he gets ready for an exciting auburn toyota full of surprises. i'm shutting down and i'm ready to dive into the house of tillman to us coupon. we have you as a one does not do need the support of this card via included in the, on the vehicle. this process and unexpected size supplies enjoy the if you're from the city, you might not know that those rooms improve the quality and structure of soil. and they also play a decisive role in el paso with climate change. because they're responsible for storing huge amounts of c o 2 in the ground. but 1st, let's focus on our memory. we start associated with the reports about remembering, followed by another about just guessing well come to tomorrow today, the science program on dw, the

can you still remember your 1st cuz you 1st date the 1st time you've spent a lot done so it gets a boom boom. and it's like those get stored, you don't have to, so the memory. it's one of the various forms of memory that imagined different stages of life. so different functions. our 1st, the memory traces are formed in utero. the sound of its mother's voice is a fetus, is initial introduction to its mother tongue mind. this is right now. it's very quiet, less probably sleeping, very relaxed every other week. right now it's very quiet. probably sleeping we develop inability to remember in infancy, babies can memorize the faces of their closest family members to oh though,

at 6 months they only remember what they've experienced in the last 24 hours the by the age of 9 months, babies are storing memories for several weeks and by 20 months for a full year, the at 1st learning to walk is challenging. what's called procedural memory plays a vital role here. this is a type of implicit memory that age, the performance of particular tasks supported by the body, sense of balance and sensory data. it controls actions that we do automatically into old age. by the age of 2 or 3, we've developed an explicit memory, enabling the conscious recollection of events. our earliest childhood memories, usually deep back to this time. the development of linguistic skills and memory are closely linked. language makes it easier to remember information. lice to

this house lies in d. h 2 is the gas i lisp still says out between the ages of 3 and 5 children begin to plan ahead with the help of that prospective memory. it allows them to remember to do something at a particular time. the basis for planned future oriented behavior, the semantic memory develops when children start school, helping them to remember fact i submitted, is there a pep illumination, fonts, and comforts that tom's on the call to walk me though not, there's always something i'm going to learning goes hand in hand, with a marked improvement in long term memory. our teenage years and earlier little toad occupies a special place in our memories,

the intensity and novelty of our 1st sexual experiences. for example, in short, these memories stay with us forever. memories have formed between the ages of 15 and 25 that account for what's known as the reminiscence bump nursing mothers often suffer from temporary memory loss for a long time. it was thought that there, but que your hormonal balance was responsible to the scientists attribute another cause to the memory loss. the mother sleep deprivation. the episodic memory allows us to go on a journey into the past. it's where very special personal experiences are stored. but starting at the age of 50, that capacity begins did window and we start forgetting more often and

extreme old age. episodic memory can be badly damaged, but somehow memories from childhood and adolescence still remain intact. the in contrast to the short term memories of old people, which often aren't retained at all the we develop routines to give up range a break or habits determine 50 percent of all the data decisions means effectively going on also pilot freedom of time to make other more implants of decision the it's just as well, we don't have to walk out a new plan every morning for what to wear house and brush your teeth or tile shoelaces. that's why routine habits come in handy. they enable us to drink a cup of tea or coffee well reading the paper was so accustomed to these activities

from requisitions that the stored in our subconscious and happened automatically, these unnoticed habits. a hard wired into our brain in a kind of energy conserving default. but we also have routines that govern perhaps less productive aspects of our lives. let's be off to dinner mode, hitting the couch, grabbing the tv remote and some candy and of the couch or teen is also embedded in all subconscious. it can be a tough habit to kick the jill tons can remember practically every single she's ever experienced. she's one of just a few dozen people worldwide who's been diagnosed with heights assign easier. name is certain dates, and they will recall the memories of that day and visit details. for all the personal pros and cons, the individuals involved could be a listing for scientists,

developing medication in the fight against out time as an dimension for getting isn't about our brain failing for scientists like on to be as pop past with 0 pals remembering and forgetting are 2 sides of the same coin. much is known about the mechanisms of remembering, but he wants to better understand the process for getting the best to here is to help. brain is designed to forget things, kind of believe it or not, it's forgetting actually uses energy. and i guess from that fact alone, we can tell the process forgetting, because very important. these to go put says our brain can process the huge amount of input that it receives every 2nd of every day.

it perceives every thing but doesn't save it all. it completely forgets many things automatic. when we're out and about, our brain absorbs impressions of everything. people, treaties, house street cars, everything the if these impressions are retained as memories. nerve cells that take part in the memory process have to be conducted by this synopsis. but not all impressions, images and memories remain. the majority of st options are blocked by a certain protein. then they can't find any more. this results in these impressions not being saved. we don't retain memories from the majority of these impressions which balances out the state of remembering and forgetting. andrea's purpose what you wrote this once to find out whether a newly discovered gene found in people with hyper site mystic syndrome acts like

a switch that regulates or inhibits. we're getting these guys and we can take this dr. step a name. it showed helps them in the process. it's smaller than a centimeter long and an optimal research subject for the scientists . it's a model organism. the intent to introduce the gene to the name of the road that prevents memories from being forgotten. if they're successful, they can test how it works. the deforms have to kind of form has no brain, but it has 302 nerve cells. that's enough to allow it to engage in complex behavior exits for how name adults can learn. and forget. because we know, for example, from us that these nerve cells here, these in particular, are very important for learning pro as,

as other nerve cells are important for motor and movement processes. and that's why we use the name until the thing. preventative is important. what effect will the gene have on the name? it towed. so yeah . here we have the now we can adjust the plasma tvs. the scientists inject the worms with the human gene that prevents forgetting the gene was discovered in people with hyper side mastic syndrome. the gene transfer should produce worms that can't forget. the fluorescent material indicates the name of drugs we've been injected the gene the. now the question is whether or not these worms can forget these are straight to service. this is a very important step because we can now research this one is this gets nervous

system and what characteristics they have after they've been injected with the gene . that's how we get to know how these human genes worked with you just mentioned again from the scientists hypothesis is that the gene that hinders forgetting, sends out proteins that become active in the sense of the brain. that's where the normal process of automatically forgetting is blocked. that has the consequences that all of the impressions and memories don't disappear, but are permanently saved in the brain. the, the researchers work with 2 groups of worms, the so called and treated wild types. and the glowing ones that have been injected with genes. their behavior should show if and how the human gene impacts the process of forgetting gain isn't w a dot g is,

are there to produce protein. these is, this is gene is obviously producing a protein that leads to for getting to forget. so now we can inhibit this protein, put it in him, and we can do that with various methods including discovering substances that bind to it and inhibited vendor. so hopefully we'll also be able to inhibit forgetting here. hopefully help us for guessing him in the discovery could bring researchers closer to tearing alzheimer's dementia and other diseases once a day and take all kind of in 5 hour discovery can contribute to treating alzheimer's disease. how do we get an image on this? most often, hopefully we've now discovered a mechanism that's related to forgetfulness. the one that leads us to forgetting useful because now that we know that, and if we can identify substances that influence this gene. so will forget less untruthful. so that's the advantage of, i guess what kind of a huge step for scientists and researchers

now on to the humble us when it's much larger than the tiny nematode in the last report. but it's just as blind in depth. the biggest populations of us williams live in europe, the northeastern united states, new zealand, children in those places. then early on that the terrestrial invertebrates are extremely beneficial. they keep social ed rated and, and show that it has a healthy caribbean, which in ton benefits the climate to impact the increasing drug tough on our forest, especially on their ability to store carbon, gets the question the researchers in switzerland. i've been investigating for almost 2 decades, the irrigate parts of a forest and compare them with dryer sections. to their surprise, significant differences became apparent after just a few years. it is easier,

the soil here is really black locks, which means it contains a lot of carbon vehicle in so so it so now let's look at the soil on the dry surface as a whole seat. yeah. and the soil is far lighter in color c. i think that means it stores less carbon than the irritated soil, the co installed. i think it moves up and plots of the importance of forest soils and soaking up c o. 2 had been underestimated until relatively recently. this reset just highlighted the impact of drugs and the ability of souls to store carbon for them as we were talking to them before the experiment. we didn't expect to be able to measure any changes in carbon content because it usually takes centuries to linear for the carbon reservoir to change significantly. yeah. here we have 50 percent more carbon in the top soil in the year. a gated area when stuff in the researches have learned that soils store up to 5 times as much carbon as the

vegetation above drained. but the question is, what leads to such a significant carbon increase in the grow and over such a short time period? the serious that organisms in the soil conduct the deputy or liquor layer on top to solve carbon g will ecologist different kinds of the one uses trucks containing foods, to identify those organisms the health. so that's the main de composers are earth forms. besides them, there are also would life and mites epic sign, although they play a far smaller role in the process than earthworms. so we can go the research here wants to determine how many air forms are active in the soil here. for this experiment, the applies to mixture of mustard water to a small section of ground. if this is tied in for clear once the mixture has filtered down into the soil, the mustard water irritates the earth worms and forces them to creep up to the

surface where we can pick them up. printed on from the old population hopefully isn't using guns because here we have a very small newly hatched worm. excuse me. a baby and baby will come to a total of 50 swarms per square meter and projected to cover all forest cycles. that's an enormous bio mass. so the s williams must be quantity. the carbon content has increased so much. and the irritated section of the forest to the chief of scientists repeats the test and the parts of the forest that was not to be gated. how many worms are working, the soil here. we waited ages without seeing a single word and when off he discovered that s williams are no longer active with the water content of below 20 percent to determine the exact carpet balance. he measures c o. 2 emissions from the soil the mass on the measuring the c o 2 balance shows the dry soils bind much less c o 2 and then here

again, and so i ordered the fuel and this is due to less carbon, being distributed by earthworms in the top soil installs the way so you can go on the board. and so it does the large scale irrigation of conduct for as far as is not a viable solution. it's kind of how you're doing is looking for alternatives and nature delivers here to a comparison test. he conducted showed that 20 times as many earthworms live in the said, you as forest as in can net for this one's a result that suggests a change. of course in forestry management, some detailed flies by storing more carbon would require increasing the proportion of hardwoods. so this would stimulate earthworm activity, meeting more carbon is stored in the organic soil layered in the long term width of the homeless. escalate. more organic soil or shoes could also increase the proportion of carbon and soil and agriculture. scientists from the german center

for integrative bio diversity and light sake fund that next to new ones are active and intensively fund soils. it's a very different story with organic farming. when you have you got to off, when you break up the aggregates here in the ground, you can see that despite the soil being so dry, there's still a little bit of water control. and that crumbling texture is a terrific of earth warm activities. look, this car to us. it is something that martini 10. truman is the largest carbon reservoir on land. but there's being precious little research candidates into the role of f forms in this research or get it and just wants to find out how the convent dead plants matter. and the sugar contains in the process, storing carbon in the soil for centuries. is discovered that in addition to secrete things stable carbon as forms improve the carbon balance in the cycle via their

skin. so we never kind of what's less known for what was not known at all is that the mucus secrete in buyers. warranty stimulates the microbes in this oil to such a degree that they grow and build up bio mass. and this bio mass on that's ultimately stabilized into soil when the microbes die out of carbon has been bound in this oil and can no longer be emitted a c o 2 resulting in a cooler climate groups that every year about 10 times more c o 2 escapes from cycles into the atmosphere and it's produced by the learning fossil fuels performs in hybrid forest and organic farming. helped to store carbon over the long term. the unlikely little helpers in the fight against climate change. to that's a nice specimen. climate change means that species traditionally at home in the south,

a migrating further and further north. the recessionary most is native to southern and central europe, but is now also spreading to germany and sweden. the castle put his vault, has can cause serious invitation for human skin. responses range from cutting down trees to assessing the mess and the host is on fire. the spraying of pesticides is also widespread, but that is a progressive solution even if it might not conditionally look like it's a dentist. a car use is pulling out the big guns to get rid of some little pest from a suitable distance the fires into the nest of the oak procession every caterpillars next to an outdoor swimming pool. the idea is to introduce a deadly fungus to the nest via these reg gelatin balls. they were created by scientists from the university of applied sciences in getting in and are being tested in the field today. of crisis meet on the way from 30 meters away. the

funding spreads out about the size of affairs like to do this and that's are bigger than that was so we need one or 2 shots to cover the whole mess with this. like we 1st look at the tips of the leaves and use them. and once we found areas that have been eaten, we track down and asked by following them towards the trunk of the red balls contain bavaria bussey on a of fungus that spreads inside the insect and kills them with the professor was gone. who has spent years researching the various methods of combating the pesky, oprah, recessionary caterpillar. his favorite is firing, the deadly fungus directly into the nest. that truly support isn't. and it's a naturally occurring animal, pathogenic fungus, which is a fancy way of saying that it kills insects and have the ocean. we extracted the funds from this oil. i packed it into a ball and shot it into the nest of the hope recessionary. and then within the 8 hours, it killed the caterpillar students into to, to hold them up here in germany, the oak procession every month and has become

a real summer plague. and recent years, it as few natural enemies, local authorities have been spending tens of thousands of bureaus on combining the caterpillars and even vacuum and come up deisel put the 0 to the noise. the real danger from the oprah recessionary model is that it goes through several different life cycle. so during the 1st 2, they don't yet have any pretzels or set to once they start to the thing, the 3rd larval stage. at that point, they're very small and fine and wouldn't bother and adult human. but as of the 4th stage they can cause caterpillar dermatitis, all homes get mentioned. in some cases it can lead to an end of electric shock with a reading of the i would and even long problems with me because the hair is getting stuck there. but the indian lucas, that's another substance being sprayed on trees, contain specialist there in jesus or b, t. it's considered a buyer's side because the bacteria disabled and kills the procession that re

months. but it also kills other beneficial insects. was going to and his team did some tests on how the substance works. the shopping results prompted him to advise against any large scale deployment. it turns out that the bt spray also kills the few remaining natural predators of the month, such as each newman wasps and certain types of bands allotted for successful things. but the problem is that we're killing their enemies at the same time. so in the long run, we may even be strengthening the oak recessionary population to screen up last year as test showed that for every 2 dead oh procession every months. one beneficial insect guides as well the. they included beetles, various bugs, ants and acumen. it was great. so is the rifle method more sustainable with less

collateral damage? experts from various authorities are curious to see the 1st results. this is what a nest looks like. after just 8 hours. the caterpillars are completely invested and dead and were assured that the fungus is also did, and won't spread outside the nest. that pin is van fungus. this heat insensitive of 25 degrees celsius lux, it's growth starts slowing down and stops completely at 28 degrees sized sofa comes into contact with a warm blooded body. it stops and growing very quickly and even di, christmas and progress vertebrates stuff. it's completely harmless. as great when you have a toyota, you said, furnish doors. the pellets are shut directly into the nest so that the fungus doesn't impact any insects outside of the affected area. you can use content that's kind, we can't guarantee you that even a few unintended organisms could be effected. i didn't get but only it's very small

numbers up and sick. i think that's on your label. it's like one visit or asks what happens afterwards to the projectile is launched in the trees and beyond from hoping since the minus 5. let's test that out. that's why they dissolve and disappear, that they go ugly and completely melt away. we've already done tests, of course of answering. i was supposed to do this. the read amunition is made out of gelatine and not plastic arborist and project collaborator, dennis a congress, takes things a step further and wraps the areas around the nations with glue and the getting the i'm told. so normally they go out to find food in the evening. and starting at the tips, eat out the skeletons of the lease. i'm in the morning. they return to the national . so you'd expect to find a line of mazda caterpillars on the glue. but since we can't see that, it means that the fungus work live from the only real drawback is the red tape. german regulation stipulate that most gardeners 1st need a permit to be able to use the suit up air rifle in public

that's what this to just of tomorrow today. d w's, science magazine. thanks for watching em. see you next time until then say curious . the . the

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we need 3. miss simmons writes regression again, be in trouble rate and burned in south africa as well with disabilities, more likely to place that lives matter, protest shine a spotlight on racially motivated, the least by the same sex marriage has been legalized discrimination. we all because life is diversity makes it shouldn't be this warm here. it's like summer conditions in the middle of april. hard not to feel that something really is happening here. what is happening to grievance ice cream is trying to reset his wants to find out exactly that store. and

to think about ice is can you have to listen and to reveal its secrets, thoughts? january 12 on dw, the . this is the w news, and these are the top stores. the u. s. navy says that has sunk, several, emanates with the rebel boats in the red sea, killing some crew members. us troops on helicopters, stopped at the militants from forwarding a merchant ship. it is admitted, 10 fighters were killed and wounded consequences run before it has been attacked in ships. they say a link to each right. the island.