the spots, the cities checked on some great cultural memorials to boot dw travel regarding the, the deep sea is dog and freezing cold. still some creatures called a tube. how do they supposed on that? and what do we really know about fish? do they to paying for example? and how does biased electric beacon agriculture work without the use of animal fertilizes? and how do you make sure it's done right? the that's i know coming up on some already today, d, w science. the deep sea begins at

200 meters below sea level. few species can survive and these mucky, icy voices, with the pressure increases with every meter at a depth of full 1000 maces, full 100 chinos of pressure per square centimeter. this is where manganese no deals are found the potatoes, size, mineral deposits, the cause of this event, mining them could provide much needed for materials for the energy transition. but that would have dire consequences for the federal eco system. the there are c creatures living 5000 meters deep among these manganese nodules that cover the c bed. many of them have yet to be identified. it's a habitat that's evolved over millions of years. escape guns, but see there's a specific organism such as carlos and sponges mean manganese nodules as a habitat to provide on for vendor. in turn, these provide to have protect for marine products such as brittle stars in scope of

pods. we could lose them for millions of years on these and familiar on the out of it. this is what the sea bed looks like after it's been harvested. scientists with the genome, our homework center for ocean research, have examined a former test type used by a belgian mining company. that one low con um one does. the visa mining operations are set to be large scale covering several 100 square kilometers a year or so advanced life forms could be destroyed for many, many generations who get that up to and attached to it. industry claims these nodules are needed for the energy transition. aside from manganese, they contain 3 highly sought after metals, cobalt nickel, and copper $3.00 to $5.00 times more than deposits on land. so within the elephant, let's face it. dixie mining will not replace long binding. what will happen is that we'll stop destroying the auction as well as the rest of the environment to pc.

it's a strong manganese natural deposits in the world's oceans are at risk, including the clarion clipper to in zone a site that many countries are currently buying to mind. the international c beneficial already as already approved exploration licenses. germany has submitted to claims and we also have a say on how to regulate deep c mining in the area keeps it according to maritime law. deep sea mining is permitted in principle, but only on the condition that serious consequences for the marine environment over ruled out. so when you search, we've been doing for many years shows very clearly that they can't be ruled out. and that's why germany and other countries, including france, one to stop any mining plans until researches give the green light, even if it takes generations. the german minimal resources agency is just one body that conducted studies showing that demand for metals will increase many times over

in the coming decades. but some could be recycled or simply replacing them altogether. does that change the partial trends over at knology has advance to the point that we're developing cobalt free by trees and desktop? was there's no need for deep sea mining to support the energy transition problem to consciously that the deep sea and impact ecosystem for the next environmental disaster. it's up to the international see that authority to decide on its future the we asked you on social media, do you think deep sea mining coats, more opportunities? oh, more home on facebook, francisco santa maria says, coal mining is bad for the planets. people protest, but at the same time they look ready to do with that we have to make sure that

mining does as little damage as possible. even if that makes it more expensive. a v b 1987 on instagram roads. you have to look more closely at the cost benefit ratio . i assume that not all of the cdn has the same characteristics of the same via diversity. also and instagram bones. it is highly dangerous. we already contamination b as in an uncontrolled way deep sea mining and the further extraction of oil must be burned. those have massive impacts on the planet. they should be lowest prohibits in them. thanks for your inputs, the blood is red white. what would you like to know about deep sea mining, or do you have any other questions about of science?

send us a video text or voice message. if we don't so your question on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as the thank you. come on just us in the ocean, the d. b, you go the highest, the most efficient method. you can go in hong kong to ask this question. why don't deep sea creatures get crushed by water pressure? 2 sides of the us is covered in most of the oceans, all on average, 4000 meters deep. anything deeper than 200 meters is considered deep sea. and the 19 century researches began to chop the depth of the oceans. one of the pioneers of deep sea research was edward folds, according to his theory, life couldn't survive and was 50500 meters. today we know that the deep sea is home

to a variety of marine life new species that discovered every yeah. were such as estimate that there are still thousands new species yet to be discovered. even though deep sea conditions seemed pretty inhospitable, the water temperature is always cold. there's no lights, and the pressure is immense. the d for you go the great to the water pressure. only very specific animals can but stand it some deep sea jelly fish live in most is as deep as 6000 meters at 10000 meters deep. there's one ton of pressure per square centimeter. and yet, sea creatures don't get crushed. most deep sea creatures don't have a swim. bladder or other hollow guns on like creatures that live in china was, is best when gladys would be crushed at that depth. the deep

sea creatures also have hired in the pressure. they would never survive close to the surface. another check out the sleeve, try and metal the main oxide o t m. a. for shown, this molecule stabilizes the proteins within the cells so that they don't lose the shape on the high pressure. the higher the concentration of t, m a o. d to the creature can go. the human body can never survive such pressure. but with driving bells, humans have gone all the way down to 10000 meters. the world record for the deepest dive without so protective caps fuel with just 333 meters. and it took the dive of 15 hours to equalize the pressure on his ascent. juice, fish have feelings that blink. and they don't cry. whatever happens,

they don't change the facial expressions. that's one reason that no one thinks about. there will be not the how the angle is no so i can say fishbock to know there's new data about the ability of fish to feel stress and pain and that could have far reaching consequences cold as a fish. we own those say no one worries. very much about their feelings, including body to flakes, tools, and angling. instructor domestic vision have to be a specific size before it's legal to catch them. this little perch was lucky. clearly doesn't think that the pain of a hook in their lip is too terrible of the

i always say when i'm teaching, you have to think of it like getting your living here from your own board and little thing and certainly hurts the fisher. maybe for a short time and for example, for life, my thoughts on previous this, but i imagine it just feels a bit strange anymore. still, it's nothing that affects it in the long term concept to me. so i'll see if there's, you know, how it is by and tracy. most people assume that fish either feel little or no pain . what does the research say of the marine biologist, whom with zig now has long been interested in the question as to whether fish, fuel pains we meet up with him in the natural history museum about a month. but when you talk about pain, you have to distinguish between 2 factors and is the high one is the purely sensory perception. and the other is the psychological perception which it hurts and it's unpleasant and fish can feel sensory pain. and that the question is,

can they also feel it psychologically on him? there was one study by james rose that concluded they don't know based on the reasoning that in humans processing pain and processing. emotional pain takes place primarily in the cerebrum. i'll buy things not exclusively, but mainly in the survey. bramble face do not have a cerebrum. so the argument is simple. no brain, no pain was no brain, no pain's incision of pain kind. but since then, in the last 20 to 30 years, there's been a lot of evidence from research that suggests that's a big to simplistic a plus to. i'm talking in an experiment that's considered a milestone in research on the neuro behavioral nature of fishes scientists to look into whether fish would pay as it were for pain relief. z profession normally prefer to move around in aquariums with plants in the sandy bottom base, offer them protection and food. in an experiment,

one group was injected in the lip with a seat, a gas it, which hurts. and the control group with iso tonic sailing solution. both are harmless for the fish. they have the choice of staying in the battery or the hospitable side of the aquarium. at 1st, as expected, they all state in the hospitable car. however, when a pain killer was dissolved on the other side, the fish and checked it with a, see the gas, it preferred to swim there. this shows on the one hand that fish react to pain killers and on the other, and that they're willing to pay a price for release, sacrifice of protection and food options. the many earlier skeptics now accept that fish can have a psychological experience of pain. the debate has revolved around the definition of consciousness in fish compared to humans. and if fish do feel pain, what can we do about it? in future?

if fish don't feel pain, we can treat them very differently according to the animal welfare laws concerning reading, capture, and experimentation. then if they're pain sensitive and so it has direct consequences. the, i think the consequence, the germany, like many other european countries, animal welfare is in fry, and in the law, no 1 may cause pain, suffering or harm to animals. the reasonable exceptions might be made for strictly controlled research or slaughtering animals to eat them. this was philosopher, matthew subdued, is critical of this approach to sufficiency. she is supposed to, the main thing is that we try to protect animals from stress, fear, and pain. so that's and trying to be animal protection act looking. so from an

ethical perspective, i think that's very important. the animal protection act in switzerland and germany regulates the economic use of animals and the ups office and testing for see special protection for. and most of it just regulates how we're allowed to use them via t as a not some do. but in the global fish industry, fish welfare is not an issue. squeezed together for hours, farmed fish are pulled up to the surface of park you quickly, which makes their swim bladder as rupture on deck, they suffocate in agony. these pictures come from green peace. they don't appear to have been stunned before being killed as required by animal welfare loss in many countries. switched marine biologist rosella tay, used to work in research. now she works for the n g o fair fish, which campaigns for better standards in fisheries and aquaculture. not that most people aren't even aware of what the fish, the ends up on my plate has been 3 and they buy and sell it to fish,

fish. and that's a nice little source that goes with it. there's too much, no one knows the fox like what kind of fishy to square it, live, how it died, and how it was cold by different name on most wildcard fish comes from fishing fleets owned by industrial nations. they buy fishing licenses from small african countries for example, and then just to meet all the local fish stocks, the local fishermen don't see a cent of the prophets. what should be done to fight injustice and fish suffering the saving status? i would like to see deep sea fishing and industrial fishing as its practice today cease to exist at one point. anything should i be mean fits a brutal slow to of trillions of fish country to any animal. well, fellows piece we can fix that. hold on this option, austin. so it's not just a large mass. these are individual fish living creatures smith and they deserve back to having the fish fish have feelings just like other

animals. this is a fact that consumers and the fishing industry need to grasp the as fish stops window. the fish industry is costing its nets ever wider. the bowls oceans are in poor condition, listening pollution and climate change, or leading to algae growth, which rubs to says mice and oxygen. marine life is increasingly vulnerable in the cities that are connected to the open ocean by only a narrow straight i'm particularly affected on the baltic sea. then looking for a solution. these german politicians are visiting the baltic sea thanks to a special camera. they can tell that it's not in good condition and dizziness.

we've seen that the sea grass meadows are well developed on the surface, which is important for climate protection. but as soon as you get into deeper waters with the sea grass just, it appears that that's due to the presence of nutrients which blocks sunlight. and that's a big problems put in these nutrients. so that because of all the fuss, eliza washed into the sea by rivers. it also results in areas with low oxygen levels known as dead zones. where requested life console vive. it's not the basic fees. and the problem is the fishing and pollution from plastics and world war 2, munitions, of putting a strain on the ecosystem to vish this is this the i will, it's important that we give nature room to recover. so species can we generate and multiply? that means zones that are not being used, not even for fishing, so that nature can develop freely who do not why i'm just fight and fight come to

a special representative. so the oceans. sebastien almost supports the idea of creating a both exceed national cock. local fishermen, however, are skeptical. no, not on store prohibited zone where boats aren't allowed. what will be allowed as well? fishing be allowed? don't have enough protected areas already. moving folks can be there from old. there are 25 of them on the baltic coast to ensure these we coach time. we're fishing is already restricted. that's why i use, i guess, no culture, his doubts. the worry, the tourists might stay wave too much of the beach is out of bounds. so now the baltic sea national park is just one proposal to improve the states of the baltic sea. but one way or another, something needs to be done. the conventional foaming crops saw sprayed using fertilizer derived from intensive

livestock farming, which is not good for the animals, the soil of excited. but what a more climate friend d tons of agriculture looked like. we find out from the farmer in southern germany who uses exclusively plans based fertilizes. it is applicable to one day organic farmer. claimant's phones got the shock of his life. he had switched over to organic fruit farming 20 years ago. he was quite successful and happy until one day he received a fertilizer delivery that really shocked him. i think the 2nd okay. when i opened up the sack, there was half a cows headed in there and explained of stones us. i was surprised that a cows head was in there because i had actually ordered, horn shaving evolve for me, so we'll just give you the smell was revolting. so one shaving is in the bag. smoke

like burned car tires and then the whole thing that same year i bought chicken peak says fertilizer things like they were supposed to be from organic chickens in italy, but they were actually from caged industrial chickens and hungry tie. you me so who knows? neighbor gives and design of that was the experience that made me realize that i don't want any of that on my farm. leave me study. so west calling me. i'm not going to support anything that gives me a bad feeling. will me out and kind of going to skip through. animal fertilizers, made of industrial meat scraps are cheap and deficient. avoiding them completely would be a big financial risk. steel claimants holding funds, 18 hector's of organic apple trees near lake constance in southern germany. the fertilizer provider to ship me something different and he said it wouldn't be a problem and that it would cost more attention, get it for me, since he wants me to pay for his services. so he said, i'll get you something else, but you are the only one who isn't happy. that i said, okay,

then i'm the only one. the advantage animal fertilizers have over plan based ones, is that they contain more nitrogen and other nutrients that includes fertilizers, made of horn shavings, and cow hoops. however, a big disadvantage is that they came from conventional animal farming. according to agricultural scientists and sabina chica, the that's a big problem. ecological meat farming isn't wide spread enough, and that's why organic farmers depend on fertilizer made from 5 products. some of the conventional media industry was fund routes to not that using animal waste products from industrial sloth to house is one that raises a whole slew of questions about with the thoughts really comic foaming on just being. that's why the organic farming industry is starting to use new satellites, us to break the cycling through them, but to, to look that way. they will not be so dependent on fact, alliances that come from conventional sources took them into the requirements and in the opinions to sign the how many of the new fertilizers like clover brass,

peas and algae have different amounts of nitrogen and nutrients. the holding time researchers are investigating how well they work in a long term project over several years. and they want to determine how plant based fertilizers perform compared to animal based fertilizers. that also includes liquids that come from plants. and that's the most important. what we found is that there was something 5 to life is like venice, which is a liquid fertilizer released nitrogen rapidly. you have on the other 5 slices that release nitrogen gradually. so the timing is not as easy. so i can still use them. can you just have to adjust the font device ation stress j do is try to gain entry, placing it on tests, claimant's phones decided for a different path. he doesn't use animal fertilizers anymore. by reviving old techniques, he's discovered new possibilities of the escape signs of the hit through little

there are plant based fertilizers, but they aren't very popular because they're so expensive a couple for charles brown, i and i use potato skins, brown algae, and us, which is an important fertilizer that is commonly used and organic fertilizer, including with us and fetus, allow me to know about how you there are lots of nutrients inside what it's all plan based on 3 cos we side of the i'd say. and finally, i saw clover for the newer plantations so that the nitrogen gets bundle and they have enough nutrients at the beginning to move so organ. at 1st, the claimant's own felt like he was fighting an uphill battle. he didn't realize then that more and more farmers are also doing without animal fertilizers. their method is known as bio sick, like deacon agriculture, which includes composts to fertilize re shows up unit see to the video recordings that we're taking on claimants. one's fine with. she's convinced that his trees are getting enough nutrients from the bios to click begin. fertilizer and using fluffy

compost is also a key part of the new strategy. a solution to this and shop. this is from a scientific point of view, a compost as a soil in homicide to you out what kind of laptop, which is good for story with composition of thoughts. who does people get tools to increase the soil structure? a lot of 20 out when you add nutrients, that's more of a long time satellite ation procedure on, but you also get the positive effects of these other soil qualities on the night shop. scientists have discovered that plant based fertilizer also works well on to me. the same as honda stopped using fertilizers that come from industrial farming research and this experience have shown firsthand that this approach can be both eco friendly and economically successful. that's it for this week's edition of tamara today, d w science program. join us again next week for more exciting stories from the

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shift your guides to life. in addition to explore the latest online trend, navigate your way through the digital jungle to get it level. this thing will be your guide and show you what's possible. you decide what really matters to you. shift coming up on the dw worldwide as a move onto the session with light sources on 10 nights. and today get the increase

in pricing. this is main thing with maintenance inherent with dramatic impacts on biodiversity. the can we come in 15 minutes and d, w. do you know which of these 3 industries has the highest c o 2 emission rates, which is good. concrete, the transforming business still is onset. the bigger house, but the real new div just reimbursing the watch. now. the hello guys. this is the 77 percent. the platform for these issues and share ideas

the, you know, or the so i know we're not of great to catch and then you get to talk to applicants . population is really fast. the young people clearly have the solution. the future belongs to you. this 77 percent every weekend on the w a fateful encounter. in the late 19 seventy's former concentration comes in my general, most meisner meant the man who had to maintain him. go stop bogged, known as the beast of sophie bore. shame on you. tell the truth to use nature. wagner was dead and investigation concluded that it was suicide. but

the file gives rise to don't really have to go see the january 27th on the this is to grab your news and what your thoughts started given. so tablets have vouchers are down here for us and british as strikes for specific unit, at least 5, the fit, the strikes brought tens of thousands of people. i was to protest and the captain of the us and the u. k said the hit dogs across 40 controlled area of yemen and response to multiple 40 attacks on vessels. and the red sea is just as the international court of justice has noted his fiction to halt his daily melissa yet.