it and that as soon as update us this, our coming up next a data view documentary, exploring the microscopic world of airborne plankton stating or check us out online at t w dot com. i'm clear, richardson, thank you very much for watching the good news. innovation. green, the green revolution global. so listen to a whole lot of crime. it's probably up to speed is secure. subscribed to this channel. every friday. subscribe to plan is a the, we live in a well surrounded by the class of gases and want to make up the on site must be

a shielding us from the deadly vacuum of space. and these lands on teeming with life. insects seats, poland, and bacteria. floats in the atmosphere. similar to the tank tom, the drink with ocean currents. the tiny organisms dancing in the wind, a cold arrow plank. and for several decades, ero biology is focused on these organisms. the pizza branch of biology, that's long been under appreciated. era biologists study the movement of life in the atmosphere, whether the tiny organisms in a cloud, the rain dropped or in the cost of a desert wind. learning about these and born organisms is becoming increasing the relevant things to concerns about bio diversity health and the climate.

understanding how they influence our lives under global animal and plant well is increasingly important. swelling all around us is a valuable and still launch going to serious ecology this via for the discoveries just waiting to be discovered. the will not have to show that to the one to, to receive up here. you have the feeling you're far away from everything that's presented to them, but that's exactly the point we want to find out if there's life at this altitude and what type of music all of you there can when you have a book in there circling the subject on the wind is blowing at about 20 kilometers per hour on, so a particle travels a remarkable 20 kilometers per hour. just sounds like you to a minute. let's click on city on yeah, i'm a to, at the institute of chemistry,

oakland mall fell in central. france wants to learn more about micro organisms in the atmosphere. today. he's on this time it's of the plea to them as an altitude of almost 1500 meters. he's setting up time tom track, set the observatory. the traps off, essentially vacuum cleaners, the capture the dice, select the tiny apple and travelers. when p i'm a to looks into the skies. he knows that anything bought empty. the atmosphere around this is bustling with life. to skate on his most 5th, we understood now almost everything in the atmosphere comes from the earth surface . okay, and so the mirror image of the ground specify oh, so know that most 5th, all very dynamic extending that is moving and mix things. so middle of the day of today wins. sweep over all of a surfaces staring apple types of particles,

lifeless, and living there and feasible to the naked eye. but it constantly around us. these particles float up to 5000 meters high and reflect the different type of tests on the ground. the the aerosols, brian's about forests. they can contain leaf dust, poland, moans, and bacteria, the volume. so phone, imagine junky, very excited when it's windy mixed together to form a clinical footprints of this forest the, which spreads across the whole land. very so they'll have bone while some of the major cities as the over a meadow. there might be grass clippings, small insects, and minuscule traces of sheets for over

a highway. a cloud might form of tie of particles, we will, droplets, and find high altitude wins. mix the air results and transport them far away. the this into mixing happens continuously as it does a variety of life forms in the arrow, punting of sweat to long body and conference, the place data boucher and manual apologize. a well cut. the national research institute for agriculture, food, and environment in the plan, in west and farms. they're collecting samples from this on the line structure positions in the middle of the fields. it's essentially a joint insect vacuum cleaner. there's a strong s o from the trump. the position in, uh,

i just met through it though. i've had things that come on in a good 12 meters high. they don't or 40 feet to be exact because it's an english model. it was metal in this, at the depth to maybe don't want to use it to catch insects that fly 2 meters above the ground. i'm like rather oregon is that we went into the air goes and travel greater distance point. they don't send it on that to do the picture so long since that that reveals more about the arrow pointing of the whole region for your website on those keyboard wants you to know some of the items on wednesday, who is very good news. there are even lifeline because he wrote this is the nice weather amount of will take it to the land or the insane. so the laundry is the organisms, an arrow painted, and they can stay in the for a few hours or several days and float up to 1500 meters, depending on their size and the wind speed,

the trap socks and everything. but policies by agricultural scientists use the results to warn the farmers of clouds of a fade. so the past, the trap operates. oh yeah, around the clock. i don't like this is really a lot to it's because it's a sunny day use. pull it up. i mean, i'm m as in a say, okay, another one is hiding last because, you know, one another a beat leaf if it, the beatles and flies fonts. even spite is a tremendous variety of species play a role in the invisible ariel by swelling above us. the comes on medium uh what about just as the account myself as an allergy and small presentations in the seat that 2 cubic meter of air above our heads contained so many different organisms of that,

that included support on your call and bacteria preventive, but also small insect spider is like daily basis and it is on say design, you took down the organisms right, the wins like flying, compet the and gives them a chance to be nourished, to reproduce. and to so find the we've known about the existence of aero pine tone for nearly 200 years. which is

naturalist charles darwin noted in his journal during his expedition to the collapse of ghosts. in 1835. the spiders were entangled in the ships rigging many miles from shaw. and in the 2nd ta for the 19th century, french scientist louis past due proved through a series of experiments. the particles were continuously suspended in the yeah, he called them organized coal puzzles, as to is, remember, is one of the fathers of modern micro biology. tuberculosis strikes meningitis around that time. scientists discover diseases could be caused by such and bacteria. a new branch of science was born and wrote biology. scientists began comparing measurements in the same amount of that $55000.00 bacteria were found in the bustling pollute as a by lee and parents. but on the $7600.00 were found among the trees in

a box in the swiss alps, the hotel even advertised with assigned the claimed only $25.00 bacteria. the then there was the work of legendary pilot charles lindbergh in the 19 searches he attached. and a dc if divides to his plane and then flew over the icy landscapes of northern canada, collecting a variety of fungal, expose, poland, and micro algae. the samples supported the pieces that living things can survive long distance and travel at high altitudes. but in the years that followed arrow biology descended into on security. the organism suspended in yeah, was somewhat forgotten. the betting 3 things in satellite imagery we kindled interest in the late 20th century

. a scientist discovered unbelievable amounts of suspended micro organisms. she was feel free to push the also on the way down to when you blow the dust off a piece of furniture. you see that it's carried away with the air flow. it's like that it's the same in the atmosphere. now. the mass of these particles is so small, but once they're born, they stay there and follow the so i stay yes, feel, oh, cool. now find small to lack researchers the inter continental transport of desert task. he says roughly 2000000000 tons of sewing or dust rise from the laundries deserts every year and circulate in the atmosphere. these gigantic tasks around swift scene via satellite images in the 19 ages. aero biologists then realized the true extent of circulating aero pine tone.

no, but certainly i met you on, you know, i don't know just contains not only mineral matter, but in some cases also living organic material to and give you micro organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi, meals as soon as the test is keeps out, it carries this array of living micro organisms to completely new places this, which will be the, it's easy for a bacterium, fungal, small, all virus to attach to a tiny speck of dust and take flight. the, the desert winds does up grains of sand blasting of tiny granules of clay on impact tons of dust and micro organisms. a sucked into boom and columns, reaching a height of 3 to 4 kilometers the hold up

a wall street or we can track this dust over long distances. also, the supers you satellite images can help visualize the formation of such a cloud over this. the hard as that within several hours, the cloud grows and starts moving to the area. i will say, don't, don't, i'll fast forward. there's hope you're telling what goes set to close mazda pursuit is later you can see these huge dust masks is reaching the atlantic ocean. he of us, with a few days later, they're already over western france. it don't because they're likely to send over the british ios or even scandinavia, a precaution was showing us coordinated best weather conditions, high and low pressure areas, boom and cold and current. either cold, the task booms in or blew them away. they foam and highways, but circle the, the

a kilometer. if they task cloud can cross the atlantic within a week the, the atmosphere is a true transpose of like the book to them at yale and up the matter contains chemical elements. and in some instances, nutrients, the touch police desert does transports help balance eco systems on the earth surface. these increases demo software that tell the tiny organisms and arrow pine till travel incredibly long distance. they said high altitudes, but how do they travel and how do they affect the ground?

the countless micro organisms eventually touch down somewhere on us of the body. the immediate cas emmanuel is in catalonia and researching what is known as micro bill deposition and its connections to climate change. he's working on a major study of micro organisms in the atmosphere and almost with a key science by his research is in the spanish baronies. the to see the just see you the, i guess coming from out of the 2 dimensions of the metal. we're at an altitude of

over 2000 meters where there's little interference from local air pollution. i'm using pizza. we want to capture micro organisms that spread in the atmosphere and travel from continent to cutting it gas in the office instead of going through them done a lot more so that you'll be going to do this on. we gathered rainwater in the collector for one week and the sample includes micro organisms in small particle and sequence. we collect these in a filter and bring it to the land and i don't know one of them which, which, which, which, which, which the most part people us get the most i can hear. you can see the particle. so like, you know, what's the best part of the water is clear again, because all the particles got stuck in our filter and was talking to a 50 any particular sort of time because there are organic particles like bacteria, if one guy call in and it was on the but also in organic ones like clay silicates

and minerals that come from far away is almost because he's been in for a lot of them with us. what are some of those take us about a year and could be just from africa, for example, the 3rd which was transported them, yet my sphere system was washed out by the rain and the light. that's what we're capturing here. the water is probably running. there are thousands of millions of micro organisms in this building immediately means it's gonna be uniform to 100 these continuous deliveries of micro organisms are a natural process that if a cod threw out us history once the particles land again, the tiny travelers have a significant impact on ecosystems some bacteria and help boost pond to growth by attaching to them and pulling nitrogen from the others, penetrate the soil, and recycled dead organic, monta, viruses and microscopic moans,

regulate animal and plant life. so let me throw and these will stick when they'll gain when these micro organisms land in. they can colonize new habitat and we went to the states an excellent dispersal system for bacteria that i'm allowing them to colonize the entire planet. they're small, reactive biological entities that land in a distant planet is what an create new life. even even though there's already a somebody that'll be the media, cast them i yours teams started micro organisms in rain. walter, the is and with the help of weather data trace, the arrow pine comes pathways. the scientists were able to show which region ocean all continent the streams of arrow pine come came from. and they discovered some remarkable patents of the in the summer arrow plant on tends to be local. it rises from the farmlands of spain and northern

europe. above the city is rivers and lakes. but in the winter, the major streams of arrow pang to him come primarily from the atlantic ocean, bacteria and viruses cross the ocean within 3 days and descend over the mountains. already had left the middle resort. that was going to be un, what you better when we analyze the initial results of storm savior and joan. we noticed the trends that recur annually. this was an amazing discovery. how is it possible that the same micro organisms appear at the same time every year? i see those up, but it's gonna be moment. we know they travel over the sea or emerge from the nature. here are some plants growing the spring of this growing the summer months and these cycles are mirrored in the atmosphere, so used to speak last time. you know, quote in and i'm with of the streams of arrow pine cones a not some random mix of species drifting with no rhyme or reason. the microbial

masses that rise and settle at their own cycles and seasons. just like bands, flowers and bumblebee. the but given that it is the transpose of life, the atmosphere kind of also poses a threat among the multitude of microbes circling the skies a some to um say that humans can microscopic aero pine tone. make us sick. the on the flip flop. yes, most of the people used to talk about my as medic x relations when it came to airborne diseases. also the prevention wasn't possible back then. the method of transmission wasn't really yet known, but it, because that meant that all human afflictions, but generally attributed to the environment. you know, some of the, the failed to submit this on this old notion of

a noxious atmosphere that makes people sick, has some truth to it. we now know that all microbes and viruses floating into yeah, which can infect humans, animals and plants. but flu and foot and mouth disease can spread from bomb to bomb . with the help of the wind over several kilometers. a dead condition is can release legionella which causes potentially fatal pneumonia. the many fungal spawns that enter the atmosphere before settling in the soil. a microscopic taking time, bombs, the resulting you visited the visual, put those in a symbol. there are some pretty dangerous pathogenic fun guy is quite is up to the hospitals are mindful of this because when soil in sand and move during

construction workers and their adverse wins, this is ask for a deal of sports and other harmful molds can enter clinics and cause epidemic. oh no, no need for you. well, does it to them? you don't need to be sees of the genus as forgiveness. i found everywhere. you're including in the atmosphere acute or if they appear in large amount. they're dangerous to him. you know, compromise. i think gross me the degree of what we see to manage the science as shown. pathogens can spread of a medium distances droplet infection of a very short distance is of up to one meter, such as the influenza virus or the virus that causes cobit 19 is also being proven . the font that isn't solid evidence to show that transmission happens over a long distances of several 100 kilometers. the

reason for them to those very easy to few pathogens dangerous to humans can travel very long distance is the question deals at the corona virus was studied in the laboratory for its vulnerability, and it turned out it's very sensitive to alex to yeah, of course. does uv radiation and dryness quickly kill and render a virus harmless when it's suspended in the air outside optimal vapor tree? if i didn't think of it, the atmosphere is even more dangerous, but viruses than insects. only one in a 1000000 microbes survives. it's trying to see the box google cool and hold on to the activity, but there's a large numbers of bacteria and seemingly really some pathogens are not get a cause for concern because they're mostly dead. the only most we're talking about traces of genetic material. so spiral bacterial, a parasitic, but not live viruses. this is the lives of people. the men say, look, you know,

it's very rare for individual viruses or bacteria to make you sick. a lot. it takes a substantial viral load to become infected because luckily i bodies have strong defense and most likely to always low level who follows the organs immune systems. vigilant napa, the last most infectious diseases today transmitted via a different kind of and pump the way through our planes. passengers on board spread micro organisms all over the planet. in spring time, poland takes its turn on this giant and carousel pollen grains produce themselves. they often travel far and wide and reproduce with the female gummy of other trees. this is beneficial to many living beings. the

little med johnny, the pollen grains couldn't break releasing irritants but make poland outages, a wide spread problem of the at the university of little in france, you called all visa and now the usual on studying poland. they've captured from the yeah, they're examining whether poland grains breakout more easily when they encounter at pollutants. and this guy for let me adjust this the live. what else did they put on the x to is

this, this poland has truly exploded on the national to credit. they know this is the sample from the books pulled and see if it could help cause that's where you can pull the pole in this crack. so just to say, well what is it? it's a subset, so not long that it's deflated the, their protective membrane is really shredded. if they're how long they should get this of the one for the next week. i see it's near, we see the broken pole in which lost its original reproductive function. you can also see the release of the small particles, which are dangerous for people with as much. that's it for by clock, as it's immeasurable because all to become friends. of course, not all pollen greens in the atmosphere are shown here, just to mall. our job is to count them difficulty. what's the percentage of damage, grand designing splendor they harmful to how it's curious cuz it seems you did see

for us on the date the researchers want to better understand what happens between a poland grain and a pollutant in the atmosphere. so that recreating this interaction in the power train, the poland is intentionally damaged when, if it's a free on a boss from a confidence interval, roles are fallen must suffer. this is the revenge of people with allergies. if i start with a stream of ozone that arrives here and then i dropped the fallen into i looked into this makes the ozone molecules reacted with the surface of the following graham, but that's with interest to me in this experimental ethics styles logic off of bundles, and movie it was on, sometimes we talk about good and bad. oh so that was the ozone in the upper atmosphere protects us from certain ultraviolet rays, if you and does, therefore in good assistance, you wouldn't announcement, i would like ground level. oh, so it's in the lower layers of air where we live with is a pollutant location exposing. we'll put in the now expose the pole into

a slightly higher dose of ozone. it's equivalent to a peak exposure that happens in the summer time when there's a lot of air pollution as the bodies he subjects the polluted pollen to a series of tasks of an intact pollen grain cannot end uh longs. it's too large and is stopped by on nasal has. however, if the grain breaks it releases, ponts, it goes containing allergenic proteins. these can enter the broan, killed tubes and triggered outages. all asthma the researchers are subjecting the pollen to the kinds of stress may experience out in the wild. one example is rain, which typically causes the grains to explode. those polling that's purposefully polluted in the lab, wrap to a more easily and want to unhealthy poland. now the issue out especially is how much of the poland is damaged. ringback the want you to

introduce followed by a mechanical shock test. pulling that sweat dumped by the wind. can collide with buildings and windshields, especially in cities? and then what happens if he's a sense, healthy and polluted, poland, crashing against the surface in a pond to go measuring device. then he calculates the number of grains that have been ruptured is lt 2 laptop city show their found that air pollution. we can see the pollen grain since making it prone to rupture. poly today is more likely to trigger asthma attacks because it breaks more easily in the atmosphere a present to suggest single st. imagine i would definitely not pretend that a fix or footprint on a micro scale future clark will. uh, i think our human activities have altered and polluted everything even on the small scale. so do we compare us as a share actually on the topic goals that cling onto all that not released

from human activities? so deposit goals are released from coll and traffic. and oakside st. kind of manganese particles are released through industrial processes. scientists such as beginning to understand the significance of arrow plant on to of the systems and its inhabitants and all the while humans continue to pollute the must be a new book. we do compete to force, you know, tomorrow we burn lots of fossil fuels for transportation. proceed. do it for industry to, to discuss the, the food, a sofa sort of, to ality for to lie to day large buyers can be seen from space, for example, that also or functional. this is all new. see on us, you know, manage, old reforest. buyers are a common phenomenon triggered by global warming or issue of walk you mentioned to,

to see call these fires, release gases, and particles into the atmosphere. the sky is above us, inhospitable. we're essentially burning down our planet tests. we burn coal oil and would the residential areas and daily activities generate huge amounts of particles and gas is such as carbon dioxide, me say, and nitrogen oxides the atmosphere is composition is radically changing. and that impacts ero blanked on major and currents even at risk. and then the system that most of the atmosphere circulation includes several core doors or flo highways and that are influenced by low and high pressure areas. typical names they determine

the movement of air currents and does a didn't give an exam to this level. if i don't know it's ok, we now know that this circulation can be changed by climate change the month of july, the next day. and it has to be, as certain winds and currents that have been stable for hundreds or thousands of years, can change the tendonitis would impact ecosystem for and how organisms or distribution plant that affect the quality stainless or at least the knowledge of arrow biology is progressing new research questions that constantly explode. scientists as long as him that micro organisms were passive during that journey through the atmosphere. the theory was that they effectively entered a sort of high donation by doing that time until returning to the ground mounted, it appears some do manage to remain active for a walk and they do in such a hostile surroundings. that's one of the questions p. i'm

a to is exploring on the pleated on, you know, val, now, who's on the menu system on the new as of the cloudy weather today is great for cloud sampling. it's not yet freezing, but it almost feels like it. you said, don't call me it says this is the nice big cloud that will give us lots of samples on us from on the envelope enabled the of the at all. no thunder e mailed us that we were installing a droplet separator. it's essentially a cloud vacuum cleaner that we can use to collect the particle of these little cloud droplets better suspended in the air. to do that, then you guys also also know the push them against the surface so that they trickle down. because then we can position the bile underneath and collect them all the party collected on the 2nd floor for this. and else

pounds of floating water systems, the covers some 67 percent of the surface. for arrow paint on clouts off an oasis. they're a source of water as well as food things to prom, debris in the water droplets. and when it rains, the arrow pumped on, get a ride back down to the ground. and f, as in victor, ecommerce to take the vehicle. so then i want to know how it, bacteria lives and such a cloud. and i know you have huge amounts of droplets here, and there's roughly one bacterium, and every 10000 over him is that curia may be isolated from each other. do they interact with each other and if so, how long? what does it like for them to be all alone? and are they all alone? or all the all gathered in one droplets and the surrounding space is bigger than we think it's in the office on the cost and also so i'll come on a, i want to know how this life sustains itself because that's exactly what it does. that it just puts us up to 50 percent of bacteria in

a cloud can be alive. they spend $3.00 to $10.00 days suspended in that. which means there's plenty of time for something to happen. the cycle and living things. the interior are constantly making different proteins to cling to a danced bond to go to protect themselves from uv radiation or to produce digestive enzymes, researches looking account one to, to detect these tiny traces of life. it seems like duty, phone dish was on and you as an adult and you as even some bacteria continue living in cloud, so they absorb nutrients like carbon and nitrogen as nutrient as a seal. do you also? is it released c o 2. when they expire, the more that also molecules like sugars, to better stick to surface of that. and she'll 1st don't care because the deluxe, hopefully they'll signal there are many possible interactions. only somebody pointed out between the micro organism and its environment,

the water droplets listed into the system the, the incredible diversity of bacteria and phone guy in p. i'm a toes experiments reflects microtubules, lights in the pounds. but life in yet is not easy. experts now believe that the atmosphere is not a habitat in the conventional sense. rapids via remains a transit station, a tiny organisms the

some years ago. an astonishing discovery caused quietest among arrow biologists, a bacterium known to be abundant in nature, ending clowns was set to be capable of producing right. bio precipitation was coined to describe the rain making bacteria. a stunning revelation for people in the field of arrow biology, meteorology, and agricultural science. as a most all day in southern france, cindy morris is researching the curious ability of these bacteria. its name, sued them on us so we can get the loaner ring. the can live on the surface of clothes, some clothes, disease. ok,

me nowadays. j. bailey's by conduct to the literal experiment, to show you what this bacteria does to prolong pro fair. are they pumped cindy morris spray the outer leaves of these wild glasses with a solution containing the bacteria the leaves in the middle when not then the plant was placed in a freezer at a temperature of minus 6 degrees for a few minutes. don on barco shows that everyone knows you come prepared, the ice cube trays for a policy at the last minute because it takes time. okay, you need an excessive rates, it's a for used falls. so calculus shows key, don't i don't have to incite this to you. i have a suspension. was bacteria of the speed, these 2 to minus 3 for malta testing, but i'll show you what happens when i add some of it is it just builds, they're all just all the tube. the low low displaced. are you

the way, as you can see, it's friday, the, the, the, how does this phenomenon walk in the outside? well, is it possible for ice nucleation active bacteria to rise into the air from plants make contact with a cloud? and to activate this gene to phone rain drones, the fire

precipitation seems promising. scientists are gaining a better understanding of how the founded sapp ms. bay are connected to the rain cycle and micro organisms like suit, ammonia, searing, gay on that they measure heat. sewer measurement suggests that they can drive requirements rainy cycles, depend that rain today will affect the rain full of the future, cost through interaction as rush me and then class will. yeah, it's a long old, i'm micro organisms are using 5 y and they say it's most about the amount of right . yeah. these to top the frequency of rain, say bus or like quantity to pick you told me sort of cycle spaces and a small frequent rainfall with the help of plans that provide the right bacteria to the atmosphere. cindy morris is part of an international team of researchers who are imagining a new form of agriculture. they envision growing fond species in special fields

designed to encourage the growth of ice nucleation active bacteria. perhaps one day the special ero pants on organisms could even find droughts in certain areas. that's just one idea of how we could transform the weld if we pay more attention to these mysterious organisms in the yeah, the

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shadows of german colonialism. the this is due to the news live from berlin. germany investigates a week of secret talks on weapons for ukraine. the government says the crumbling wire taps german generals discussing the potential use of german made cruise missiles to attack the bridge linking russia to occupied crimea. also on the show, the united states joins and international operations. the air dropped desperately needed supplies into gaza. palestinian children rushed forward to receive the aid as the un again warrants hundreds of thousands of displaced people faced,

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