the, the name is the calls back said wow, thank you so much for joining in. welcome to don't hold the bad. a lot of people do that. it's all about saying it aloud. that's what it being nosy bay, like good everyone to kings, to check out the award winning called called don't call back our universe, our planet, or even ourselves. everything is made up of the same components of

elementary particles. if we take a person and a chair and break them down into their components, we find adams. and within them, electronic quarks and blue ones. without elementary particles, there would be no stable atoms. everything would fall apart. they literally hold the world together. elementary particles are not only the basic components of all matter. some can even penetrate any form of matter. the book is home to daisy, the german electron synchrotron, one of the world's largest fun,

the mental physics research centers. more than 2000 scientists from over 40 countries work here. the particle physicists because john shawn and becca takes us into the enormous tunnel system below the daisy grounds. founded vega is one of the world's most renowned particle physicists, a professor at the university of humbled and lead scientist that daisy has only some parts of the tunnel are still being used for experiments. our team is allowed to film there. if i'm just going on the ground to the hair acceleration, it's the largest accelerate to the gym and he has to have a bill. i'm going, if i would have anyone entering the tunnel needs an oxygen unit for safety and has to report in by telephone system from the christy and spun and vega

. hello. ok. i'm entering the here a tunnel and here a west going towards here. a news or not. behind the door is the heart of particle physics at daisy. the hair, a tunnel hair stands for head drawn electron ring accelerator. the you guys so long, definitely have found a problem with something i'm some and then the camera is so long. you need a bike to get from one experiment to another. it's fine. and you can see that it isn't actually a ring. you can get me riding through a straight section now on the electrons and protons are accelerated through the straight sections. then the, the tunnel slowly starts to coach in the particle beam zones. exhilarated in the section just redirected here. the proton bane travels in the launch of a vacuum tube and the electron beam goes through the lowest storage ring in the opposite direction. and if we were to travel much,

much the wheat eventually come out of the code and see how this electron too much is with the price onto the electrons. a show that the protons in the next to tech, to the port on control center for the protons burst and release new elementary particles. what physics is aiming for with these particle collisions is the reconstruction of the beginning of space and time. the reconstruction of the big bank, our universe emerged from a huge explosion, some 13800000000 years ago. particle physics has not yet succeeded in pinpointing the actual moment. but it can look back to a 1000000 of a 1000000000 of a 2nd after the big bang. the debate about whether indivisible particles could exist goes back to the ancient

greeks. some 2500 years ago. the greek philosopher, democritus, among others, called them adams from the ancient greek to most meaning, indivisible. the debate continued until 1911, when it was 1st experimentally proven that adams themselves are indeed divisible. adams consist of electronic neutrons and protons. the term elementary particles 1st appeared in the 1930 in the 2nd half of the 20th century. teams from the us and daisy and humboldt, among others, were finally able to demonstrate that protons and neutrons are also divisible and consist of corks and blue ones. the standard model of particle physics lists for groups of known elementary particles. the part group consists of 6 particles in total, the,

to the left tons including electrons and new ones also comprises 6 particles. the, the group of gauge bows on the forced particles currently includes 4 types including blue ones and photons. finally, there are the scalar bones. so far physics knows of only one elementary particle in this group. the higgs both on detected in 2012. it is the most recent addition to the particle family, the berlin. at the noise museum, we meet viviana level, the curator of egyptian and oriental pi, right the she takes us to the pirates collection. some of the oriental and ancient egyptian manuscripts on display here were originally rolled up or folded like these amulets.

so far they've had to be painstakingly own, rolled and unfolded by him. popularly isn't the wonderful guy right. are very fragile. when we want to open a piece for pirates conservator decides if it's possible, or if a package like this one, for example, will follow the parts. interesting 1000 pieces. of course, you don't want us out just interest interest me some 60000 pi ryan, the other manuscripts are stored in excavation boxes from 19 o 7. back then huge quantities of such artifacts were found during excavations on the la funding island and the nile river. with conservators, sophie elizabeth, but tell needs that hannah lisa is looking for a pi right, whose contents might be deciphered by means of particle physics, without unfolding or damaging them. using a handheld x ray machine develops jointly with businesses. tom's eva hod mimecast.

they have found a pirates packet that could have been printed with iron containing ink, and have decided to scan the document with even more powerful x rays. this is done at the helm holds center for materials and energy in berlin's bonds, a district to be as specializes in time. a graphic imaging of a wide range of materials for the pirates pack it from the egyptian museum draws on the pioneering research of a well known german physicist. the wilhelm calling ahead of on can discovered x rays at the end of the 19th century. shortly after he succeeded in capturing the 1st images, revolutionizing medical diagnostics and earning him the nobel prize in physics. for the 1st time, it was possible to visualize the bone structure of a living being without surgical intervention

the, the principal is relatively simple. x rays are produced by the rapid acceleration of electronics that is, elementary particles the, the denser of the material, the less radiation can penetrate. it's very dense material like bone appears, white and the x ray fluids and soft tissue like fat or muscle, are less dense. and so appear great. the organs containing large amounts of air, like the lungs allowed the majority of the race through and appear black in the image. while x rays can be harmful to living beings, they have long been proven tool for non destructive testing and materials. research

of the legs can size increase is is 5 mentioned toys accessing, done the x rays pulse through vis. franklin and then hit the detect team. and we take a whole series of images, not just one of the guns. they rotate the sample ones through 360 degrees with i'm a quote, a projection of very many, very different angles. they ask you this way that we can generate a 3 d reconstruction of the volume with us. yeah. and that's why the other one is the scan only takes a few minutes and delivers numerous 3 dimensional x ray images of the pirates packet. but the writing inside can still not be read. this is where scientists from the to the institute in berlin step in the mathematician, danielle baum and his team have developed software that can virtually own the full, the pirates packet. the traces, the individual layers and the 3 d model with the mouse. the computer programs in

virtually assembles the many x ray images into a flat surface. the structure of the plan fibers is clearly visible. finally, the image data from the x ray image is transferred to the, virtually on the folded piracy and distinct characters appear on the screen. you can see the piracy library is really well up to the hand. atlanta is versed in 15 oriental scripts and language is from different heroes, including higher radek or coptic romance and arabic. because some model negotiated of a few was far strong gets and an appeal was the 1st time in the history of the pirates researching. we can read up a pirates virtually, it's vicky without having to physically open it up. honestly, here this is really sensational. this piece here is a complex texas. here is a piano, which is the mass to an article, and then this symbol now not freak out, but after i called this is i'm not sizes job

a joy on for just goes to joy and to be way. oh lord, jesus christ quotes from this is the short form for lord jesus christ and early christianity, nevada. and a wonderful example of the fact that early christianity and personal piety existed on elephant teams. perhaps as early as the 4th century during the game had been remembered. this has to be folded amulet that i would have carried with them monthly life by just the thanks to physics and i t. some aspects of christianity's early history can now be rewritten. the geneva, the european organization for nuclear research for cern is the world's largest research center in the field of particle physics. here at the swiss border with france almost 20000 scientists from all over the world have been researching the

properties of elementary particles since 1954 we made german particle businesses because challenge funding back again it's our fee is regularly in switzerland to monitor experiments. yes, this is an overview of the launch hadron collider. we here on the sun side and then at the stern score is the large hadron collider. the world's largest particle accelerator. the ring shaped tunnel is almost 100 meters below ground. alice think i can just enough flash advice. i stuff, i'm buy such stuff for steve as a to really starts with the both of the hydrogen. when that's hydrogen consists of one pro tillman one electrons on the 1st the electronics extracted. and then the proton goes into a linear accelerator where it's energy is increasing yourself, the speed of life finally got in and in spite and for the signing of the emotional

give me the price on this then said $33.00 more pre exhilarates is for simple. finally, being directed into the large hadron collider, and that's where it's accelerated to near light, to be done alphabetically. caught in that the baseline is to add another effect. please explain these type in the collider. protons are accelerated in opposite directions and shot at each other. at 4 points in the ring at almost the speed of light. with 4 huge detectors measured the collisions i know these are the ductwork and one of the east cool to see a mess detector is located directly opposite this the inside and out on the other side of the ring. i did as i think that's where we're going. now back in may of c m. s stands for compact and one solenoid. and it is one of the most exciting physics experiments of our time. here in the see a mess control room. the experiments collisions are coordinated and monitored.

there's other physicists from all over the world are connected in real time, including a scientific team from daisy and home board. i don't have a blog at all. some 4000 researchers from 55 countries worldwide are involved in the see a mess. experiment seamless experiment is at the large hadron collider. and it's an experiment to look at the fundamental building blocks of matter and understanding the fundamental forces in the universe and to learn more about how the universe was created. it's taking place at certain because i has the most powerful accelerator in the world right now. and it's also a community that brings together institutes from all around the world and the expertise for them to, to really the advance the field of particles. in 2012 researchers that sir and

achieve their greatest success to date experimental proof of the long sought higgs' bows on it was named after british businesses to peter higgs, who concurrently with his french colleague false. why on last described of the properties of the as yet unknown particle? the 2 are jointly awarded the nobel prize in physics and 2013 today is unusual through the proton collisions and the underground tunnel have been stopped in order to do maintenance work on the late fee for its detectors. this coming up for the last time it might, it's how you doing this is a diagram of to see a method to take to take to concede, then the normally the protons would be colliding in the center of the detector. right now. time kind of put, but there aren't any protons in the collider at the moment that will buy skins in

these attach. and here's what we see instead of these particles here, which a cold calls make new ones even though who end up producing cosmic rays at at tech to expedite possibly nearly through the detector. and so it did take the reconstructed something non linear one, and then we would know that it was out of alignment and needed to be corrected 12. and so we use these calls, make new ones to calibrate down to take 2 and very precisely fiction on 10 appreciated the parentheses, this difference a customer come the because there are no particle collisions. today we're allowed into the 100 meter deep detector room. this would otherwise not be possible as harmful radiation could be released during operation if it's the same as the tech to that as assessor. they ask for the tech to into who can i give you?

the c m. s to take the here is the heaviest to take during high energy physics invest 865 percent heavy of the meal hotel on what we can see in place. but the protons come from see and also from behind. and then they collide in the middle of the detect uh tech. when they collide, they practically explode on and then we analyze the fragments and see i know it is the end. then the focus to the proton collisions release, new elementary particles like bows, alms, left tons and clarks. which can then be measured in the c, a mess detector. by identifying the particles produced in each collision, measuring their momentum trajectories and energies, and then piecing together all the information. the scientists can recreate and describe what actually happens during the collision. the things that allow them

and then let's see, and this is equal quarantined. this allows me to visit study the micro causing the policy cool effects. and the give me a might, if it's fascinating that the more you learn about it's micro cause a man because the more you understand about the big picture with name, the origin of the universe when you've, as on by monday, monday, put when to, protons, collide for a fraction of a 2nd time the collision recreate the conditions that the big bang has had some of the defect box. and we can simulate these clocks and glue owns and swimming around . do me cycles mix susie mountie by shooting price homes that each of them with incredibly high energy. and i've only seen these kinds of a n a d open on the see if it's mike traveling back in time to the origin. the value universe steals. this is the leave as when the protons collide, the elementary particles that shoot off in all directions, leave their traces in the individual segments of the detector. and these traces are

translated into a huge phone use of digital data. it all happens in this underground computer room where all the data from the c a mess detector is received as far standard and seem as to take the key to imagine packets made off of 100000000000 protocol. and so she also to each other in the see a mess to take them. uh, was it like a month to then? does that mean you know, once but $40000000.00 packing. the 2nd kate, that for the pm in your family beach collision of these packets, some 60 protons collide with all the protons and the impact. it's released hundreds and thousands of particles from titanium. psychiatric then letting them to tech to else can i'm at least different particles are recorded by the detector. then that is if it's accommodations and in this room picked up a lease, a physical signal from the collisions in the detect. so we have been digitized

settings that cornerstone and all of these a lot of data. so huge files that we have to pre select in the field around the information. we can use this from an image by otherwise we can store. so this one is a dot and false alex yet, one on that if you are missing, christie and them direct of all the pyramids of visa on the outskirts of the egyptian capital cairo, were built to stand for a turn, a deep and are indeed the only remaining wonder of the ancient world. how many chambers are hidden inside the 3 pyramids is still a mystery. the 3 main chambers among others have already been discovered. but researchers are certain, there must be more, perhaps even the body and the burial artifacts of the pharaoh key ups will be found the since 2015 teams of researchers from japan and france have been using

particle physics to study the 3 pyramids of visa using move on imaging, they are reconstructing their inner structure without damaging a single stone. the in the standard model of particle physics milan belong to the group of left on the lawns are formed in the upper layers of the atmosphere. when particles of cosmic radiation collide with air molecules. the particles which travel at almost the speed of light even penetrate large masses of stone around $10000.00 new ones, hit every square meter of the earth every minute at sea level, the scanners detect the ones that constantly race through the structure. those that pass through many stone blocks lose a lot of energy and leave

a relatively weak trace on the scanners. but if the move on slow through hollow space, they lose less energy forming a stronger image on the scanners. in this way, they reveal the internal structure of the pyramids and helped to discover previously hidden treasure chambers and other rooms without having to move a single stone. in 2017, the research team is made a spectacular discovery using move on imaging. a previously unknown 30 meter long chamber in the great pyramid, one scanning has also proven its worth and inspecting the contaminated food go seem a nuclear reactor in japan. engineers can examine the condition and integrity of the power plants, outer shell, from a greater distance. without having to physically enter the immediate highly

radioactive zone, the blue on imaging is also used in bulk analogy, where the flow of elementary particles reveals the underground structure of volcanoes. this enables a kind of early warning system for potential volcanic eruptions. but the flow of elementary particles can not only illuminate matter, but also transmit information. cellular phones are based on a discovery from the 19th century. ready they send and receive electromagnetic waves, which thanks to particle physics, we know are also elementary particles, namely, photons, cell phones operate using the electromagnetic force, describing the standard model of particle physics. the silicon base since there's

and cell phones are based on the same principle as the detectors had to turn the symbol of the band odd enough to institute for tropical medicine. just north of the piers is a research center where more than 400 scientists research dangerous pathogens they study, for example, the exact blueprint a virus is using extremely high intensity x ray technology. body and holes in the hall research has the structure of sonya viruses. a group of dangerous pathogens introduced to central europe long ago by exotic insects of sonya infection like the last a virus can be fatal. and there are currently no vaccines or effective drugs. this is why the molecular structure of the new viruses needs to be completely

decoded. first, we have to generate the biological sample for examinations. for example, we need protein crystals for x ray analysis, l 5, because a single protein is not enough for the food. and it's the sample has to meet the certain conditions for crystallization to be possible at all. we can easily see cells under a normal optical microscope, so we can see protein. gosh, for this we need her to call physics, which helps us to make even the smallest atomic unit i'm visible from i'm high from the cell cultures are swirled for 2 days at around 27 degrees to supply them with as much oxygen as possible. this is important for the production of the protein under the optical microscope, monthly of holes in tall checks, whether the examples are suitable for further analysis. if a green shimmering signal forms in the cells they have produced the desired protein

. before the sample can be examined and a particle accelerator, the proteins are sorted by size. we can see the separation of proteins quite clearly here to use of the messing this protein signal is shown in blue. you finish, it's a nice strong signal james. and our target protein is in the peak here. so we can select which cubes were the target protein as well separated from all the other items. that will be our, your sample and we can continue working with it. in the final step, the target protein from the cold room is mixed with various chemicals to grow of protein crystals. this can take days or weeks. busy time unfortunately, animates students. proteins are not visible under an optical microscope. we need x

ray crystallography to see these proteins. these building blocks of viruses in the finest detail is in the us to put in. these are the protein crystals that have for him to phone time. they vary in size into very nice straight edges and fish, which shows their high quality last segment sizes, one of the one qualitative with a kind of miniature lasso. she fishes out the best crystals and stores them in a container filled with liquid nitrogen via holes in tall vin takes them to daisy, the german electron synchrotron in the west of humboldt. this is also home to the center for structural systems biology. c, s. s b for short. the biology, chemistry, medicine and physics research teams work together here in the field of infection biology. right next to the css b building is

a huge experiment. all. it is directly connected to a particle accelerator. the 3rd generation of deposit from an electron tandem ring accelerator. petra, 3 for short. petra 3 is a particle accelerator and one of the wide strongest x ray generators. it allows researchers to examine the smallest samples like the tiny crystals from the band hot enough to institute. the mines based firm by on tech has also used to petra 3 to investigate the effectiveness and messenger capability of all are in a vaccines the packets of electrons flying through the 2.3 kilometer particle accelerator ring at near light speed, the special magnets force them into a snaking pass causing them to admit high intensity and highly focused x rays.

these x rays are millions of times more intense than those from conventional sources. and up to $5000.00 times finer than a human hair. the the x rays passed through some 50 measuring stations in several experiments halls where the sample from the band hall no institute is now being further examined. here mounting at holes and ptolemy structural biologist christiane, live on the right. yeah, that sounds my sample. send it over the phone on this and i've even prepared it please tell me little research as how the human body absorbs in transport. it's nutrients and medications. the uses crystallography to study the structures of the molecule is responsible for

transport. this is how protein crystallography works. to be able to visualize the 3 d structure of proteins with atomic level precision, highly focused x rays are beamed through the rotating cultivated crystal. the regularly arranged crystal structures deflect the x rays and create a characteristic pattern on the detector. the, the proteins 3 d structure can be determined from the position and intensity of the various light spots produced. knowledge of the structure can now help in developing new drugs that target precisely where pathogens such as the bone your virus are vulnerable. the samples from the band hot enough to institute have been measured and the

radiation collected in the detector has been converted into a 3 d structural animation. protein crystallography has greatly advanced and accelerated massy of holes in tall and pushed down. looks research. yeah, maybe it's possible to develop a drug just by seeing whether it inhibits virus growth on cells, that type of thing. but it's very time consuming and you usually don't really understand why a drug works the way it does. in our case, using elementary particles, we can find out exactly how we drug works or design a drug to stop certain mechanisms. stop. developing such a drug is one of the just download permissions. the atomic lee precise protein imaging helps him enormously because messenger proteins direct the drugs to the parts of the body where the active ingredient is supposed to work in mutual

wouldn't be a c in the method. it's available here on campus and petra, 3 in particular, move to this, made it possible to investigate these messenger systems. and with us, by the help we work with tiny crystal this time and only with the strong x ray beam can we determine the structures just of 2? and these are the developments of these methods has been an absolute milestone structural biology. traditional food in the long term, it's a central developing small molecules to combat specific proteins this, this tiny molecule, inspect the $14.16 crystallography is measuring accuracy is helping researchers to keep pace with the rapid spread of previously own researched viruses . you know, how is the detective doing everything works for just a few 100 meters away at daisy, we once again meet particle physicist christiane funding back up the key. and his team are analyzing the data from the particle collisions at sir and in geneva,

where proteins are again being collided on the list as the homewood team is video link to the control room of the c m. s. experiment sean and back as team and germany now continuously checks the quality of the collision data from switzerland using its yet life spit out from the top nomic team s experiment. we now see and live images of the data collection that the c m. s. experiments. it's the protons collided here in the middle of the detector. and all these particles are fragments from the collision. since i've left a lot of traces in the detector image just like a jet leaves a trail, condensation in the sky. he's in doesn't, he said these are the green lines here. and so is this, these red and blue dogs represent the particles measure the energy cloud pointed. in these precision analyses,

data on known elementary particles is separated from what could possibly indicate new particles. and not only that, must him up by december, splits a ceiling submissive and sometimes we do both of them under applies or we precisely measure the particles we know and try to learn from the deviations we find at even thing act like we also actively search for new particles that could help to explain things. what sense and like like the fact the types you find that's the end of the universe. he's doc massa and only 15 percent and he's non mass us, the mass ends and molecules. it's the same to spin up monday that ties like in this job. and because if i put black beans in for dark mass, us and white things for known method, i see it as a smile to everything. that's black. when that is what we don't understand by simple one or that's doc match material, and that's what we're looking for. and as us files, it's one of the biggest mysteries in science and system to material. and that's who can be assigned to the question that i have for the individual stuff. but what

exactly is this dark matter? the particle, physicists like this, john, sean, and beg a are looking for in numerous experiments. physicists have already proven that dark matter exist. and that it makes up 85 percent of all matter in the universe, but they have no idea what it is made of the. the search for dark matter is the search for what holds our entire universe together. 6 6 because without it or galaxy, for example, the milky way would fly apart the planets journey around their star, the gravitational mass of which keeps them in their orbits. stars in turn orbit around the center of their galaxy. theoretically, the further away celestial body is from its center of gravity,

the slower it should move. but measurements have shown that the outer stars of the milky way move much faster than expected, or calculated astrophysics explains that this way. our galaxy consists of much more matter and then what is visible. and this invisible matter or dark matter also exerts a gravitational pull one, the celestial bodies, so that they can move faster without the ring out of orbit. the researchers are using various methods to search for the as yet. oh no dark matter particles. not only with underground detectors and particle accelerators, but also with telescopes in space. in the search for dark matter, there is even an experiment in which light is supposed to penetrate a solid wall. the

excellent and heads the helps experiment which is set up in a roughly 300 meter long straight section of the hair. a tunnel at daisy in humble outs stands for any light particle search. lemma is a particle, physicists that daisy and devises novel particle physics experiments. a team of more than 200 specialists has developed and built the entire lp's facility of daisy over a period of 12 years. it is the 1st experiment worldwide in which very light particles of dark matter could be produced and detected in the laboratory. to do this, light would have to pass through an opaque wall, which is technically impossible. you have your voice and your guns plus know trying

to find something completely new. name a dock mouth with doing this by attempting things that shouldn't actually work well so, so, so like this was showing a flashlight on the wall or it's normally not gonna get up through the funds. we use much more elaborate methods, and if a bit of a lot of those get through the alternator and then we can only explain the existence of a new form, but not under control spots. ok. so we're examining what we think is impossible to see if it's possible. after all the what if it's a is, do we have found something completely on, you know, in the alps experiment. laser light will be amplified by a factor of 10000 and a type of micro chamber. the light will then pass through a strong of medic field m theory. a photon or light particle could be transformed into an axiom. as the new elementary particle will be cold, if it can be detected, the laser light would be stopped by the wall. but the axial on would

simply pass through because nothing can stop dark matter. in the magnetic field on the other side, the axial and should be transformed back into a photon. more like a detector would measure the light particle that seems to have passed through the wall. the transformations, if they occur at all, would be extremely rare. ready the detector must therefore be able to recognize a few photons per day. if it succeeds, a new dark matter particle will have been found, which would be a sensational discovery. because i'm, i'd expect them in to me as a success as the fulfillment of a technological golf course. so i'm very certain that all helps experiments will succeed. and the nature of been assigned, if you will find doc match. i don't have to no one knows how long it will take to solve the mystery of dark matter.

the but the large number of particle physics experiments worldwide makes new discoveries more and more likely the, with the very tangible benefits and there be some. so what if we look back is we see good looking really hands on well together, electricity, very electromagnetic. while you have the internet, one x rice, i just came from completely from fall factual groundbreaking. we're search in to complete new phase marketing and not just typing physically. is this one months far as a possibility is this is deep sometimes hard to explain what you're actually doing, i assume is because see of the particles. you can't see them. you can't tell you still smell them, but i still think it's important to research these elementary particles. ultimately,

it's the only way to understand where we've come from her steam english nets, and this will have to come in or the physics physics. there's nothing more less than applied to high school philosophy. you couldn't, we can explain it well and we know how to approach it. it's already working really, it would be a more competitive employee, precision cosmologies and precision paul school physics here, so talk them outside is still a michigan region because when we have a complete picture of how we actually came into the well that just the fundamental questions from the philosophy is supposed to meet them to an attachment is because the thing that so fascinating about particle physics, we might these that we can describe these complex mess up everything that surrounds us in terms of the elementary particles and kind of by monday. so infesting image and you all, most thinking someone must have been clever enough to formulate how well to world of elementary particles, relatively simple in the mean time attach investors almost like it was planned to try and cut and i think i'm just not released again and i am testing

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new world, the a i race starts march 16th on dw, the . this is dw use and these are all top stories. the winehouse is announced $300000000.00 in mid $38.00 for ukraine to move side steps. the us congress where republicans have been stalling a much bigger aid package. their systems will be the 1st and months from the us. i was announced as president biden hosted polish leaders in washington. the ships carrying $200.00 tons of food for gaz uh has left cyprus after being held up for days. the journey is expected to take more than a day. the open arms is the 1st vessel to use.