why does the textile ways get stranded here? all about the final stuff in a global fashion industry. fast fashion. watch now on youtube, the if you will from the city, you might not know that those rooms improve the quality and structure of soil. and they also play a decisive role in el paso with climate change, because they're responsible for storing huge amounts of c o 2 in the ground. but 1st, let's focus on our memory. we start associated with the reports about remembering, followed by another about just guessing will come to tomorrow today to science program on dw, the

can you still remember your 1st cuz you 1st date the 1st time you've spent a lot done. so get simple move and it's like those get stored, you know, that just sold a memory. it's one of the various forms of memory that imagine different stages of life. those different functions our 1st, the memory traces are formed in utero. the sound of its mother's voice is a fetus, is initial introduction to its mother tongue mind. this is right now. it's very quiet today. it's probably sleeping very relaxed every other week. right now it's very quiet. probably sleeping we develop inability to remember in infancy. babies can memorize the faces of their closest family members to oh though,

at 6 months they only remember what they've experienced in the last 24 hours. by the age of 9 months, babies are storing memories for several weeks. and by 20 months, for a full year, the at 1st learning to walk is challenging. what's called pers, at 1st learning to walk is challenging. what's called procedural memory plays a vital role here. this is a type of implicit memory that age, the performance of particular tasks supported by the bodies sense of balance and sensory data. it controls actions that we do automatically into old age. by the age of 2 or 3, we've developed an explicit memory, enabling the conscious recollection of events. our earliest childhood memories, usually deep back to this time. the development of linguistic skills and memory are

closely linked. language makes it easier to remember information. lice to this house lies is d h 2 is the gas i lisp still set out between the ages of 3 and 5 children. begin to plan ahead with the help of that prospective memory. it allows them to remember to do something at a particular time. the basis for planned future oriented behavior, the semantic memory develops when children start school, helping them to remember fact i submitted, is there a pep alone, aisha's ponce? and comes that tom's on the call to the what the learning goes hand in hand with a marked improvement in long term memory of our teenage years and early

adulthood occupies a special place in our memory, the intensity and novelty of our 1st sexual experiences. for example, in short, these memories stay with us forever. memories have formed between the ages of 15 and 25. that account for what's known as the reminiscence bump. nursing mothers often suffer from temporary memory lots for a long time. it was thought that there, but que your hormonal balance was responsible to the scientists attribute another cause to the memory loss. the mother sleep deprivation. the episodic memory allows us to go on a journey into the past. it's where very special personal experiences are stored. but starting at the age of 50, that capacity begins did window and we start forgetting more often. in

extreme old age, episodic memory can be badly damaged. but somehow memories from childhood and adolescence still remain intact. the in contrast to the short term memories of old people, which often aren't retained at all the develop route seems to give up range a break or habits determine 50 percent of all the data decisions means effectively going on auto pilot, freedom of time to make other more implants of decision the it's just as well, we don't have to walk out a new plan every morning for what to wear house and brush your teeth or tile shoelaces. that's why we teen habits come in handy. they enable us to drink

a cup of tea or coffee while reading the paper was so accustomed to these activities from requisitions that the stored in our subconscious m happened old domestically. these unnoticed habits. a hard wired into our brain in a kind of energy conserving default. but we also have routines that govern perhaps less productive aspects of our lives. that's the often didn't a mode hitting the couch grabbing the tv remote and some candy and of the couch or teen is also embedded in all subconscious, it can be a tough habit to kick the jill tons can remember practically every single she's ever experience. she is one of just a few dozen people worldwide who's been diagnosed with heights assign easier. name is certain dates, and they will recall the memories of that day and visit details. for all the

personal pros and cons, the individuals involved could be a listing for sciences. developing medication in the fight against out time is an dimension for getting isn't about our brain failing for scientists like on to be as possible to draw a palace. remembering and forgetting are 2 sides of the same coin. much is known about the mechanisms of remembering. but he wants to better understand the process for getting the best to here is to help. brain is designed to forget things kind of believe it or not, forgetting actually use this energy. i'm taking some from that fact alone, we can tell the process forgetting because very important these to go put says our brain can process the huge amount of input that it receives every 2nd to the

every day. it perceives every thing but doesn't save it all. it completely forgets many things automatic when we're out and about, our brain absorbs impressions of everything. people, treaties, pounds, street, cars, everything the if these impressions are retained as memories. nerve cells that take part in the memory process have to be conducted by this synopsis. but not all impressions, images and memories remain. the majority of st options are blocked by a certain protein. then they can't find any more. this results and these impressions not being saved. we don't retain memories from the majority of these impressions which balances out the state of remembering and forgetting.

so here's purpose what you wrote this once to find out whether a newly discovered gene found in people with hyper site mystic syndrome acts like a switch that regulates or inhibits. we're getting these guys and we can take this step on even showed helps them in the process. it's smaller than a centimeter long and an optimal research subject for the scientists. it's a model organism, the intent to introduce the gene to the name of the road that prevents memories from being forgotten. if they're successful, they can test how it works. their forms have to kind of form has no brain, but it has 302 nerve cells. that's enough to allow it to engage in complex behavior exit for how does name adults can learn and forget. because we know, for example, somebody that the is nerve cells here that can say these in particular are very

important for learning processes. other nerve cells are important for motor and movement process. and that's why we use the name until we're taking to this important what effect will the gene have on the name it towed? so yeah, yeah, jim and jim, jim, we have the and now we can adjust the plasma tvs into the scientists, injects the worms with the human gene that prevents forgetting the gene was discovered. and people with hyper side mastic syndrome the gene transfer should produce worms that can't forget. the fluorescent material indicates the name of drugs. we've been injected the gene the now the question is whether or not these worms can forget these are straight to service. this is

a very important step because we can now research this one is this gets nervous system and what characteristics they have after they've been injected with the gene . that's how we get to know how these human genes worked with you just mentioned again from the scientists hypothesis is that the gene that hinders forgetting, sends out proteins that become active in the sense of the brain. that's where the normal process of automatically forgetting is blocked. that has the consequences that all of the impressions and memories don't disappear, but are permanently saved in the brain. the, the researchers work with 2 groups of worms, the so called and treated wild types. and the glowing ones that have been injected with genes. their behavior should show if and how the human gene impact in the

process of for getting gain isn't w dot genes are there to produce protein jesus. and this is gene is obviously producing a protein that leads to forgetting to forget. so now we can inhibit this protein, put it in him, and we can do that with various methods including discovering substances that bind to it and inhibited vendor. so hopefully we'll also be able to inhibit forgetting here. hoffman's helped us for guessing had been kind of the discovery could bring researchers closer to tearing alzheimer's dementia and other diseases. considering that goal, kind of in 5, our discovery can contribute to treating alzheimer's disease. how do we get an image on this most often, hopefully we've now discovered a mechanism that's related to forgetfulness. the one that leads us to forgetting useful because now that we know that, and if we can identify substances that influence this gene. so we'll forget the

less untruthful. so that's the advantage of, i guess, a huge step for scientists and researchers now on to the humble us when it's much larger than the tiny nematode in the last report. but it's just as blind in depth. the biggest populations of s williams live in europe, the northeastern united states, new zealand, children in those places. then early on that the terrestrial invertebrates are extremely beneficial. they keep soil a rated and, and show that it has a healthy caribbean, which in turn benefits the climate to impact the increasing drug tough on our forest, especially on their ability to store carbon, gets the question the researchers in switzerland. i've been investigating for almost 2 decades. the irrigate parts of a forest and compare them with dry or sections to their surprise,

significant differences became apparent after just a few years or if it's easier, the soil here is really black locks, which means it contains a lot of carbon vehicle in so. so it, so now let's look at the soil on the dry surface. it's a how is it? yeah, and the soil is far lighter in color c. i think that means that stores less carbon than the here again. so i look away and stuff. i think it moves something floats, of the importance of forest soils and soaking up c o. 2 had been underestimated until relatively recently. this research just highlighted the impact of drugs and the ability of styles to store carbon. for the, for the experiment, we didn't expect to be able to measure any changes in carbon content because it usually takes centuries to linear for the carbon reservoir to change significantly . yeah. here we have 50 percent more carbon in the top soil in the year, a gated area. when stuff in the researches have learned that cycles store up

to 5 times as much carbon as the vegetation above dry. and the big question is, what leads to such a significant carbon increase in the grow and over such a short time period? the serious that organisms in the soil combat the deputy or liquor layer on top to soto, carbon fuel, ecologist, frank, how do i use this trucks containing food to identify those organisms? the help. so that's the main de composers are earth forms besides them. there are also would lice and mites epic sign, although they play a far smaller role in the process than earthworms. so we can go. the research here wants to determine how many air forms are active in the soil here. for this experiment, he applies to mixture of mustard water to a small section of growth. if this is tied in for clear once the mixture has

filtered down into the soil, the mustard water irritates the earth arms, and forces them to creep up to the surface where we can pick them up printed on from the old population. hopefully, using guns clear, we have a very small, newly hatched worm, excuse me, a baby. and b, me will come to a total of 50 swarms per square meter when projected to cover all forest cycles. that's an enormous bio mass. so the s williams must be quantity, the carbon content has increased so much. and the irritated section of the forest, the chief of scientists repeats the test and the plots of the forest that was not to a gated. how many worms are working, the soil here. dell not wait, wait an ages without seeing a single word of he discovered that s williams are no longer active with the water content of below 20 percent to determine the exact carbon balance. he measures c o . 2 emissions from the soil the mass on the measuring the c o 2

balance shows the dry soils bind much less c o 2 and then here again, and so i ordered the fuel and this is due to less carbon, being distributed by urs forms. in the top soil installs the way so you can go on don't live on. so it does the large scale irrigation of conduct for as far as is not a viable solution. it's kind of how you're doing is looking for alternatives. and nature delivers here to a comparison test he conducted showed that 20 times as many earthworms live in to send you as far as, as in can net for this one's a result that suggests a change. of course, in forestry management, i'm detailed flies by storing more carbon would require increasing the proportion of hardwoods. so this would stimulate earthworm activity. meeting more carbon is stored in the organic soil layered in the long term width of the homeless. escalate . more organic soil or shoes could also increase the proportion of carbon and soil

and agriculture. scientists from the german center for integrative biodiversity and light sake of fund that next to me know as to warms, are active and intensively fund soils. it's a very different story with organic farming when you have, you got to off, when you break up the aggregates here in the ground, you can see that despite the soil being so dry, there's still a little bit of water, okay, call. and that crumbling texture is, can or touristic of earth warm activities. look, this condo. so just so things i'm not going to had too much is the largest carbon reservoir on land. but there's being precious little research carried out into the role of f forms. in this research. again, it just wants to find out how they can vac dead plants matter. and the sugar contains in the process, storing carbon in the soil for centuries. is discovered that in addition to secrete

things stable carbon as forms improve the carbon balance in the cycle via their skin. so we never kind of what's less known for what was not known at all is that then you get secreted by years were indeed stimulates the microbes in this oil to such a degree that they grow and build up bio mass like some of your muscle. and this bio mass ultimately stabilized into soil when the microbes die out of carbon has been bound in this oil and can no longer be emitted a c o 2, resulting in a cooler climate. groups that every year about 10 times more c o 2 escapes from cycles into the atmosphere. and it's produced by learning fossil fuels as forms in hybrid forest and organic farming, helped to store carbon over the long term. the unlikely little helpers in the fight against climate change to that's a nice specimen. climate change means that species

traditionally at home in the south, a migrating further and further north. the procession very most is native to southern and central europe, but is now also spreading to germany and sweden. the castle put his vault has can cause serious invitation for human skin. responses range from cutting down trees to assessing the mess. and the host is on fire. the spraying of pesticides is also widespread. but that is a progressive solution even if it might not additionally look like it's a dentist, a car use is pulling out the big guns to get rid of some little pest from a suitable distance the fires into the nest of the oak procession. every caterpillars, next to an outdoor swimming pool. the idea is to introduce a deadly fungus to the nest via these reg gelatin balls. they were created by scientists from the university of applied sciences, engaging and, and are being tested in the field today. of course we can meet on the way from 30

meters away. the funding spreads out about the size of affairs. like to do this then that's are bigger than that was so we need one or 2 shots to cover the whole last for this. like we 1st look at the tips of the leaves and use up. and once we found areas that have been eaten, we track down and asked by following them towards the trunk of the red balls contain bavaria bussey on a of fungus that spreads inside the insect and kills them with the professor was gone. who has spent years researching the various methods of combating the pesky, oprah, recessionary caterpillar. his favorite is firing, the deadly fungus directly into the nest. not to any support isn't. and it's a naturally occurring animal, pathogenic fungus, which is a fancy way of saying that it kills insects and have the, we extracted the fungus from this oil. i packed it into a ball and shot it into the nest of the hope recessionary. and within the 8 hours it killed the caterpillar students into to, to hold them up year in germany,

the oak procession every month. and it has become a real summer plague and recent years, it has few natural enemies. local authorities have been spending tens of thousands of bureaus on combining the caterpillars and even vacuum and come up dice and flip the switch to noise. the real danger from the o procession every box is that it goes through several different life cycle. so during the 1st 2, they don't yet have any pretzels or set to once they start to living the 3rd larval stage. at that point they are very small and fine and wouldn't bother and adult human. but as of the 4th stage, they can cause caterpillar dermatitis and what homes get mentioned. in some cases it can lead to an end of electric shock with a reading of the i would and even long problems with me because the hair is getting stuck there. but the indian lucas, that's another substance being sprayed on trees, contain specialist there in jesus or b, t. it's considered

a buyer's side because the bacteria disabled and kills the procession that re months. but it also kills other beneficial insects. was going to and his team did some tests on how the substance works. the shopping results prompted him to advise against any large scale deployment. it turns out that the bt spray also kills the few remaining natural predators of the month, such as newman wasps and certain types of bands allotted for successful things. but the problem is that we're killing their enemies at the same time. so in the long run we may even be strengthening the oak recessionary population. thoughts you know, last year as test showed that for every 2 dead oh procession every months, one beneficial insect guide as well the. they included beetles, various bugs, ants,

and it, newman. it was for the rest. so is the rifle method more sustainable with less collateral damage? experts from various authorities are curious to see the 1st results. this is what the next looks like. after just 8 hours. the caterpillars are completely invested and dead and were assured that the fungus is also dead and won't spread outside the nest. that piece is van fungus is heat sensitive. at $25.00 degrees celsius locks, it's growth starts slowing down and it stops completely at $28.00 degrees sized. so if it comes into contact with a warm blooded body, it stops growing very quickly and even dies christmas and progress vertebrates stuff. it's completely harmless, as great ones. yep. it's here, it's a finish doors. the pellets are shrunk directly into the nest so that the fungus doesn't impact any insects outside of the affected area. they can use content that's kind, we can't guarantee that even

a few unintended organisms could be effected id, but only it's very small numbers up and see it coming up on one side. one visitor asks what happens afterwards to the projectile is launched in the trees and beyond from hoping since the minus 5. let's test that out. that's why they dissolve and disappear, that they go ugly and completely mailed the way we've already done tests. of course, to be able to and i was supposed to get an opportunity to read. amunition is made out of gelatine and not plastic arborist and project collaborator, dennis a congress, takes things a step further and wraps the areas around the nations with glue in the getting the i'm told. so normally they go out to find food in the evening, and starting at the tips, eat out the skeletons of the lease. i'm in the morning. they return to the national . so you'd expect to find a line of mazda caterpillars on the glue. but since we can't see that, it means that the fungus work live from the only real drawback is the red tape.

german regulation, stipulate that most garden, those 1st need a permit to be able to use the suit up air rifle in public that's what this suggest of tomorrow today. d w's, science magazine. thanks for watching em. see you next time until then say curious . the, [000:00:00;00]

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