. this is the

1st time that we've been able to produce a steak like this and cook it, and it doesn't contain any g, n o is all fetal bovines here and in theory, we couldn't make it any sizes. one close at long christopher myatt and his team have succeeded in harvesting stem cells and growing them in a plant based medium, which is then processed into muscle 5 as creating an unusually 6 nob of lab grade, meet somebody and bounce feeling most default. you see there are lots of muscle fibers that we've been able to join together using connective tissue to get a piece of settling down. if you name it has to come and then we can slice start into steaks, advisor mistakes, compression. i'm scientists around the well, the studying how to make me types of stem cells so far it hasn't been produced on any industrial scale. and the single pole is the only country that's approved sale ex, but say, lab cray meet still faces

t of hurdles. the goose net also the, the biggest challenges include manufacturing the file reactors and the equipment. we need to produce this lab real meets including all of the materials we would need in human voice to and, and of course we don't have enough of all the components needed to make the culture medium. indeed, and they're still far too expensive. it's interesting also, it's a toil. now the us had kind of is a professor of cellular agriculture in music. and just setting up a new research center that he believes cultivated meet could be the wave of the future. i found the 2 d for time that would be all sorts of environmental benefits, of course, less pollution, lower water consumption and possibly somewhat lower energy consumption. and then of course, there are the ethical benefits and the ability to secure the food supply on a global level and try to push out people around the welfare and tearing gemini

ready for me from a petri dish. i'm definitely not. i wouldn't need it because i'm not from a petri dish. sorry, i'm too much of a cor mind for that. nissan secretary university. it was in gemini nicholas and he is studying consumer acceptance of lab grade meat. he believes it's key to sustainable me consumption, but use, i knows that for you most, it will be a hard sell that supposed to be. yeah, home we have here is an innovation that breaks the rules we humans have always lived by. we've always hunted encoder animals, i'll meet the so this will be a huge adjustment of these goals, and i suspect it will be easier to get ahold of technology in place, then it will be to gain broad acceptance for this. i felt as i did the act of times he's been studying what's behind people's reluctance to warm up to these kinds of innovations when it comes to food. that's must be the one thing we realize is that

there are lots of mixed feelings tied up with this levels talk we humans are drawn to new foods, but at the same time we're kind of propelled by them life. i think i'd like to see us have an open ended debate about these technologies so that we can grapple with these issues taken look in your stomach. what are the benefits? one of the challenges, like to have all and then decide whether or not what accept this innovation from one bit. he's a you think about the ones who doesn't to promote that to open ended debates. he also spends a lot of time listening to people's concerns. today he's visiting a young book chair in a region that sometimes goes to poke bouts of gemini philip mat boys, but to shop as needed, his family for 5 generations. and he is in sales v good products. so how does he feel about lab grad meat? i paid about visual thinking, giving yourself lots of. it's a topic, it's definitely on my radar, a blockhead. but i'm not quite there yet. mentally. yes. so high quality meat is

really important to me and so is knowing where my meet comes from this and we'll check on that makes him a lot more open to the idea than many politicians. so far, gemini has been slow to invest in r and d, when it comes to cultivated, meets the aqua co 2 minutes to announce the new funding program, but it's being slow to get off the ground. the ministry for research is also sponsoring a project in munich, mount yes, hang, cut into his team and conducting basic research along with 3 d printing and bio reactive, they're also interested in developing new technologies for cultivated mains that include studying which nutrient mediums the best for growing meat cells gemini, may be behind in this sector, but not he has had colleagues hoping to change that style. but let me, it's on an, even if we're one of the last countries to get on board with cellular agriculture, i don't think we've missed the boat entirely quotes in disposal and meet fresh

losses. but i do think it's important for policy makers to signal that they're on board and but stuff helps dealing with other hurdles to including lexi endo, paying a regulatory processes. some of them i have printed this out for us. so let's take this thing up for a nice document which sets out very clearly what the steps are. and this is the us and which is also clear and concise in yet. but for europe, there's nothing. the other countries have expressed interest in this with stuff top, but mary might not even apply for approval in the u. s. hang call, think spot. so shame been continuing votes on st. germany is very strong. when it comes to research, i look at we have all the skills we need, and we could implement this here. and that would be a shame of companies that are based in europe that developed their product in europe. have to go somewhere else to apply for approval. the step from stem cell to

stake is well underway, and it's set to transform the food into agriculture and markets. all the more reason to get tumble, which made me to is perfectly suited to production in urban areas and by 2050, more than 2 thirds of us will be living in cities according to a report issued by the united nations to make sure that urban dwellers also have access to fresh fruit and vegetables growing produce in the city would make sense. like an indoor farming. an idea with plenty of potential. andreas. oh, they enjoy spending time in the, in the, from the university of applied sciences in the city of austin to brook in northwest in germany. these black pepper vines, a native to sub tropical regions,

but the thriving here and this greenhouse still spies ponds are just a side line here. the main focus is vegetables. these one is, does. our vision alpha leave for lunch is not as a result of social changes and climate change. multiple poor we both want and need to supply people in metropolitan areas with plant based foods. just wanted to dial the size of because people like having a variety of time based foods in the diet. as a novelist, we're looking for crops that do well with these kinds of evan spaces as well behind in volume and types of quit to via to that. and kind of like let's as for example, it's gross is being monitored by various cameras and senses that allows the researches to assess which environmental factors are most beneficial to grace. light is one of the key factors. the scientists can adjust the light intensity on

the temperature to optimize the conditions, but each species and groups can be accelerated to like. and this variety of sweet potato modifies have been, or ticked on his lots of i normally this variety here would take about a $120.00 days to be ready for all that to face all packed up in one. so i'm using our system. that's where the 1st to succeed in speeding that up to 80 days. so we've really speeded up the cultivation process and find a dollar to ship for to a definable researches are especially interested in sweet potato vines, the rich in nutrients which make them an ideal food staple. since space is at a premium in cities, the greenhouse is based on vertical foaming ponds grow, one above the other in hydra pony tablets. and instead of soil, they grow in a substrate that has the perfect mix of nutrients,

which are obtained from an unusual location. i mean, a lot of sites that said, sorry, is 0 producing mineral salt is quite energy intensive. bonding cause for of an indoor farming systems like this. we're looking for ways to obtain the nutrients we need in a new and energy efficient way to even asked officer. the an vixen one to and that's why we went to municipal sewage treatment plant. after pick up, i looked for ways that we could use the nutrient result in the waste for the, for our crops. that's a good if long, so not spot. nothing's ok. this wastewater pond is located in a major metropolitan region southeast of the university. it treats more than 400000000 cubic meters of waste water a year, which could be a valuable resource in the and farming fog. my college that is developing and analyzing technologies to recover a key nutrients from wasteful time to unlock his amazing place in the hole in the

sewage treatment plant is basically a trough for all the waste materials that accumulate in an urban area. and it's named and that includes the key nutrients we're interested in, like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but also resources like c o 2, as well as the treated and purified water you need for this form of cultivation. and of course, the energy that's available in a waste water treatment plan which you need in order to operate those systems efficiently. the technology is being tested in this pilot plant, a miniature wastewater treatment facility right next to the big one. the waste water flows 3 batteries, filter systems. this is looking at the tea leaves or what's called the light is it's a naturally occurring mineral, a naturally occurring rock, which we use for an ion exchange process. so, and absorption, process ions at some one. so this is one of the 3 technical modules that we use to

obtain fewer wastewater, meaning water that contains no tre, substance it so for contaminants. so for anything that would pose the hygienic, written emphasis to the end result are liquid fertilizer solutions like this coming, which are perfectly clear and which can be used in cultivation systems like the one over there in a function code to the old phone. i guess there's also a small, green house in the front, felt my coin to an andrea school place, a monitoring the lattice that's being fed with liquid fertilizer, a form of lemme also known as duck lead is growing in a nearby basin. it's high in protein and as long been a source of food in parts of asia. one day vegetables might be growing, get around right next to wastewater treatment facilities, but will consume is be willing to bind vegetables that was fed by waste water. that's the official is coming and the name the the chance to well look if we can

ensure that no harmful substances from the waste water treatment system, we cannot get into the greenhouse for trial august the 9 good faces. and if we can ensure that the bubble advertised that we're providing fresh, regional, high quality produce to go to then we believe people will be more than happy to take advantage of these regionally, grow and product out. as i know, such as these are not a product, a product to subscribe for news. that's fine. to reset his bike in austin or brooks are examining every pound for possible contaminants. and optimizing the composition of the liquid fertilizes, produced up the waste volt amount. one day wastewater treatment plants might have a 2nd jump, supplying nutrients to nearby, and funds, and green housings. which is your, our vision is that one day

a wastewater treatment plan could serve as an anchor for urban development within a larger region. 4 of them in the past, a church that was played that role and easy for me, but in the future of this kind of innovative production site could be the place where new neighborhoods are formed, where there's no way in which the residents can obtain the fresh produce from right next door and he liked it and gave them to to with climate change, vulnerable supply chains. uncontrolled vesee surrounding the use of fertilizes produce room with the help of wastewater plants may well help feed the cities of the future. and what about our water supply? many researchers believe that by 2050, nearly a quarter of all urban areas will face water shortages in large part due to climate change, which will become increasingly apparent by mid century. that's why scientists are now looking for ways to recycle and reuse water more efficiently. because every

drop counts this waste forte is from a flush toilet. it's in the basement of the nest research and residential building in zurich. environmental engineer causing a noise, is studying ways to move to can be recycled. and there is someone just flush the toilet. and here you can see gray water. maybe someone's watching their hands or taking a shower to shift. that is to say, sometimes you can see toilet paper or cc starting through the pipe control. that's the great thing about those transparent pike. and i can see what's going through them, because i need to talk about the research who wants to recycle the was a here in the building, rather than sending it to a wastewater treatment crowns. even if it's not recycled into drinking water, it could be put to what the uses here in the building. the waste water from the nest building is being connected at the water hub live, but

e t h 's or rick university. several different kinds of waste, which were generated in residential buildings. water coming from the bathrooms, kitchen washing machine is cold, grey or tan. black that comes from flushed toilet and contains pcs. yellow room contains new and normally all these kinds of which were mixed together before it makes its way to a municipal wastewater treatment plants. but here in the water, how it's recycled. and that's why the scientists keep each kind of wastewater set price that st. choose that fee sees un, don't end up in recycling. the technology being developed here could be especially important in times of war to scarcity mix, they could show here in switzerland. we're already seeing a certain regions, certain times of the year. it could really benefit from using water,

but we want to be prepared in gain experience on how to deal with the challenges of the future. again. one of these challenges, for example, is the increasingly hot summers in urban areas with cities get hot to they need more time spent. most of it's being recycled but isn't quite few enough to post. most students drinking water could make a real difference or should be fine, but these trees, you see here, for example, gladish. we could use it to water, the trees, it's advance for which in turn could how cool lot of serenity area really excessive households produced plenty of greyboard when people brush the teeth shower and wash known drink, for example, recycling it right on the spot and reusing it straight away, well then sending it fast to a municipal wastewater counts. could be far more efficient at the most to have colleena done is filtering gray, which has to get it ready for recycling hunting apps for the 1st tank uses of

course, filter it filters out here and larger waste part of caustic co, 16. so that's the 2nd take. you can take a small treatment plan where bacteria breakdown nutri at all in the dirty water. so of course the taxes that's books faded. if i was the natural pop, you have the member on another membrane, filters out the bacteria and the tiniest particles before the water flows into a carbon filter and an extra should become and that filters out additional organic substance as long as she still will succeed. that or is this for to now ready to drink? lots, lots of benefit to salt lake city. no, i wouldn't produce water and it's something and we're not trying to produce drinking water. this is of our plan is to use this water for grace, other purposes. how could include things like flushing the toilet, altering the gotten recycled was a could be put to soaks of good uses, especially in hot punch. some of those wow. can subbing drink people in the process?

right, so now it's your turn. do you have a science question? send it to us in a video text or voice mail. if we answer it on our show, we'll send you a small gift as a thank you. the, this week's viewer question comes from half is up to be in gonna what color is smoke? smoke is made up of water vapor, various gases, and tiny certain particles. it's usually formed when solids or gases are burned. throughout human history, smoke has been put to a variety of uses. we use it to preserve foods, to help calm deeds, and during rituals and religious advance, the color of smoke depends on

a number of different factors. most importantly, the substance that was burned and how it was burned would for example, can produce smoke in various colors. when it's, when the smoke is thick and white. dr. wood smoke is almost transparent and here is low and oxygen. the smoke can be dark gray or almost black learning substances that contain a lot of carbon use the release of stars or even black clouds of smoke. like when cold, crude oil or plastics are burn. a dark color indicates that the substance didn't fully combust and the smoke contains a lot of sit particles the various chemicals can be added to substances to make colored smoke. red smoke,

for example, is used in signals which can help raising alarm over large distances. so smoke isn't just smoke and firefighters can often tell what kind of fire they're headed towards. even from a distance, reddish brown smoke can indicate hydrochloric acid or nitrogen, while yellow smoke can indicate so far. we're crazy about science and technology. that's why dw science is now on tick tock . what do be do for fun? why do gravitational waves? we use our bodies? when did people begin getting high on laughing gas outdo our ear drums, we'll get to the beat. and what's the perfect cure for bug bites? check out the answers and get smart with dw science, our new tick,

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