are things wealthy industrial nations no longer need and lightest textile ways get stranded fashion, watch now on youtube. this shadows of joe. these pod costs and video shed light on the dog is devastating. colonial har is infected by germany across and he employed schools, farms, and destroy lights. what is the legacy of this wide spread races, depression? today, the screen. we need to talk about here, the stories, shadows of german colonialism. the we live in a well surrounded by and take lance of gases and want to make up the on site must

be a shielding us from the deadly vacuum of space. and these lands on teeming with life insects seats, poland, and bacteria, floats in the atmosphere. similar to the tanks on the drink with ocean currents, the tiny organisms dancing in the wind, a cold arrow plank. and for several decades, ero biology is focused on these organisms. the, it's a branch of biology that's long been under appreciated era biologists study the movement of life in the atmosphere, whether the time the organisms in a cloud, the rain drop or in the cost of a desert wind. learning about these and born organisms is becoming increasing the relevant things to concerns about bio diversity health and the climate.

understanding how they influence our lives and the global animal and plant wealth is increasingly important. swelling all around us is a valuable and still launch can mysterious ecology is to be full of discoveries just waiting to be discovered. the one that i placed on the, to the one to, to receive up here. you have the feeling you're far away from everything that's presented to the but that's exactly the point we want to find out if this light but this altitude and what type, what are the zip all of either 10 men, you have a book in there circling, constructed on the wind is blowing at about 20 kilometers per hour on. so a particle travel is a remarkable 20 kilometers per hour. that sounds like you to minutes. let's click on see the yeah, i'm a to at the institute of chemistry oakland mall fell in central. france wants to

learn more about micro organisms in the atmosphere. today he's on this time it's up to predict them as an altitude of almost 1500 meters. you setting up time tom track, set the observatory, traps off essentially vacuum cleaners. the capture the dice, select the tiny apple and travelers when p i'm a to looks into the skies. he knows that anything bought empty. the atmosphere around us is bustling with life. to skate ours, let's 5th, we understood now almost everything in the atmosphere comes from the earth surface . okay. and so the mirror image of the ground best. we also know that most fits all very dynamic considering that it's moving and makes things so mean all day of today wins. sweep over all of the surfaces, stuttering apple types of particles, lifeless,

and living there and feasible to the naked eye. but it constantly around us. these particles float up to 5000 meters high and reflect the different type of tests on the ground. the the aerosols, brian's about forests. they can contain leaf dust, poland, moans, and bacteria the see to evolve some phone. imagine design cubic center when it's windy mixed together to form a kind of footprints of this forest, which spreads across the whole land device and the bone. while some of the mississippi's as the over a meadow, they might be cross clippings, small insects, and minuscule. traces of sheets for over

a highway. a cloud might form of tie of particles, we will, droplets, and fine dust. high altitude winds mix the air, results, and transport them far away. the, this into mixing happens continuously as it does a variety of life forms in the arrow penton sweat to long body and currents. the place data boucher and manuela paula shay welk at the national research institute about agriculture of food and environment in midland, in west and fronds collecting samples from this fund. a line strunk just positioned in the middle of the fields. it's essentially a joint insect vacuum cleaner. there's a strong acid, so from the trap. the position in uh,

i just met through it though of it by exact ammonia in a good 12 meters high that on or 40 feet to be exact as well because it's an english model. it was metal and invested the wood up to lay. we don't want to use it to catch insects that fly 2 meters above the ground. i'm like rather oregon is that weren't swept into the air. it's called us and travel greater distance, quite outstanding on that to do. it is long since that that reveals more about the arrow pointing of the whole region for your website on this keyboard. once you do it on some of the items on wednesday, who is very good, do you live there or even lifeline because you wrote, this is the nice weather amount of will take it to the land, the insect. so the laundry is organisms, an arrow painted, and they can stay in the for a few hours or several days and float up to 1500 meters depending on the size of the wind speed. the trap song saying everything that policy is by

agricultural scientists use the results to warn the fall most of clouds of a fade. so the past the trap operates. oh yeah, around the cock. and this is really a lot to it's because it's a sunny day is going up. i mean i'm m as in a said okay. and another one's hiding. last goose one another a beat leaf, a 5th, the beatles and flies font. even spite is a tremendous variety of species play a role in the visible aerial by swelling above us. the comes on medium uh what about just the countless cells of algae and small crustaceans in the see the cubic meter of air above our heads. it contains so many different organisms of that,

that included support on your call and bacteria preventive, but also small insect spider is like daily basis either is on say design, you took down the organisms right. the wins like flying compet, the and gives them a chance to be nourished, to reproduce. and to so find the we've known about the existence of arrow painted him to nearly 200 years. which is

naturalized charles darwin noted in his journal during his expedition to the collapse of ghosts. in 1835 the spiders were entangled in the ships rigging many miles from shaw. and in the 2nd time for the 19th century, french scientist louis past due proved through a series of experiments. the particles were continuously suspended in the yeah, he called them organized coal tassels. as to is remembered, is one of the fathers of modern micro biology. tobacco allows it strikes meningitis around that time. scientists discover diseases could be caused by such and bacteria . a new branch of science was born and wrote biology. scientists began comparing measurements in the same amount of that $55000.00 bacteria were found in the bustling, dilute as a fairly and parents. but any $7600.00 were found among the trees in

a box. in the swiss alps the hotel even advertised with assign the claimed only $25.00 bacteria. the then it was the work of legendary pilot charles lindbergh. in the 19 searches he attached and it the save divines to his plane and then flew over the icy landscapes of northern canada. collecting a variety of bundles, phones, poland, and micra, l. g. the samples supported the pieces that living things can survive long distance and travel at high altitudes. but in the years that followed arrow biology descended into obscurity. the organism suspended in yeah, somewhat so gotten the ingredients in satellite imagery. we kindled interest in the late 20th century. a

scientist discovered unbelievable amounts of suspended micro organisms. she was so scared that pushing else. oh, i love the way now. when you blow the dust off a piece of furniture, you see that it's carried away with the air flow executive. it's the same in the atmosphere. now, the mass of these particles is so small that once airborne, they stay there and follow the f. o is the fee low call down find smaller to lack researchers, the inter continental transport of desert task. he says roughly 2000000000 tons of sewing or dust rise from the laundries deserts every year, and circulate in the atmosphere. these gigantic tasks around swift scene via satellite images in the 19 ages. aero biologists spend realized the true extent of circulating aero pine tone.

no, but certainly i met you on, you know, i don't know just contains not only mineral matter, but in some cases also living organic material to give you micro organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. i'm, you know, as soon as the dust is kicked out, it carries this array of living micro organisms to completely new places. this which will be the, it's easy for a bacterium, fungal, small all virus to attach to a tiny speck of dust and take flight. the dead winds does upgrades of sand blasting of tiny granules of clay on impact tons of johnston, micro organisms, a sucked into boom and columns, reaching a height of 3 to 4 kilometers the hold up wheel street. or we can

track this task over long distances. also, the supers you satellite images can help visualize the formation of such a cloud over this. the hard as that within several hours. the cloud grows and starts moving to the area. i will say, don't, don't, i'll fast forward, or there's what you're telling me what goes set to close mazda pursue days later, you can see these huge dust masses reaching the atlantic ocean. he of us, with a few days later, they're already over western france. it will cuz they'll likely to send over the british ios or even scandinavia, a precaution was showing us coordinated best weather conditions, high and low pressure areas, boom and cold and current. either pull the task booms in or blow them away. they foam at highways, but circle the, the

a kilometer. if they task cloud can cross the atlantic within a week the, the atmosphere is a true transpose of life. the little above to them at yale, no matter contains chemical elements. and in some instances, nutrients, the touch police desert does transports help balance eco systems on the earth surface. this increases the sofas or the tail the tiny organisms, an arrow pointing tone, travel incredibly long distance. they said high altitudes, but how do they travel? and how do they affect the ground? the countless micro organisms eventually touch down somewhere on of

the body. those immediate cas, i'm valuable, is in catalonia and researching what is known as micro bill deposition. and it's connections to climate change. he's working on a major study of micro organisms in the atmosphere almost a year with a key site, but his research is in the spanish baronies the to see the just see we to get some of them out of the, to the mazda metal. we're at an altitude of over 2000 meters,

where there's little interference from local air pollution. i'm missing better, so we want to capture micro organisms that's right in the atmosphere and travel from continent to cutting it gas in the office instead of going through them done a lot more so that you'll be going to do this on. we gathered rainwater in a collector for one week and the sample includes micro organisms in small particle and sequence. we collect these in a filter and bring it to the land and i don't know one of them. most of my people just get the numbers. i can hear you can see the particle, so like, you know, what's the best part of the water is clear again, because all the particles got stuck in our filter and most of you to, in the, in the part of the plus. what does that make us? but there are organic particles like bacteria, it fun guy, holland, but also in organic ones like clay silicates, can minerals that come from far away,

is almost because he's been in front of them with us. what are some of those things as well here, and could be just from africa, for example, the thought which was transported them, yet most fear in the system was washed out by the rain and the light. that's what we're capturing here. the water is probably running. there are thousands of millions of micro organisms in this go through the list. it means that the me unit in griffin is these continuous deliveries of micro organisms are a natural process. that if a cut through out of history, once the particles lined again, the tiny travelers have a significant impact on ecosystems. some bacteria and help boost pond gross. by attaching to them and pulling nitrogen from the others, penetrate the soil, and recycled dead organic monta, viruses and microscopic moans, regulate animal and plant life. so let me throw

and these will stick when they'll gain when these micro organisms land in. they can colonize new habitat. we, when she spends an excellent dispersal system for bacteria that them be allowing them to colonize the entire planet. there's small, reactive biological entities that land in a distant planet is whatever and create new life. even even though there's already a, somebody that'll be the media cast them i yours team started micro organisms in rain want to the is and with the help of whether data trace the arrow pine tons, pathways the scientists were able to show which region ocean all continent the streams of arrow pine come came from and they discovered some remarkable patterns of the in the summer arrow plant on tends to be local. it rises from the farmlands of spain and northern europe. above city is

rivers and lakes. but in the winter, the major streams of arrow pine come come primarily from the atlantic ocean, bacteria and viruses cross the ocean within 3 days and to send over the mountains. already had left the middle resort that it was going to be un. what you better when we analyze the initial results of storm savior and joan, we noticed trends that recur annually. this was an amazing discovery. how is it possible that the st micro organisms will appear at the same time every year? i see those up, but it's gonna be moving. we know they travel over the sea or emerge from the nature. here are some plants growing the spring of this growing the summer months and the cycles are mirrored in the atmosphere, so used to speak last time. you know, quarter in, and i'm with of the streams of arrow pine cones, a not some random mix of species drifting with no rhyme or reason. the microbial

mazda is the rise and settle at the own cycles and seasons, just like bands, flowers and bumble bee. the but given that it is the transpose of life, the atmosphere kind also poses a threat among the multitude of microbes calling the skies a some to um say that humans can microscopic aero pine tone. make us sick. the on the flip flop. need yes. most of the people used to talk about my as a medic, explanations when it came to airborne diseases or prevention was impossible. back then, the method of transmission wasn't really unknown because that meant that all human afflictions, but generally attributed to the environment. you know, some of the, the failed to submit this on this old notion of a noxious atmosphere that makes people sick,

has some truth to it. we now know that all microbes and viruses floating in the at which can infect humans, animals, and plants, but flu and foot and mouth disease can spread from bomb to bomb. with the help of the wind over several kilometers, the dad condition is can release legionella which causes potentially fatal pneumonia. the many fungal spawns that enter the atmosphere before settling in the soil. a microscopic ticking time bomb, the resulting you visited the visual, put those in a symbol. there are some pretty dangerous pathogenic fun guy. quite easy to look. hospitals are mindful of this because when soil and send them move during construction workers and their adverse wins. this is ask for

a deal of sports and other harmful molds can enter clinics and cause epidemic them . no need for you. well, does it to them? you don't need to be sees of the genus as forgiveness are found everywhere. you're including in the atmosphere acute, or if they appear in large amount. they're dangerous to him. you know, compromise the think girls with a degree of what we escaped to manage the science as shown. pathogens can spread of a medium distances droplet infection of a very short distances of up to one meter, such as the influenza virus or the virus that causes cobit 19 is also being proven . the font that isn't solid evidence to show that transmission happens over a long distances of several 100 kilometers. the reason for them to those few pathogens dangerous to humans can travel very long

distance is the husband deals at the corona virus was studied in the laboratory, football nobility, and it turned out it's very sensitive to alex to yeah, of course, does uv radiation and dryness quickly kill and render a virus harmless when it's suspended in the air that's i have no way to treat. if i didn't think of the atmosphere is even more dangerous, but viruses than insects. only one in a 1000000 microbes survives. it's fine to see the box. google cool and hold on to the activity, but there's a large numbers of bacteria and seemingly with some pathogens are not get a cause for concern because they're mostly dead. the only most we're talking about traces of genetic material. so spiral bacterial occurs acidic, but not live viruses. this is the views of people. the men say look, you know, it's very rare for individual viruses or bacteria to make you sick. a lot. it takes

a substantial viral load to become infected because luckily i bodies have strong defense and most likely to always will remember who follows the organs. immune systems. vigilant napa, the last most infectious diseases today transmitted by a different kind of and pump the way through our planes. passengers on board spread micro organisms all over the planet. in spring time, poland takes its ton on this giant and carousel pollen grains produce themselves. they often travel far and wide, and reproduce with the female gummy of other trees. this is beneficial to many living beings. the

don't med johnny. the appalling grains can break, releasing irritants that make pollen outage is a widespread problem. of the, at the university of little in france, you called all visa and now they issue out studying poland. they've captured from the yeah. they're examining whether poland grains breakout more easily when they encounter air pollutants in the sky. for let me adjust this the live. what else did they put on the x to? is this, this pulling has truly exploded on the national to credited. oh,

this is the samples from the books pulled and sees it. it could help cause this isn't for you, isn't for the pulling this practice from this rate or what is it and stuff. it's so mock line that it's deflated the, the protective membrane is really shredded. if there, how long does she get this? of the one for the next week i see it's near, we see the broken pole in a for which lost its original reproductive function. you can also see the release of these small particles single, which are dangerous for people with asthma. for by clock, as it's immeasurable because all to become friends, of course not all pollen. green's in the atmosphere are shown here used to mall. our job is to count them difficulty. what's the percentage of damage, grand designing splendor they harmful to how a screw is cuz they seem to get through for us on face

the researchers want to better understand what happens between a poland grain and a pollutant in the atmosphere. so that recreating this interaction in the power train, the poland is intentionally damaged when, if it's a free on a boss from the confidence interval, roles are fallen must suffer. this is the revenge of people with allergies. if i start with a stream of ozone told me that arrives here, and then i dropped the call and into i look into this makes the ozone molecules reacted with the surface of the fallen gram, but that's with interest to me in this experimental ethics styles. logic off of bundles and move it was on. sometimes we talk about good and bad. always on the o zone in the upper atmosphere protects us from certain ultraviolet rays, if you and does, therefore in good substitute, he would now find out like ground level. oh, so it's in the lower layers of air where we live with is a pollutant location exposing. we'll put in the now expose the pole into a slightly higher dose of ozone. it's equivalent to

a peak exposure that happens in the summer time when there's a lot of air pollution as the bodies he subjects the polluted problem to a series of test. as an intact pollen grain cannot enter longs, it's too large and is stopped by on nasal has. however, if the grain breaks it releases particles containing allergenic proteins. these can enter the brown kill tubes and trick outages. so asthma the researchers are subjecting the pollen to the kinds of stress may experience out in the wild want exam please rain, which typically causes the grains to explode. this problem that's purposefully polluted in the lab rupture more easily and want to unhealthy poland. now the issue out especially is how much of the pollen is damaged. ringback

the wanted to introduce, followed by a mechanical shock test. pulling that swept up by the wind. can collide with buildings and windshields, especially incentives? and then what happens if he's a sense, healthy and polluted, poland, crashing against the surface in a pond to go measuring device. then he calculates the number of grains that have been ruptured is lt 2 laptop city show there found that air pollution. we can see the pollen grain since making it pro interruption. poly today is more likely to trigger asthma attacks is because it breaks more easily in the atmosphere a present to suggest single scene measurement. we definitely don't pretend that or fix our footprint on a micro scale. future clark or uh, i think our human activities have altered and polluted everything, even on the small scale. so what do we use as a share actually on the topic goals that cling onto all that not released

from human activities. so deposit goals are released from coll and traffic by an oxide is ink, and manganese particles are released through industrial processes scientist . so just beginning to understand the significance of arrow plant on to of the systems and its inhabitants. and all the while humans continue to pollute the must be in the book. we do compete to force, you know, tomorrow we burn lots of fossil fuels for transportation. proceed. do it for industry to, to discuss the food, a sofa sort of, to ality for twice today. large buyers can be seen from space, for example, that also a functional, this is all new c o nice, you know, manage, old reforest. buyers are a common phenomenon triggered by global warming or issue of walk you mentioned to, to see call these fires or at least gases, and particles into the atmosphere above the skies above us,

inhospitable. we're essentially burning down our planet attached. we burn coal oil and would the residential areas and daily activities generate huge amounts of particles and gas is such as carbon dioxide, me say, and nitrogen oxides the atmosphere is composition is radically changing. and that impacts ero blanked on major and currents even at risk. and then the system that most of the atmosphere ex circulation includes several car doors or flo highways and that are influenced by low and high pressure areas. typical names, they determine the movement of air currents and does a didn't get any dentist blossom is if i don't know it's ok. we now know that this

circulation can be changed by climate change the month of july the next day. and it has to be in certain winds and currents that have been stable for hundreds or thousands of years can change and the tendonitis wouldn't impact ecosystem for and how organisms or distribution plant that effect though it was like, was the stainless or least the knowledge of arrow biology is progressing new research questions that constantly explode. scientists as long as him that micro organisms were passive during that journey through the atmosphere. the theory was that they effectively entered a sort of high donation by doing that time until returning to the ground mounted, it appears some do manage to remain active for a walk and they do in such a hostile surroundings. that's one of the questions. yeah, i'm a to,

is exploring on the fleet the don't, you know, found there was all the menu system. all know the new as of the cloudy weather today is great for cloud sampling. it's not yet freezing, but it almost feels like it. you said, don't call me it says this is a nice big cloud that will give us lots of samples on us from on the envelope enabled the of the at all. no thunder e mailed us that we're installing a droplet separator. it's essentially a cloud vacuum cleaner that we can use to collect the particle of these little cloud droplets better suspended in the air. to do that, then you guys will also and only push them against the surface so that they trickle down. because then we can position the bile underneath and collect them till the party collected on the 2nd floor for this and else pounds of floating water systems. the covers some 67 percent of the surface. for

arrow paint on clouts off an oasis. they're a source of water as well as food. thanks to palm debris in the water droplets. and when it rains, the arrow punk don't get a ride back down to the ground. so i'm going to visit my specific the vehicle. so then i want to know how it, bacteria lives in such a cloud. and i know you have huge amounts of droplets here, and there's roughly one bacterium, and every 10000 opening is that curia may be isolated from each other. do they interact with each other? and if so, how long? what does it like for them to be all alone? and are they all alone? or all the all gathered in one droplet and the surrounding space is bigger than we think it's in the office on the cost. it also says welcome on a, i want to know how this life sustains itself because that's exactly what it does is it just puts us up to 50 percent of bacteria in

a cloud can be alive. they spend $3.00 to $10.00 days suspended in that, which means there's plenty of time for something to happen. the like old living things area are constantly making different proteins to cling to adults to bond, to go to protect themselves from uv radiation or to produce digestive enzymes, researches all looking a townhome to, to detect these tiny traces of life. a dirty phone. this was on and you guys are the quotes and you as even some bacteria continue living in cloud, so they absorb nutrients like carbon and nitrogen, and sutrene this a seal. do you also have a released c o 2 when they expire, the more that also molecules like sugars to better stick to surface. and she'll 1st don't, shep occlusal to the deluxe. hopefully, i'll see, you know, there are many possible interactions on somebody pointed out between a micro organism and its environment. the water drop. let's do. let's do

the, the incredible diversity of bacteria and phone guy in p. i'm a toes experiments, reflects micro bills life in the pounds, but life in yeah is not easy. experts now believe that the atmosphere is not a habitat in the conventional sense, rapids via remains of transit stations, a tiny organisms the some years ago. an astonishing discovery caused quietest among arrow biologists,

a bacterium known to be abundant in nature, ending clowns was set to be capable of producing right. bio precipitation was coined to describe the rain making bacteria. a stunning revelation for people in the field of arrow biology, meteorology, and agricultural science. as in most all day in southern france, cindy morris is researching the curious ability of these bacteria. its name sued them on us so we can get the loaner ring the can live on the surface of clothes, some clothes disease. ok, me nowadays. generally, i conducted

a little experiment to show you what this bacteria does to prolong pro fair. are they pumped cindy morris spray the outer leaves of these while the light is with a solution containing the bacteria, the leaves in the middle, when not, then the plant was placed in a freezer at a temperature of minus 6 degrees for a few minutes. all was good, you can see the prolong tissue limits. the bacteria has frozen your and then drive down. take this a shape, but the tissue without the bacteria isn't 1st as all pseudo minus the ring guy ben's bonds by freezing them a gene in the bacterium makes a protein that can create ice crystals. it uses the crystals to destroy the palm samples and feed on them. as it's believe the

when founding counts these ice nucleation actors, bacteria speed up the formation of ice crystals which are essential for precipitation. it works in a test tube, at least to mon say. so on, on the coupon on barco shows that everyone knows you come prepared, the ice cube trays for a policy at the last minute because it takes time. ok, you need an excessive rates, it's a for used falls. so calculus shows key, don't. i don't have to incite this to you. i have a suspension. was bacteria? if the space these 2 to minus 3 for malta test, if i'll show you what happens when i add some of it, is it just builds darrow we'll just don't like to but the low low display stereo. the

way as you can see it's friday. the how does this phenomenon walk in the outside? well, is it possible for ice nucleation active bacteria to rise into the app from plants make contact with a cloud? and to activate this gene to phone rain drones. the fire precipitation seems promising. scientists are gaining a better understanding of how the founded sacraments being connected through the

rain cycle and micro organisms like sued ammonia, searing, gay on that they measure heat. su jeff measurements suggest that they can drive requirements rainy cycles, depend the rain today will affect the rain full of the future cost through interaction as rush me and then class will. yeah, it's a long old, i'm micro organisms are using 5 y and they say it's most about the amount of right . yeah. these to top the frequency of rain, say bus or like quantity to pick you told me sort of cycle spaces and a small frequent rainfall with the help of plans that provide the right bacteria to the atmosphere. cindy morris is part of an international team of researches who are imagining a new form of agriculture. they envision growing fond species in special fields designed to encourage the growth of ice nucleation active bacteria. perhaps

one day the special ero pants on organisms could even find droughts in certain areas. that's just one idea of how we could transform the world. if we pay more attention to these mysterious organisms in the yeah, the

the ice code at the end of the plastic, i need an expedition ventures on $2.00 places that no one has to explore. while he is the ice melting more rapidly in the ice fields and past the 1st few minutes, d w, the not laughing any more. d

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this is dw news life from berlin. germany investigate the leak of secret talks on weapons for you crate. the government says the crime lab wire top german generals discussing the potential use of german made cruise missiles to attack the bridge linking russia to occupied crime. yeah. also coming out the united states joins and international operation to air drop desperately needed supplies into gaza. palestinian children rush forward to receive the age as the un again ones hundreds of thousands of displaced. people face comments on the 1st thinking of a cargo ship attacked by rebels and the red sea.