extra off of the deadman tonsils who has a funding ruled out any german boots on the ground, but also for now he's ruling out providing this very system that was in question in this very conversation. so this is very much a russian conclusion that fits into the russian narrative. and that's all for now the, the innovation, green trim, the green revolution global. so listen to a whole lot of crime. it's probably up to speed. if the carriers subscribe to those channels, we've got every friday, subscribe to plan, it's a the, we live in a well surrounded by

a class of gases and want to make up the site must be a shielding us from the deadly vacuum of space. and these lands on teeming with life insects seats, poland, and bacteria, floats in the atmosphere. similar to the tanks on the drink with ocean currents, the tiny organisms dancing in the wind. a cold arrow clanked up to several decades. arrow biology is focused on these organisms. the pizza, branch of biology, that's long been under appreciated era biologists study the movements of life in the atmosphere, whether the tiny organisms in a cloud, the rain drop or in the cost of a desert wind. learning about these and born organisms is becoming increasing the relevant things to concerns about bio diversity health and the climate.

understanding how they influence our lives and the global animal and plant wealth is increasingly important. swelling all around us is a valuable and still launch. the mysterious ecology is to be a, for the discoveries just waiting to be discovered. the, the one that i place you on the, to the one to, to receive up here. if you have the feeling you're far away from everything that's presented to them, but that's exactly the point we want to find out if there's life at this altitude and what type of news. if all of you there came in, you have a book in there circling the subject on the wind is blowing at about 20 kilometers per hour on. so a particle travel is a remarkable tony kilometers per hour to sounds like you met. let's click on city on yeah, i'm a to,

at the institute of chemistry oakland mall fell in central. france wants to learn more about micro organisms in the atmosphere. today. he's almost 10 minutes of to prepare them as an altitude of almost 1500 meters to setting up time tom trunk set the observatory traps on essentially vacuum cleaners. the capture dice. select the tiny apple and travelers when p i'm a to looks into the skies. he knows that anything bought empty. the atmosphere around us is bustling with life. to skate on most 5th, we understood now almost everything in the atmosphere comes from the earth surface . okay, and so the mirror image of the ground specified? oh, certainly not unless it's all very dynamic. it's moving, it makes things so mean all day of today wins. sweep over all of a surfaces staring apple types of particles,

lifeless and living there and feasible to the naked eye, but it constantly around us. these particles float up to 5000 meters high and reflect the different type of tests on the ground. the the aerosols, brian's about taurus. they can contain leaf dunst, poland, moans, and bacteria, the seo volume. so phone, imagine junky, very excited when it's windy. they mixed together to form a kind of footprints of this forest, the which spreads across the whole lands of a single they bone while some of the mississippi's as the over a meadow, they might be cross clippings, small insects,

and miniscule traces of sheets for over a highway a cloud might form of tie up particles, oil of droplets, and fine dunst. high altitude wins mix the air, results, and transport them far away. the this into mixing happens continuously as it does a variety of life forms in the arrow painting a sweat to long body ad conference the place data boucher and mental well paula shay welk at the national research institute about agriculture of food and environment in the plan in west and from collecting samples from this fund, a line strunk just positioned in the middle of the fields. it's essentially a joint insect vacuum cleaner. there's a strong acid,

so from the trap. the position in uh, was made through it though, if it, by exact ammonia in a good 12 meters high, they don't get or 40 feet to be exact as well because that's an english remodeled was metal invested the wood up to lay. we don't want to use it to catch insects that fly 2 meters above the ground dumb. but rather oregon is that were swept into the air, goes and travel greater distance point. they don't tell anyone that's into the, into so long since that, that reveals more about the arrow pointing of the whole region for your website on this keyboard. once you do it on some of the items on wednesday, who is very good. do the newsletter or even lifeline wrote, this is the nice weather amount of will take it to the land, the insane. so the largest organisms in arrow painted and they can stay in the for a few hours or several days and float up to 1500 meters depending on the size

and the wind speed. the dr. song saying everything, the policies by agricultural scientists use the results to warn the farmers of clouds of a fade. so the past the trap operates. oh yeah, around the clock of the i don't like this is really a lot to it's because it's a sunny day. you're going up, i mean, i'm m as in a said, okay, another one is hiding last because, you know, run another a beat leaf if it, the beatles and flies bugs. even spite is a tremendous variety of species play a role in the invisible ariel by swelling above us. the comes on medium uh what about just as the account myself as an allergy and small presentations in the c cubic meter of

air above our heads contained so many different organisms, all that, that included support on your call and bacteria preventative, but also small insect spider. did i tell you it was easy to use on say design, you took all the organisms right. the wins like flying compet the and gives them a chance to be nourished, to reproduce. and to so find the we've known about the existence of arrow painting for nearly 200 years. which is

naturalist charles darwin noted in his journal during his expedition to the galapagos in 18. 35. the spiders were entangled in the ships rigging many miles from shaw or, and in the 2nd time that the 19th century french scientist louis past, due proved through a series of experiments. the particles were continuously suspended in the yeah, he called them organized coal puzzles, as to is remembered, is one of the fathers of modern micro biology. tuberculosis strikes meningitis around that time. scientists discover diseases could be caused by such and bacteria. a new branch of science was born and wrote biology. scientists began comparing measurements in the same amount of that $55000.00 bacteria were found in the bustling, dilute as a valley and parents. but any $7600.00 were found among the trees in

a box. in the sweet south hotel even advertised with assign the claimed only $25.00 bacteria. the, then there was the work of legendary pilot charles lindbergh in the 19 searches he attached and it the soup divines to his plane and then flew over the icy landscapes of northern canada. collecting a variety of fungal, expose, poland, and micro algae. the samples supported the pieces that living things can survive long distance and travel at high altitudes. but in the years that followed arrow biology descended into obscurity, the organism suspended. india was somewhat forgotten. the name p. things in satellite imagery we kindled interest in the late 20th century. a

scientist discovered unbelievable amounts of suspended micro organisms. or she was feel free to push the also i love the way down to when you blow the dust off a piece of furniture. you see that it's carried away with the air flow effective. it's the same in the atmosphere. now, the mass of these particles is so small that once airborne, they stay there and follow the air. so how is the fee low call down find smaller to lack researchers the inter continental transport of desert task. he says roughly 2000000000 tons of sewing or dost rise from the laundries deserts every year and circulate in the atmosphere. these gigantic tasks around swift scene via satellite images in the 19 ages. aero biologists spend realized the true extent of circulating aero pine tone.

no, but certainly i met you on, you know, i don't know just contains not only mineral matter, but in some cases also living organic material to give you micro organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi, meals as soon as the test is keeps out, it carries this array of living micro organisms to completely new place this with, with the it's easy for a bacterium, fungal spa, all virus to attach to a tiny speck of dust and take flight. the desert wins does upgrades of sand blasting of tiny granules of clay on impact tons of dust and micro organisms. a sucked into boom and columns, reaching a height of 3 to 4 kilometers the hold up

a wall street. and we can track this task over long distances also to see if we see a satellite image is, can help visualize the formation of such a cloud over this. the hard desk that within several hours, the cloud grows and starts moving to the area. i will say the only thing. i'll fast forward, there's will 3 tell what goes set to close mazda pursue days later, you can see these huge dust mass as reaching the atlantic ocean. he of us, with a few days later, they're already over western france. it don't because they're likely to send over the british ios or even scandinavia a propulsion was showing us coordinated ex, weather conditions high and low pressure areas. boom and cold and current. either cold, the task booms in or blow them away, they foam and highways, but circle the, the

columbia test, a task cloud can cross the atlantic within a week the, the atmosphere is a true transpose of like the book to them at yale and up the matter contains chemical elements and in some instances, nutrients, the touch police desert does transports help balance eco systems on the earth surface. this increases the sofas or the tail the tiny organisms, an arrow pointing tone, travel incredibly long distance. they said high altitudes, but how do they travel and how do they affect the ground?

the countless micro organisms eventually touch down somewhere on us of the body. the immediate cause of manual is in catalonia researching what is known as micro bill deposition and its connections to climate change. he's working on a major study of micro organisms in the atmosphere and almost with a key science by his research is in the spanish baronies. the to see the just see the coming from out of the 2 dimensions of the metal.

we're at an altitude of over 2000 meters where there's little interference from local air pollution. i'm using pizza. we want to capture micro organisms that spread in the atmosphere and travel from continent to cutting it gas. i'm younger is instead of going through them done a lot more so that you will be going to do this on. we gathered rainwater in a collector for one week and the sample includes micro organisms in small particle and sequence. we collect these in a filter and bring it to the land and i, you're the one of them which, which, which, which, which the most part people us get the most i can hear. you can see the particle. so like, you know, what's not, that's part of the water is clear again, because all the particles got stuck in our filter and was talking to in the, in the particle as long as i, because there are organic particles like bacteria. it fund guy holland. but also in

organic ones like clay silicates and minerals that come from far away is almost because he's been in for another. and with us, what are some of those take us about a year and could be just from africa, for example. the 3rd, which was transported them, yet my sphere system was washed out by the rain and the light. that's what we're capturing here. the water is probably running. there are thousands of millions of micro organisms in this building immediately means it's gonna be uniform to 100 these continuous deliveries of micro organisms are a natural process that if a cod threw out us history. once the particles lined again, the tiny travelers have a significant impact on ecosystems. some bacteria and help boost pond to growth by attaching to them and pulling nitrogen from the others, penetrate the soil and recycle data organic matter. viruses and microscopic moans,

regulate animal and plant life. so let me throw and these will stick one ok and when these micro organisms land in they can colonize new habitat and we went to the states an excellent dispersal system for bacteria that i'm the, allowing them to colonize the entire planet. there's small, reactive biological entities that land in a distant planet is what an create new life. even even though there's already a somebody that'll be the media cast them i yours, teens, started micro organisms in rain. walter, the is and with the help of weather data trace, the arrow pine comes pathways. the scientists were able to show which region ocean all continent the streams of arrow pine come came from. and they discovered some remarkable patterns of the in the summer arrow plant on tends to be local. it rises from the farmlands of spain and northern

europe. above the city is rivers and lakes. but in the winter, the major streams of arrow pine to him come primarily from the atlantic ocean, bacteria and viruses cross the ocean within 3 days and to send over the mountains. i've already said left. the middle is or thousands quintavius you. i might, you better when we analyze the initial results of storm savior and joan, we noticed trends that recur annually. this was an amazing discovery. how is it possible that the same micro organisms appear at the same time every year? if either a buddy's gonna be moving, we know they travel over the sea or emerge from the nature here are some plants grow in the spring of this growing the summer months, and these cycles are mirrored in the atmosphere so useful speak. last, i'm going to court in and i'm with of the streams of arrow, pine cones, a not some random mix of species drifting with no rhyme or reason to microbial

mazda is the rise and settle at the own cycles and seasons. just like bands, flowers and bumble bee the but given that it is the transporter of life, the atmosphere kind of also poses a threat. among the multitude of microbes circling the skies a some to um say that humans can microscopic arrow, pink tone. make us sick. the on the flip flop. yes, smooth bobby. the tape people used to talk about my as a medic. x relations when it came to airborne diseases. also the prevention wasn't possible back then. the method of transmission wasn't really yet known, because that meant that all human afflictions, but generally attributed to the environment, you know, some of the, the failed to submit this real nice old notion of

a noxious atmosphere that makes people sick, has some truth to it. we now know that all microbes and viruses floating indiana which can infect humans, animals, and plants, but flu and foot and mouth disease can spread from bomb to bomb. with the help of the wind over several kilometers, a dead condition is can release legionella which causes potentially fatal pneumonia . the many fungal spawns that enter the atmosphere before settling in the soil, a microscopic taking time bombs, the something you visited, the visual, put those in. there are some pretty dangerous pathogenic, fun guy. the credits to the hospitals are mindful of this because when soil and

sand and move during construction workers and their adverse wins, this is ask for deal a sports and other harmful molds can enter clinics and cause epidemic loading and unloading for you. what is it to them you don't need to be? sees of the team has asked for dealers are found everywhere. you're including in the atmosphere acute or if they appear in large amount. they're dangerous to him. you know, compromise that the gross, you know, the degree of what we keep switching to manage the science as shown. pathogens can spread of a medium distances droplet infection of a very short distance is of up to one meter, such as the influenza virus or the virus that causes cobit 19 is also being proven . the font that isn't solid evidence to show that transmission happens over a long distances of several 100 kilometers. the

reason for them to those few pathogens dangerous to humans can travel very long distance is so question deals at the corona virus was studied in the laboratory for its vulnerability, and it turned out it's very sensitive to alex to yeah, of course, does uv radiation and dryness, quickly kill and render a virus harmless when it's suspended in the air. i'm sorry, i have no way to treat if i didn't think of the atmosphere is even more dangerous, but viruses than insects. only one in a 1000000 microbes survives. it's flight c by google. cool, and hold on to the activity. but there's a large numbers of bacteria and seemingly really some pathogens are not get a cause for concern because they're mostly dead. the only most we're talking about traces of genetic material. so spiral bacterial occurs acidic, but not live viruses. this is the views of people. the men silica

it's very rare for individual viruses or bacteria to make you sick. a lot. it takes a substantial viral load to become infected because luckily i bodies of strong defense and most likely to always will remember who the follows the organs, immune systems, vigilant. now for the last most infectious diseases today, transmitted by a different kind of and pump the way through our planes. passengers on board spread micro organisms all over the planet. in spring time, poland takes its ton on this giant and carousel pollen grains produce them sounds. they often travel far and wide, and reproduce with the female gummy of other trees. this is beneficial to many living beings. the

little med johnny, the pollen grains couldn't break releasing irritants, but make poland allergy is a widespread problem of the at the university of little in france, you called all visa and now the usual all studying poland they've captured from the yeah, they're examining whether poland grains breakout more easily when they encounter at pollutants. and this guy for let me adjust this the live. what are the they are in the x to is

this, this poland has truly exploded on the national to credit. they know this is the sample from the books pulled and sees it could help cause that's where you can pull the polling this crack. now, since this rate or what is it, it's a subset, so not long that it's deflated. the, their protective membrane is really shredded. if they're how long they should get this well done for the next week to see if it's near, we see the broken pollen which lost its original reproductive function. you can also see the release of the small particles to which are dangerous for people with as minus. that's it for by clock cuz it's immeasurable because i'm truly confident . and of course not all pollen greens in the atmosphere are shown here. has to mall, our job is to count them difficulty. what's the percentage of damaged, grand design? explorers? are they harmful to how it's curious because it seems to the to,

for us on said the research is one to better understand what happens between a poland grain and a pollutant in the atmosphere. so that recreating this interaction in the power train, the poland is intentionally damaged. why do you think so feeling about from the confidence interval roles are falling, must suffer. this is the revenge of people with allergies. if i start with a stream of ozone told me that arrives here, and then i dropped the call and into i look into this makes the ozone molecules react with the surface of the fallen gram. but that's what's interesting to me in this experimental ethics styles. only the buffer bundles that move it was on. sometimes we talk about good and bad. oh is known as the o zone in the upper atmosphere protects us from certain ultraviolet rays. if you and just there for him. good assistance you now find out what ground level. oh, so it's in the lower layers of air where we live, which is a pollutant location exposing we'll put in and uh now expose the pol into

a slightly higher dose of oh so it's equivalent to a peak exposure that happens in the summer time when there's a lot of air pollution as the bodies he subjects the polluted fall into a series of test. an intact pollen grain cannot end uh longs. it's too large into stopped by on nasal has. however, if the grain breaks, it releases particles containing allergenic proteins. these can enter the brown, kill tubes and trick outages. so asthma the researchers are subjecting the pollen to the kinds of stress may experience out in the wild. one example these rain, which typically causes the grains to explode. those problem that's purposefully polluted in the lab rupture more easily and want to unhealthy. poland. now the issue out especially is how much of the poland is damaged. ringback

the want you to introduce followed by a mechanical shock test pulling that sweat dumped by the wind. can collide with buildings and windshields, especially incentives? and then what happens if he's a sense, healthy and polluted, poland, crashing against the surface in a pond to go measuring device. then he calculates the number of grains that have been ruptured sold to lot 40 show their found that air pollution. we can see the pollen grain, so it's making it pro interruption. poly today is more likely to trigger asthma attacks is because it breaks more easily in the atmosphere a present to suggest single atlas van st. imagine i would definitely not put that affects our footprint on a micro scale, future clark or uh, i think our human activities have altered and polluted everything even on the small scale. so do we compare us as a share actually on the topic calls that cling onto all that not released

from human activities? so deposit goals are released from com traffic by an oxide is inc. and manganese particles are released through industrial processes scientist. so just beginning to understand the significance of arrow plant on to of the systems and its inhabitants and all the while humans continue to pollute the must be a little bit confusing for us. you know, tomorrow we burn lots of fossil fuels for transportation, proceeding for industry to, to discuss the food on us officer to, to ality for to i today. large buyers can be seen from space, for example, and also a functional. this is all new c o nice, you know, manage all the forest fires. are a common phenomenon triggered by global warming. always with walk you message to,

to see call these fires, release gases, and particles into the atmosphere. the sky is above us, inhospitable. we're essentially burning down our planet as we burn, cold oil and would the residential areas and daily activities generate huge amounts of particles and gas is such as carbon dioxide, me say. and nitrogen oxides or the atmosphere as composition is radically changing. and that impacts aero pine. tone major and conference, even at risk. and then the system that most of the atmosphere ex circulation includes several car doors or flo highways and that are influenced by low and high pressure areas. big lemmings. they determine the

movement of air currents and does they didn't get it in filters, but if i don't have it on, it's in the game, we now know that this circulation can be changed by climate change. you know, sometimes you'll be monday to log in until middle to be a certain winds and currents that have been stable for hundreds or thousands of years can change and the tendonitis would impact ecosystem for and how organisms or distribution plant that effect on and was like was the stainless, or least the knowledge of arrow biology is progressing. new research questions that constantly explored scientists as long as him that micro organisms were passive during that journey through the atmosphere. the theory was that they effectively entered a sort of high donation. by doing that time until returning to the ground mounted, it appears some do manage to remain active, but walk in, they do in such a hostile surroundings. that's one of the questions p. i'm

a to is exploring on the pleated on, you know, val. now, who's on the menu system on the new as of the cloudy weather today is great for cloud sampling. it's not yet freezing, but it almost feels like it don't call me. it says, this is a nice big cloud that will give us lots of samples on us from on the envelope enabled the of the at all. no thunder e mailed us that we were installing a droplet separator. it's essentially a cloud vacuum cleaner that we can use to collect the particle of these little cloud droplets better suspended in the air. to do that, then you guys will also know the push them against the surface so that they trickle down. because then we can position the bile underneath and collect them till the party collected all the

pounds of floating water systems that covers some 67 percent of the surface. for arrow paint on clouts, all i know waste is there is someone. so if want to, as well as food banks to plant debris in the water droplets. and when it rains, the arrow pumped on, get a ride back down to the ground. and then if, as in victor e commerce specific, the vehicle doesn't, i want to know how it bacteria lives in such a cloud. and i know you have huge amounts of droplets here. and there's roughly one bacterium. and every $10000.00 over him is the bacteria may be isolated from each other. do they interact with each other? and if so, how long? what is it like for them to be all alone? and are they all alone? or all the all gathered in one droplet and the surrounding space is bigger than we think it's in the office on the cost. it also said welcome on a, i want to know how this life sustains itself because that's exactly what it does. that it's just up to 50 percent of bacteria in

a cloud can be alive. they spend $3.00 to $10.00 days suspended in that, which means there's plenty of time for something to happen. like old living things thanks area are constantly making different proteins to cling to adults to bond, to go to protect themselves from uv radiation or to produce digestive enzymes, researches, uh, looking at around one to, to detect these tiny traces of life. a dirty phone. this was on in you as an adult, a new a, as even some bacteria continue living in cloud. so you know, they absorb nutrients like carbon and nitrogen as nutrients you see or do it for you. also as a released c o 2 when they expire, the more that also molecules like sugars to better stick to surface. and she'll 1st don't, shep occlusal to the that's x. hopefully i'll see, you know, there are many possible interactions on this. um we pointed out between the micro

organism and its environment, the water droplets listed as to the, the incredible diversity of bacteria and phone guy in p. i'm a toes experiments, reflects micro bills i in the pounds. but life in yeah is not easy. experts now believe that the atmosphere is not a habitat in the conventional sense, all happens to be a remains a transit station, a tiny organisms the

some years ago. an astonishing discovery caused quietest among arrow biologists, a bacterium known to be abundant in nature, ending clowns was set to be capable of producing rain. bio precipitation was going to describe the rain making bacteria. a stunning revelation for people in the field of arrow biology, meteorology, and agricultural science. as a most all day in southern france, cindy morris is researching the curious ability of these bacteria. its name sued them on us so we can see them on a sunday due to bonus ring. the can live on the surface of close and close disease

. ok, the melodies, jeremiah these by conductors are little experiment to show you what this bacteria does to prolong pro fair. are they pumped cindy morris spray the outer leaves of days while the light is with a solution containing the bacteria, the leaves in the middle. when not, then the plant was placed in a freezer at a temperature of minus 6 degrees for a few minutes. all was good. you can see a delta prolong the tissue that was the bacteria has frozen and then dried out this a shape but the tissue was out. the bacteria isn't 1st as all suit ammonia. so ring gay bends bonds by freezing them. a gene in the bacterium makes a protein that can create ice crystals. it uses the crystals to destroy the palm samples and feed on them as it's believed the

when founding counts these ice nucleation active bacteria speed up the formation of ice crystals which are essential for precipitation. it works in a test tube, at least to me on say so on on the coupon on barco shows that everyone knows you come prepared, the ice cube trays for a policy at the last minute because it takes time. okay, you need an excessive rates. it's a for used falls, so calculus shows key. don't i don't have to incite this to you. i have a suspension. was bacteria if the space these 2 to minus 3 for malta testing, but i'll show you what happens when i add some of it. is it just builds darrow, we'll just call the tube, the low, low display stereo. the

way as you can see, it's really the how does this phenomenon walk in the outside? well, is it possible for ice nucleation active bacteria to rise into the air from plants make contact with a cloud? and to activate this gene to phone range from the fire? precipitation seems promising. scientists are gaining

a better understanding of how the founded sacraments. they are connected through the rain cycle and micro organisms like suit amount us a ring gay on that they measure heat. sushi, a measurement suggests that they can drive requirements rainy cycle depend that rain today will affect the rain full of the future, cost through interaction, natural, raw swing and then class will be at the lawn. alt, i'm micro organisms are using 5 y and they say it's most about the amount of right . yeah, these to top, the frequency of rain say bus are like quantity to pick you told me so that's like whole space and then a small frequent rainfall with the help of plans that provide the right bacteria to the atmosphere. cindy morris is part of an international team of researchers who are imagining a new form of agriculture. they envision growing ponds. b shoes in special fields designed to encourage the growth of ice nucleation active bacteria. perhaps

one day the special ero pants on organisms could even find droughts in certain areas. that's just one idea of how we could transform the weld. if we pay more attention to these mysterious organisms in the yeah, the

of the, the 77 percent out a young african feel about jerry quality. can you talk to light periods and on ruby about how they approach relationships are sex and relationship expert cars before you sit down for us. we're african women, of course have been conditioned into believing in traditional gender roles within relationships. the 77 percent in 30 minutes on the w. a significant step for cancer treatment cops, ease cell therapy,

genetically to use those to hunter's find and attached to myself. a very promising message for his bond cases. tomorrow today in 90 minutes on the dw, the get ready for an exciting i've been trying to look surprised. hi, i wish up now and i'm ready to dive into the hands of children to you. have you have a window port on this? please go to this box and the i'm expected side to side the

this is the w news live from berlin, us, vice president, cala harris, up to the pressure on israel to agree a truce in gaza. there must be an immediate faith fire, but it's really forces intensify operations in southern gaza. also coming up the us supreme court expected to rule on whether donald trump had appear on a state ballot. it is just part of the legal trouble facing the republican presidential front runner, the

.