the one will show you how climate change and environmental conservation is taking shape around the world and how we can make a difference. knowledge grows through sharing. download it now for the . the deep sea is dark and freezing cold. still some creatures cold, a tube. how do they supposed on that? and what do we really know about fish? do they to pain, for example? and how does biased so i can we can we can agriculture work without the use of animal fertilizes. and how do you make sure it's done right? the that's i know, coming up on some already today, d, w science. the deep sea begins at

200 meters below sea level. few species can survive and these mucky, icy voices were the pressure increases with every mesa, at a depth of full 1000 maces, full 100 chinos of pressure of per square centimeter. this is where manganese no deals. i found the potatoes, size, mineral deposits the cabinet to see that mining them could provide much needed rule materials for the energy transition. but that would have dire consequences for the federal eco system. the there are sea creatures living 5000 meters deep among these manganese nodules. that cover the c bed. many of them have yet to be identified. it's a habitat that's evolved over millions of years. escape guns, but see there's a specific organism such as carlos and sponges, manganese nodules as

a habitat to provide on spend the in turn. these provide a habitat for marine fonda, such as brutal stars and cooper pods. we could lose them for millions of years on these and familiar only out of it. this is what the sea bed looks like after it's been harvested. scientists with the genome, our homework center for ocean research, have examined a former test type used by a belgian mining company. that one low con um one does. the visa mining operations are set to be large scale covering several 100 square kilometers a year. so advanced life forms could be destroyed for many, many generations who get that up to one session throughout the industry. claims these nodules are needed for the energy transition aside from manganese. they contain 3 highly sought after metals, cobalt nickel, and copper $3.00 to $5.00 times more than deposits on land. so within the elephant, let's face it. dixie mining will not replace long binding. what will happen is that

we'll stop destroying the auction as well as the rest of the environment to pc. it's a strong manganese natural deposits in the world's oceans are at risk, including the clarion, clipper tens own a site that many countries are currently buying to mind. the international c beneficial already as already approved exploration licenses. germany has submitted to claims and we also have a say on how to regulate deep c mining in the area keeps it according to maritime law. deep sea mining is permitted in principle, but only on the condition that serious consequences for the marine environment over ruled out some research we've been doing for many years shows very clearly that they can't be ruled out. and that's why germany and other countries, including france, wants to stop any mining plans until researches keep the green light even if it takes generation since the german minimal resources agency is just one body that

conducting studies showing that demand for metals will increase many times over in the coming decades, but some could be recycled or simply replacing them altogether. does that change the partial trends over at knology? it has advance to the point that we're developing cobalt free by trees and desktop . was there's no need for deep sea mining to support the energy transition problem to consciously that the deep sea and impact ecosystem for the next environmental disaster. it's up to the international see that authority to decide on its future the we asked you on social media, do you think deep sea mining coats, more opportunities? oh, more home on facebook, francisco sons, and maria says, coal mining is bad for the planets. people protest,

but at the same time they look ready to do with that we have to make sure that mining does as little damage as possible. even if that makes it more expensive. a v b 1987 on instagram roads. you have to look more closely at the cost benefit ratio . i assume that not all of the c bad has the same characteristics of the same via the city. also and instagram bones. it is highly dangerous. we already contamination b as in an uncontrolled way. deep sea mining and the further extraction of oil must be burned. boats have massive impacts on the time that they should be laws prohibiting then thanks for your inputs. the let is read. why?

what would you like to know about deep sea mining, or do you have any other questions about science? send us a video text or voice message. if we don't so your question on the show will send you a little surprise as the thank you. come on just us in the ocean, the d. b, you go the highest, the was a patient method. you can go in hong kong to ask this question. why don't deep sea creatures get crushed by war suppression? 2 sides of the us is covered in most of the oceans, all on average, 4000 meters deep. anything deeper than 200 meters is considered deep sea. and the 19 century researches began to talk the depth of the oceans. one of the pioneers of deep sea research was edward folds, according to his theory. life couldn't survive and was his d 7500 meters. today,

we know that the deep sea is home to a variety of marine life new species with discovered every yeah. researches estimate that there are still thousands new species yet to be discovered. even though deep sea conditions seemed pretty inhospitable, the water temperature is always cold. there is no lights, and the pressure is immense. the d for you go the great to the water pressure. only very specific animals can but stand it some deep sea jelly fish live in most is deep of 6000 meters at 10000 meters deep. there's one ton of pressure per square centimeter. and yet sea creatures don't get crushed . most deep sea creatures don't have a swim bladder or other hollow guns on like creatures that live in shallow water is

best when blood is would be crushed at that time. the deep sea creatures also have hired in the pressure. they would never survive close to the surface. another check out the sleeve, try and metal the main oxide, o t m a. for shown. this molecule stabilizes the proteins within the cells so that they don't lose the shape and the high pressure. the higher the concentration of t, m a o. d, the creature can go. the human body can never survive such pressure. but with diving bells, humans have gone all the way down to 10000 meters. the world record for the deepest dive without a protective cap fuel was just 333 meters. and it took the dive of 15 hours to equalize the pressure on his ascent.

juice, fish have feelings that a blink and they don't cry. whatever happens, they don't change. they facial expression. that's one reason that no one thinks about their well being. not the how the anglers know, so i can say fishbock to know there's new data about the ability of fish to feel stress and pain and that could have far reaching consequences cold as a fish. we own those say no one worries very much about their feelings. including body to flakes, tools, and angling, instructor domestic fish have to be a specific size before it's legal to catch them. this little perch, what lucky say lakes doesn't think that the pain of

a hook in their lip is too terrible. i always say when i'm teaching, you have to think of it like getting your living here from you and board and little thing. it certainly hurts the fisher maybe for a short time and for example, for life my thoughts on previous. but i imagine it just feels a bit strange anymore. still, it's nothing that affects it in the long term because you have to meet the most efficient heidi's buying push the most people assume that fish either feel little or no pain. what does the research say of the marine biologist, whom with zig now has long been interested in the question as to whether fish, fuel pains we meet up with him in the natural history museum about a month. but when you talk about pain, you have to distinguish between 2 factors and is the i. one is the purely sensory perception. and the other is the psychological perception who it hurts and it's

unpleasant and fish can feel sensory pain. next the questionnaires can they also feel it psychologically on him? there was one study by james rose that concluded they don't know based on the reasoning that in humans processing the payment processing, emotional pain takes place primarily in the cerebrum. i'll buy things not exclusively, but mainly in the survey. bramble fish do not have a cerebrum, so the argument is simple. no brain, no pain or no brain, no pains and sation of pain kind. but since then, in the last 20 to 30 years, there's been a lot of evidence from research that suggests that's a big to simplistic 8 plus 2, i invested in an experiment that's considered a milestone in research on the neuro behavioral nature of fishes scientists look into whether fish would pay as it were for pain relief, z profession normally prefer to move around in aquariums with plants and to send

the bottom to offer them protection and food. in an experiment, one group was injected in the lip with a c, the gas it, which hurts, and the control group with iso tonic sailing solution. both are harmless for the fish. they have the choice of staying in the battery or the hospitable side of the aquarium. at 1st, as expected, they all stay in the hospital cars. however, when a pain killer was dissolved on the other side, the fish injected with a see the gas, it preferred to swim there. this shows on the one hand that fish react to pain killers and on the other, and that they're willing to pay a price for release, sacrifice of protection and food options. the many earlier skeptics now, except that fish can have a psychological experience of pain. the debate has revolved around the definition of consciousness in fish compared to humans. and if fish do

feel pain, what can we do about it? if you should, if fish don't feel pain, we can treat them very differently according to the animal welfare laws concerning reading, capture, and experimentation. then if they're pain sensitive and so it has direct consequences. the, i think the consequence, the germany, like many other european countries, animal welfare is in frying than the law. no 1 may cause pain suffering or harm to animals. the. 1 reasonable exceptions might be made for strictly controlled research or slaughtering animals to eat them. this was philosopher matthews. village is critical of this approach. just recently she is. the main thing is that we try to protect animals from stress fear and paints and flats and trying to be

animal protection act looking. so from an ethical perspective, i think that's very important. the animal protection act in switzerland and to germany regulates the economic use of animals. you can give yourself to submit testing for seas special protection for right. and most of it just regulates how we're allowed to use them via p as a not some deal. but in the global fish industry, fish welfare is not an issue. squeezed together for hours farmed fish are pulled up to the surface of park you quickly, which makes their swim bladder as rupture on deck. they suffocate in agony. the pictures come from green peace. they don't appear to have been stunned before being killed as required by animal welfare loss. in many countries. swiss marine biologist, rosella tay, used to work in research. now she works for the n g o fair fish, which campaigns for better standards and fisheries and aquaculture. and i think

most people aren't even aware of what the fish, the ends up on the plate has been 3 and they buy and sell it to fish, fish. then there's a nice the whole source that goes with it through the too much. no one knows the fonts like what kind of fish it his square it, lift how it died, and how it was cold by different name. on most wildcard fish comes from fishing fleets owned by industrial nations. they buy fishing licenses from small african countries, for example. and then all the local fish stocks, the local fishermen don't see a cent of the profits. what should be done to fight injustice and fish suffering the saving status? i would like to see the fishing and industrial fishing as its practice today cease to exist at one point. we should obviously, if it's a brutal, slow tour of trillions of fish country to any animal. well, fellows, he's who can fix that. honest option often from it's not just a large mass, these individual fish living creatures 5th and they deserve back to you having

the fish fish have feelings just like other animals. this is a fact that consumers and the fishing industry need to grasp the as fish stocks dwindles. the fish industry is costing its nets ever wide. the bolts oceans are in poor condition. listening pollution and climate change a leading to algae growth, which rubs to so it's nice and oxygen. marine life is increasing the vulnerable in this thing is that connected to the open ocean by only a narrow, straight, all particularly effected on the baltic sea. then looking for a solution these german politicians are visiting the baltic

sea thanks to a special camera. they can tell that it's not in good condition. within this, we've seen that the sea grass meadows are well developed on the surface, which is important for climate protection. but as soon as you get into deeper waters with the sea grass disappears, that's due to the presence of nutrients which blocks sunlight. and that's a big problems put in these nutrients. so that because of all the fuss, eliza washed into the sea by rivers. it also results in areas with low oxygen levels known as dead zones, where requested life constant vive. it's not the basic fees. and the problem is the fishing and pollution from plastics and world war 2 munitions, of putting a strain on the ecosystem to vish. this is this, the, i will, it's important that we give nature room to recover. so species can we generate and multiply? that means zones that are not being used,

not even for fishing so that nature can develop freely. what do you not, why? i'm just fi inside, come or special representatives to the oceans. sebastian on that supports the idea of creating a both exceed national hawk. local fishermen, however, are skeptical. no, not on stopping to hear me that zone where boats aren't allowed. what will be allowed as well? fishing be allowed? don't have enough protected areas already. moving folks can be there from older or $25.00 of them on the baltic coast 2 inch leaves we coast time. we're fishing is already restricted. that's why you're saying, because no culture has doubts that worried the tourists might stay wave too much of the beach is out of bounds. so now the baltic sea national park is just one proposal to improve the states of the baltic sea. but one way or another, something needs to be done. the

conventional foaming crops sprayed using fertilizer to arrive from intensive livestock farming, which is not good for the animals. the soil of excitement. what, what a more sign of frenzy tons of agriculture look like. we find out from the farmer in southern germany who uses exclusively plant based fertilizes. it is applicable to one day organic farmer claim. and tony got the shock of his life. he had switched over to organic fruit farming 20 years ago. he was quite successful and happy until one day he received a fertilizer delivery that really shocked him. i think the 2nd okay. when i opened up the sack, there was half a cows headed in there next theme of stones. as i was surprised that a cow's head was in there because i had actually ordered horn shaving. i see it all

by somebody will just give you. the smell was revolting. so one chevy is in the bag . smoke like burned car tires. and the whole thing that same year, i bought chicken peak, says fertilizer things like they were supposed to be from organic chickens in italy . but they were actually from caged industrial chickens in hungary, michigan. those neighbor gives and design of this. that was the experience that made me realize that i don't want any of that on my farms, leave me study. so less calling me. i'm not going to support anything that gives me a bad feeling will be out and that kind of want to skip through. animal fertilizers, made of industrial meet scraps are cheap and deficient. avoiding them completely would be a big financial risk. steel claimants holding funds 18 hector's of organic apple trees near lake constance in southern germany. the fertilizer provider to ship me something different. and he said it wouldn't be a problem and that it would cost more attention, get it for me, since he wants me to pay for his services. so he said,

i'll get you something else. but you are the only one who isn't happy that i said, okay, then i'm the only one. the advantage animal fertilizers have over plan based ones, is that they contain more nitrogen and other nutrients that includes fertilizers, made of horn shavings, and cow hoops. however, a big disadvantage is that they came from conventional animal farming, according to agricultural scientists and sabine, etc, cuz he, that's a big problem. ecological meat farming isn't wide spread enough, and that's why organic farmers depend on fertilizer. meat from 5 products of the conventional media industry was one lots to know that using animal waste products from industrial sloth to house is one that raises a whole slew of questions about with the thoughts really comic foaming on just being. that's why the organic farming industry is starting to use new satellites, us to break the cycling through them into 2 lots in that way. they will not be so dependent on fact, alliances that come from conventional sources took them into the requirements and

in the opinions to find new fertilizers like clover brass, peas and algae have different amounts of nitrogen and nutrients. so who in time researchers are investigating how well they work in a long term project over several years. and they want to determine how plant based fertilizers perform compared to animal based fertilizers. that also includes liquids that come from plants. and that's the most important. what we found is that there was something 5 to life is like venice, which is a liquid fertilizer released nitrogen rapidly. you have on the other 5 slices that release nitrogen gradually. so the timing is not as easy. so i can still use them. can you just have to adjust the font to ice ation stress? j. do is to gain entry places on pass claimant's homes decided for a different path. he doesn't use animal fertilizers anymore. by reviving old

techniques, he's discovered new possibilities of the escape sign to the hit, the there are plan based fertilizers, but they aren't very popular because they're so expensive. a couple of which i how i use potato skins, brown algae and us, which is an important fertilizer that is commonly used and organic fertilizer, including what testing, fetus allow me to know about. i, there are lots of nutrients inside what it's all plan based on 3 cos we side of the i'd say. and finally i so clover for the newer plantations so that the nitrogen gets the bundle and they have enough nutrients at the beginning to move. so organ at 1st the claimant's phones felt like he was fighting an uphill battle. he didn't realize then that more and more farmers are also doing without animal fertilizers. their method is known as bio cyclic beacon agriculture, which includes composts to fertilize re shows up being let's see, could the video recordings that were taken on claimant's phones,

phones with she's convinced that his trees are getting enough nutrients from the bios to click begin fertilizer and using fluffy compost is also a key part of the new strategy. assist this and shop. this is from a scientific point of view. you can post as a silent homicide to you out to gunning laptop, which is good for soil composition of thoughts would of people get tools to increase the soil straw material on the 20? how when you add nutrients, that's more of a long time satellite ation procedure on, but you also get the positive effects of these, of the soil qualities on the night shop. scientists have discovered that plant based fertilizer also works well on tomatoes and pickles. there's a lot of potential for doing away with the animal fertilizers on fruit and vegetable farms. the many of the claimant's ones colleagues are now interested in purely planned face fertilizers. so you 2 are no longer convinced that the animal fertilizers that still dominate the market are all

that eco friendly banassi. so they're following hooton's lead to putting to your to you mostly use is that sick? liquid fertilizer. that's a bit like molasses. all the i fi pulled up to 40 sceptics. it's very sick and takes a bit of getting used to, but it works. he'll stick arbutus from bio sick. vague and agriculture is more expensive and more complicated to use. but claimants hunt takes it all in stride systems. ok, it has to be ok for me. that's very important. when the plants are doing well and i feel good about using it, then i'm happy because i'm taking care of the soil and even improving it for future generations. the same as honda stopped using fertilizers that come from industrial farming research and this experience have shown firsthand that this approach can be both eco friendly and economically successful. that's it for this week's edition of tamara today,

d w science program. join us getting next week for more exciting stories from the world of science and tech until then by the

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o climate pioneer. one of the world's largest soda power plants is being built in mongolia. almost a said if the countries electricity supply comes from renewables. and yes, china is investing more than ever in coal based pallets on that home. the environment. isn't that a contradiction global in 90 minutes on the w the the and the cycle to this session hot spots in germany 0 dw, extremely worth a bit of faithful encounter. in the late 19 seventy's former concentration camp inmates shlomo smiles,

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the business, the w news lies from bell in a suspected call, rhyming a talk in central israel. authorities say at least one person has been killed and the incidents ends more than a dozen and all those and also it has no end in sight as the israel, how most of all process, the 100 de la garza thomas ron health ministry says at least 60 people have been killed and over that strikes by the israeli military

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