time is address the type of trade to take responsibility for his actions. guardians of trees, stock march, 2nd on d, w. the they are the last of their kind dodging and 5 to 2 female northern white fry knows when they die, their species will die with something. but might modern reproductive medicines save them from extinction? international team of scientists believes it could all this and more on this edition dw science show. welcome to tomorrow. today. the way that this for a long time, all the work we put in now has a, has a real sense and can make a difference in for the species. so then the hopes is part of an international team

that's trying to risk you with the northern wide rhino. and for that, they needed to take a detour of a close relative the southern wide, right? know, and that's know, raising high hopes we achieved the 1st successful amber transfer in the rentals for us ever. and that's quite the. yeah. and now the big steps for us to the right. no baby unfortunately won't be born, but we'll get to that. so this pair of northern wide ryan, oak house are the only 2 left on the planet and they are protected around the clock . unlike the southern relatives, northern wide rhinos ones roamed parts of central africa. but to poaching and civil war have had a devastating impact and now the species is extinct and the wild, and that's less than equal logic hook up. then other right ramos is the keystone species in central africa or as was until they've got eliminated from its natural habitat. it keeps open spaces of short grass that other pieces can feed on. they

some species are struggled with longer grass. and also by creating these uh, short grass areas for zones they contribute to having fire protections. eco systems are extremely complex and i think only when animals cross species disappear from them, we understand how interlinks everything was only a handful of northern way dry nose have ever survived captivity for it and is in the czech republic to help these 2 vinyl couplets, breed then i brought it to kenya and 2009, with a good grace on the native grasses in their native climate. but those hopes were dashed, no rhino babies, rebel, and both bulls died, leaving behind the 2 females as the last chance for the species. how could that work? part of the answer lies frozen. these containers at the lipids institute for zoo and wildlife research in berlin together was sales for more than $300.00 other species. here we also store um, siemens samples of northern red, ryans,

and ambrose of november to animals. we split them between italy and germany to have a backup in case some catastrophic event happens. at least one bank safe, 30 northern wide, reino embryos, cardinal, slandering, and the cold scientists had harvested seamen from separately, right, no boots before they died. every few weeks, the scientists harvest excels from one of the 2 females rhinos the cx, our events loan directly to the left. and it's really where this firm and the egg meet, end develop into an embryo that's frozen for the future. this entire process is also being carried out with one of the close relatives, the southern wide, right. know that population is quite a bit larger. so they're a good test case for the rhino embryo transfer,

the entire process had to be reconfigured for ryan those to the point of even inventing new tools. right, and those are so large, there's going to so sick that the only way to reach the uterus it turns out is through the rectum. we have to go one into half me through inside of the animal and bring a needle next to puncture the wall of the rectum into the uterus, and then deposit our ambrose inside of the uterus. as far as i know, no, no other amber transfer has ever been done. this way. it's a long journey until an embryo reaches a reino uterus. in the most recent transfer, the southern wide right new excels came from belgium and the spring from austria, the fridge. as ation took place in italy, the embryo was frozen and sent to kenya to be implanted into the surrogate mother, correct. unfortunately, cora fell ill and died during the pregnancy. but for the 1st time ever,

it transferred reino embryo had grown into a fetus. so when, when we saw the feet this, it was really a perfect little creature. it looks already like a rhino. you can see the base of the hall and you can see the rips count the rips through the skin. you could clearly see it's a male subpoenas. at this stage, actually 99 percent of the pregnancy is continued to last breath. so a call attempt to do is pause to grow from the inside of the lump of this month unless she died, which unfortunately happened. but the scientists had shown that the idea was viable to move forward forward, especially to save the and all the right right now, this is the crucial prerequisites that we can really with the ambrose we created. we can go to the next step and create new life from them. there's another problem.

so the semen and excels, come from only 3 northern wide right? knows. that's why scientists and germany and japan. i experimenting with themselves to bring more variety into the gene pool. the methods we develop are extremely important for the future of many species. i think for example, also there's too much room right now that we have been called now to work with. and we're already starting to apply our technologies to this species as well. the plan codes for transferring the 1st northern wide rhino embryo in summer 2024. if all goes well about 16 months later, a baby will take its place alongside the 2 northern wide reino cows. because to grow up as a prep, a north and white dry know the baby needs to be part of a rhino class. as these days, most rhinos live in fenced in nature reserves where they are protected from

poachers who are mainly interested in the rhinos. horns and traditional chinese medicine, powdered rhino horn, is a sought after ingredient. in reality though, the horns are made of carrots and the very same substance that makes up human hair . but what about the horns of other animals? that's the topic of this week's viewer questionnaire, which comes from sophia are in columbia. the. ready why do the horns of large herbivores come in so many shapes and sizes? first of all, not every animal with fancy head gear has horns. dear, and their relatives have antlers, which are made entirely of dead zone. there shut every year and then re drove horns by contrast throughout an animal's life. the rhino family has one kind of a word made only of super hard carrots. ringback devoted family has

a different kind of horn, though, which includes goats sheets, and antelope, and their horns share a common features. the core is made of living bone and interlaced with blood vessels, all covered with a tough coating of keratin. it's the same substance that makes up our own hair and finger nails. the shape of the horn is believed to play a role in the regulation of body temperature, especially as a heat sensitive brain. as scientists have documented on and for read thermal images. the top of the head on callas, with horns stays cooler than in cattle whose horns were removed. in more temperate regions, capital horns tend to be shorter and lightly curved and covered with a thick layer of carrots and in the tropics. no kettle tend to have big, sweeping horns. their large surface area can dissipate excess bodies without water

loss. the same holds for the upright horns, commented gazelles, and many other antelopes. their horns are covered by a fin, carrot and cheese, and have a cooling network of blood vessels that extend to the very tips. it's not a patient that isn't well suited to the cold for their captain. susan, cooler climates, antelope from africa can even get frostbite on the tips of their horns. why do you have a science question? send it to us in a video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. so come on. just ask these ibex may be native to the helps, but surprisingly enough,

they enjoyed basking in warmer temperatures. during a mild winter, more young i back survive. and alpine ibex. don't need all that much surface water either. so from their point of view, the impact of climate change and this without isn't necessarily a bad thing. it's 4 30 in the morning here and this without game keeper was do stuff is hiking to the rock face of the stone mountain. the chemo. it's always a special encounter. it's like a glimpse of another world. when you get close to these animals, the fisher stovall, that's also what makes the alpine ibex so fascinating. who is this now has been

observing the wild ibex, a species of wild coat here for nearly 30 years. now, those are all mature bucks. they live in separate grooves outside of an amazing seas and of course we do something to prove that the alpine ibex are adapted to the extreme conditions here and can go long periods without water. although that ibex don't really need to drink. otherwise the die of thirst and the outstanding region where there's hardly any surface water that's off because of the water they get from plants and from the morning do is all they need from the law. so it was all to take a short time later he encounters a group of about 30 in juvenile and but your box the previous winter here was mild . that's good for the ibex, which live above the tree line. shy, that's perfectly. have them feel for they me they all fine ibex benefit from that. so just really sto winters are one of the most crucial, mostly difficult times of the year for them of the year all winter,

even in january and february and march when it's minus 20 or 30 degrees celsius of ice and be in the wind blast over the mountain tops with a 100 kilometers an hour. so conditions are harsh, milder the winter and the lower their death rate. so the animals benefit today that they are all good the only backs are especially interested in the dog luna. to get a better estimate of the size of the population, the gain keeper also looks for the dough with their kids. they're harder to find because they tend to seek the safety of rugged and accessible terrain. there's no down there, a middle age go to look. there's some more, you know, small, they are not. they're not all that old yet. there's a 3rd one and a force field. that's

great. that's really lovely. the presence of young ibex is also a good sign, a lindsey mailing investment. a herd has a lot of yearly subs assigned that last year's kid. survive the winter on the home after the mild winter, many of the kids survive nipple a thing and it's always great when you see that go with their younger you see machine especially up close like this yet. and of the nice the style and cisco, that doesn't happen every day. it all take off. on his way back down. there is a surprise in store. this spunk is 15 years old, which makes i'm the oldest ibex, and the time region. we think they called in the holly as part of our heard management. we also hunt the animals to maintain a certain color in size based on that the city when the winter death rate, as low more young animals survive. so we raise our kill quote, a bad that lets us maintain the population at the size that we want need will help

pause to the hunt insures the population doesn't grow too large. the herds have enough food and don't need to compete with shami for resources. here on the remote and rugged mountain top, the alpine ibex or thriving minds about fines. technology that's like dw signs is now on take talk. what's to be fun? why do gravitational ways that that is when did people begin getting high and laughing gas out? the drums boogie to the beads. and what's the perfect kid football find? find the on says, gets most c w science. oh, new tick, tock channel. the bulls were ones the most widely spread predator in the

world. the skilful hunters ranged over much of the northern hemisphere, then humans hunted them nearly to extinction. in the 1990s, balls were granted protected status across europe, and their numbers have been rising steadily ever since. researchers have been documenting their return today about 180 wolf packs boom, across germany. much to the dismay of many farmers and shepherds. last year was killed molten $4000.00 farm animals and gemini, to be as tins flocks of being attacked twice already. wolves killed 70 of his sheep and a few goats, and several more sheep had to be snorted afterwards, due to injuries. tim likes, wolves, but he says enough is enough. it's been of insight for him generally in favor of the cooling problem. manama is meaning moves that have managed to get past or safety fence several times involving these electric fences with no match for the

woods, for the shepherds, the presence of wolf packs, and that his foam is no longer an option as well. if they were you rather kidding from this region, a 150 years ago? 100 because of exactly this problem. beautiful. it didn't work your choral work, the way they imagined it working in a heavily populated region like north ryan was fairly young. the and here to were you introducing goals, this is very, very difficult to help even say it's impossible in many areas of garnishment. ok here in gemini, several different states agencies and hundreds of ex, but some monitoring the rules forest is and volunteer experts and samples of will firing down to the sinking back institute near frank fence. every sample is analyzed. kathleen, the goal is to establish a genetic data base of every will. fin gemini, maintained here at the institute and goes hundreds of i know here in germany we have almost $3700.00 separate wolf profiles with the boys. they're all stored in our electronic database and we found that and the information also includes which

wolves are related to each other and what it would pack. they belong to the ones that when the sample was taken and so forth. and i'm going to use this just every time we get a new genetic profile in our database law that both gets its own. i d, the boys i g, w for genetic goals number, you know, math. so we maintain a consecutive list of, of those numbers for this and then combine the flow for the new model. when a foam animal is mold assumption is taken from the wound and compared to the data base. when there's a genetic match. and it's clear that the livestock was killed by a wolf. the farmer couldn't receive compensation from the states. and if the same wolf is determined to have carried out several different attacks, the former can apply to half the wolf cold. even though it says strictly protected species, this kind of upset can take a long time, sometimes even years and it's been by then it will pack might already have up for new comes so it doesn't really work. and yet, so in this the regulations for protecting hubs of sheep and goats,

a very strict and complex, too complex. some critics say, a file a just and also hence the tip fun and steel. the says the ban on king moves shouldn't be absolute rules. so no longer at risk of extinction. he says that even if the rules and loosened the species went beyond districts with adults are boys, are hoops here in germany, are part of a wolf population that spans much of europe for probably northern eurasia, as well as it's informed. they've never been at risk of extinction gets in the past or now not in the field. so there's no sensible reason to ban hunting wolves in coordinated voice. basically, i think we really have to be all but frank fast believes will still need to be strictly protected and they post a little danger to humans and all of your up. i mean, 9 people have died since wolves returned most of them from rabies venue. and about when you're looking at the past 70 years, in this very large geographical area, meaning all of europe, it's safe to say that the statistical probability of

a wolf attacking the human and for any reason on all is very low. it says, there are a number of series, why that is the case or the c. and one is that what was might regard us humans as a kind of credit target as far as, as a whole, something best left alone. some of these in who list. so when it comes to rules, conservationists and farmers them to away see i to i here in germany and elsewhere in the wild dogs are closely related to wolves for more than 15000 years now. they've been our faithful friends and they have a very special skills, an amazing sense of smell. that's why, especially trained dogs help search for survivors when disaster. yes. but those missions are dangerous for the dogs to settle. good. high tech a i robot one day replace our k 9 friends. when it comes to search and rescue operations, which knows those best. milo says no. he's being

trained as a rescue dog to identify since follow their treat l and report to find the sense samples include human blood and burial shrouds. the team hides the samples. now it's my lowest turn. he still has plenty to learn about how to carry out search and rescue operations for the man said, i tied it in the r valley. the flood water rushed through and left the mountains of rubble and its weight bag. and the chance of finding survivors wasn't all that high unfortunately. well, so that's when our dogs would come in. that's come. but dogs have to be highly skilled to work in a crisis. own milo isn't quite there yet. rough terrain, steep hills and distracting odors. all make searching for traces of evidence near the water, especially challenging under

water searches are also difficult. dining robots and underwater drones take a long time to completely search an area. trained dogs can narrow down where to search. team leader yano scotch is preparing a lower. the pipe is filled with burial shrouds, and heavy rocks. the training session will take place at a link in the black forest. now the lower will be submerged. when we're planting a note or for the dogs to find later on, it's nice and deep. below us here owns a trained dog can detect to send up to 20 meters under water. even some are jones doesn't know exactly where the lower is. is the handler shouldn't know where the lower is because if they show even the slightest sign or expectation, the dog notices right away for often. when do i take sugar? now it's time to hop on board. milo is only allowed to bar when the boat is directly above the odor particles. but this isn't the right

spot. there is nothing here. my low as anxious sent over eager. right? got it and we haven't been out on a boat often so he doesn't have to signal down yet. random barking won't pass muster. milo needs to be more precise. he failed this training exercise, but he'll be given another chance. robots, on the other hand, don't get stressed or anxious once they've been programmed, what they do is they've been told the european japanese cursor project has designed robots to search for certain libraries in a disaster zone. they are older sensors can locate people trapped under the rubble of a collapse building. for example. could robots like this replace search and rescue dogs? yeah, those young doesn't think so. he and his dog venga,

were also called to the r valley in western germany after the catastrophic floods there a few years ago. to learn more about the robot isn't the site is like, you have to pick it up and bring it to the right place. the thing is that technical equipment, batteries, and things like that. the oro valley flood is a good example. a search there would have taken much, much longer with a robotic then a dogwood diving real quick. so the dog can detect his son from quite a distance ultimatum and then go to the right place and pinpoint where it's coming from quite quickly. the highest also fighting it into the scientists. that's because highly trained dogs, nose is still superior to a mechanical one. dogs have up to 300000000 all factory receptors and can smell human sweat, hormones, blood, and even people's breath, an incredibly tiny amount. milo isn't quite there yet. right now. he's learning how to be wasted up with a rope and keep his cool. he also has to get used to noisy helicopters and

flying to a disaster science. the lesson plan includes every possible scenario he might encounter on the job. now it's time for his 2nd try at the lake. a search mission on the water is one of the toughest jobs of rescue dog can face. it's been a centrally now. i have to keep a sharp eye on any changes in his behavior. some are a jones, his job is to interpret my low signals. she's convinced he has what it takes up. so now he's signaling straight ahead of time. we're right over the spot with the older . with the older lawyer, he's indicating the correct spot. vega of that type fitness forgot bingo. milo barks to report the center of the site. that was good, right? you stick your nose all the way down close to the water. good job, definitely pointing out like milo has shown you have what it takes. yeah. the my, the other thoughts, my little did a great job today. i believe was

a lot calmer before he got on the boat and on the boat to boat off and for your division. he's made some real progress and fort hood. so we have some lesson planning the patient's training at a strong bond between dog and handler. make all the difference. h my comes in and i really like his loyalty is very focused on me. that's nice because it makes the job easier and it helps them and our bond. that'd be 2nd stand. i love his lively personality connect. second story. so when it comes to search and rescue missions, a dog and a human handler are still an unbeatable team. dogs are fast, precise resorts full and tenacious, and don't need electricity or internet access. robots are also getting more and more sophisticated, but there's still a long way to go before a robot knows consult smith, a canine line. that's all for now.

thanks for watching tomorrow today. and to join us again next week for another edition of dw science show. you that the,

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