are coming up next doc film delving into the world of subatomic ghost particles which move through matter as if it's not that i am told me on logical and for myself and the team. thanks for being with us. the, the in charlotte, the currently move people, the on the world wide and such a hassle it as a committed to actually find out about rubinez story info, migraines, the our universe, our planet, or even ourselves. everything is made up of the same components of

elementary particles. if we take a person and a chair and break them down into their components, we find adams. and within them, electronic clarks include ones. without elementary particles, there would be no stable atoms. everything would fall apart. they literally hold the world together. elementary particles are not only the basic components of all matter. some can even penetrate any form of matter. the book is home to daisy, the german electron synchrotron, one of the world's largest fun,

the mental physics research centers. more than 2000 scientists from over 40 countries work here. the particle, physicists, because challenge funding. vega takes us into the enormous tunnel system below the daisy grounds. funding becca is one of the world's most renowned particle physicists, a professor at the university of humble and lead scientist at daisy. as only some parts of the tunnel are still being used for experiments. our team is allowed to film there. if i'm, if we going on the ground to the hair acceleration, it's the largest accelerate to the, to him. and he has to have a bill i'm getting. if i would have anyone entering the tunnel needs an oxygen unit for safety and has to report in by telephone system from the christy and spun vega. hello. i'm entering the here a tunneling here or west,

going towards here. a news or not behind the door is the heart of particle physics at daisy. the hair tunnel hair stands for head drawn electron ring accelerator. the you guys so long definitely you have found a problem with something i'm some and then the kara is so long. you need to bind to get from one experiment to another, it's fine and you can see that it isn't actually a ring. you can get me riding through a straight section now on the electrons. and protons are accelerated through the strait sections. then the, the tunnel slowly starts to codes in the particle beam zones. accelerated in the section just redirected here. the proton bane travels in the launch of a vacuum tube and the electron beam goes through the lowest storage ring in the opposite direction. and if we were to travel much, much the lead,

eventually come out of the cook and see how this electron too much is with the product onto the electrons. a show to the protons in the next to tech, to the port one control center for the protons burst and release, new elementary particles. what physics is aiming for with these particle collisions is the reconstruction of the beginning of space and time. the reconstruction of the big bank, our universe emerged from a huge explosion, some 13800000000 years ago. particle physics has not yet succeeded in pinpointing the actual moment. but it can look back to a 1000000 of a 1000000000 of a 2nd after the big bang. the debate about whether indivisible particles could exist goes back to the ancient

greeks. some 2500 years ago. the greek philosopher, democritus, among others, called them adams from the ancient greek to most meaning, indivisible. the debate continued until 1911, when it was 1st experimentally proven that adams themselves are indeed divisible. adams consist of electronic neutrons and protons. the term elementary particles 1st appeared in the 19 thirties and the 2nd half of the 20th century teams from the us and daisy and humbled among others, were finally able to demonstrate that protons and neutrons are also divisible and consist of corks and blue ones. the standard model of particle physics lists for groups of known elementary particles. the core group consists of 6 particles in total, the, to the left tons,

including the electrons and new ones also comprises 6 particles. the, the group of gauge bows on the forest particles currently includes 4 types, including blue ones and photons. finally, there are the scalar bones. so far, physics nose have only one elementary particle in this group. the higgs both on detected in 2012. it is the most recent addition to the particle family, the berlin at the noise museum, we meet the nina level, the curator of egyptian and oriental pye. right. the she takes us to the pirates collection. some of the oriental and ancient egyptian manuscripts on display. here were originally rolled up or folded like these amulets. so

far they've had to be painstakingly rolled and unfolded by him. the popularity isn't the wonderful guy right. are very fragile. when we want to open, if he's, are pirates conservator decides if it's possible. or if a package like this one, for example, will follow the parts interesting 1000 pieces. of course you don't want us out just interest interest me. some 60000 pi ryan. the other manuscripts are stored in excavation boxes from 19 o 7. back then, huge quantities of such artifacts were found during excavations on the la funding island and the nile river with conservators, sophie elizabeth. but tell needs that hannah eliza is looking for a pi right, whose contents might be deciphered by means of particle physics, without unfolding or damaging them. using a handheld x ray machine develops jointly with visits as tom's eva hod mimecast.

they have found pirates packet that could have been printed with iron containing ink, and have decided to scan the document with even more powerful x rays. this is done at the heading home center for materials and energy in berlin's funds, a district to be as specializes in tom, a graphic and material. the less radiation can penetrate. it's very dense material like bone appears, white in the x ray fluids and soft tissue like fat or muscle, are less dense, and so appear great. the organs containing large amounts of air, like the lungs allowed the majority of the rays through and appear black in the image . while x rays can be harmful to living beings, they have long been proven tool for non destructive testing and materials research

can 5. and we mentioned doors, a testing done, the x rays pulse through this process and then hit the detector team. and we take a whole series of images, not just one of the 90 guns. we rotate the sample once 3360 degrees with. i'm a quote, a projection of very many, very different angles. they ask you this way that we can generate a 3 d reconstruction of the volume with us. yeah. and it's ideally the scan only takes a few minutes and delivers numerous 3 dimensional x rate images of the pirates packet. but the writing inside can still not be read. this is where scientists from the to the institute in berlin step in the mathematician, daniel about him. and his team have developed software that can virtually own a full of the pirates packets. the traces the individual layers and the 3 d model

with the mouse. the computer programs in virtually assembles the many x ray images into a flat surface. the structure of the plant fibers is clearly visible. finally, the image data from the x ray image is transferred to the, virtually unfolded piracy and distinct characters appear on the screen. you can see the tires fibers really well up to the left is versed in 15 oriental scripts and languages from different heroes, including higher radek or coptic aromatic and arabic. because somebody else model negotiated of fuels falls on gets and an appeal was the 1st time in the history of tyra's research. and we can read up a pirates virtually vicky without having to physically open it up. this is really sensational. this piece here is a complex texas. here is

a p which is the mass to an article, and then this symbol now not freak as a cop there. i called this as i'm not 5 and joe, a joy on project cells put joy into me. wait. oh lord, jesus christ as the quotes from this is the short form for lord jesus christ and early christianity, out of my hand. a wonderful example of the fact that early christianity and personal piety existed on elephant teams. perhaps as early as the 4th century. when the game had been remembered, this is a folded emulate that someone would have carried with them honestly, like 5 digits are thanks to physics and i t, some aspects of christianity's early history can now be rewritten. the geneva, the european organization for nuclear research for cern is the world's largest research center in the field of particles that 6 here at the swiss border with

france almost 20000 scientists from all over the world have been researching the properties of elementary particles since 1954, we made german particle businesses because challenge funding back again. its r and p is regularly in switzerland to monitor experiments. yes, this is an overview of the launch hadron collider. we here on the sun sonic and then at the certain score is the large hadron collider. the world's largest particle accelerator. the ring shaped tunnel is almost 100 meters below ground. alice think i can just enough flash advice. i stuff i'm by, so i stuff for steve as a to really starts with the both of the hydrogen. when that's hydrogen consists of one pro tillman, one electrons on the 1st, the electron is extracted, and then the proton goes into a linear acceleration where it's energy is increased. so half the speed of life

finally got in. and in spite and for the signing of the e mail, and they're like an approach on this then said $33.00 more. pre exhilarates is for simple finally being directed into the large hadron collider. and that's where it's accelerated to near light, to be done. alphabetically caught in that the bush line is found a fast. please, just bring this type in the collider. protons are accelerated in opposite directions and shot at each other at 4 points in the ring. at almost the speed of light. with 4 huge detectors measured the collisions i know these are the ductwork and one of the school, the c m. s detector is located directly opposite this the inside and so on the other side of the ring i did as i think that's where we going. now back in may of c, m. s stands for compact and one solenoid, and it is one of the most exciting physics experiments of our time.

here in the c, a mass control room, the experiments collisions are coordinated and monitored other physicists from all over the world are connected in real time, including a scientific team from daisy and home board. i don't have blog at all. some 4000 researchers from 55 countries worldwide are involved in the c, a mass experiment. seamless experiment is at the large hadron collider. and it's an experiment to look at the fundamental building blocks of matter and understanding the fundamental forces in the universe and to learn more about how the universe was created. it's taking place at certain because so it has the most powerful accelerator in the world right now. and it's also a community that brings together institutions from all around the world and the

expertise for them to, to really advance the field of particles in 2012 researchers that sir and achieve their greatest success to date, experimental proof of the long sought higgs' bows on it was named after british physicist peter higgs, who concurrently with his french colleague false, why on last described of the properties of the as yet unknown particle. the 2 or jointly awarded the nobel prize in physics in 2013 today is unusual through the proton. collisions of the underground tunnel have been stopped in order to do maintenance work on the l h. c 4. it's detectors. just kind of relax caught in my tying. so this is a diagram as the see a method can take detector and can see that in the pull. normally the protons would be colliding in the center of the detector. right now. time kind of put,

but there aren't any protons in the collider at the moment that will buttons in these attach. and here's what we see instead of these particles here, which a cold calls make new ones even though who are under producing cosmic rays at, at tech, to expedite possibly nearly through the detector. and so it does, it take to reconstructed something non linear one, and then we would know that it was out of alignment and needed to be corrected to one. so we use these calls, make new ones to calibrate down to take 2 and very precisely fiction on 10 or push dependencies. this difference a customer come the because there are no particle collisions today, we're allowed into the 100 meter deep detector room. this would otherwise not be possible as harmful radiation could be released during operation

if it's 15, if it takes to that as a tester, they asked if it takes them into. who can i give you? the c m s to take the here is the heaviest to take during high energy physics. investigate 65 percent heavy of the meal hotel on what we can see in place that the protons come from here and also from behind. and then they collide in the middle of the detect uh tech. when they collide, they practically explode on and then we analyze the fragments and see another z. and then the polk stick a proton collisions release, new elementary particles like both arms, left tons and clarks, which can then be measured in the c a mess detector. by identifying the particles produced in each collision, measuring their momentum trajectories and energies and then piecing together all the information the scientists can recreate and describe what actually happens during the collision,

the things that allow them. and then let's see. and this is an equal coordinating e, and this allows me to visit study the micro causing the policy cool effects. and you have the give me a might, if it's fascinating that and if it's a more you learned about it's micro cause a man because the more you understand about the big picture with name, the origin of the universe, this when you've as on by monday, monday, put told when to, protons collide for a fraction of a 2nd time the collision recreate the conditions of the big bang. the house had some of the defect box and the we can simulate these clocks and glue owns and swimming around. do me cycles. mix sued by shooting price homes that each of them with incredibly high energy and 51 for spanish tides of a n, a d off, and then the c as it's mike traveling back in time to the origin. devalue universe steals. this is the sleeve as when the protons collide, the elementary particles that shoot off in all directions,

leave their traces in the individual segments of the detector. and these traces are translated into a huge phone use of digital data. it all happens in this underground computer room where all the data from the c a mess detector is received as far standard and seem as to take the key to imagine packets made off of 100000000000 protocol. and so she also to each other in the c, m. s. to take them uh, was it like a month to then? does that mean you know, once but $40000000.00 packing. the 2nd kate that interfere with each collision of these packets. some 60 protons collide with all the protons and the impact release hundreds and thousands of particles from titanium. psychiatric then letting them to take to an else can. i'm at least different particles are recorded by the detector. then that is if it's accommodations and in this room picked up a lease,

a physical signal from the collisions in the detect. so we have in digitize settings that color on and off when that is, if that these a lot of data. so huge files that we have to pre select in the field around the information we can use and expires. otherwise we can store. so this one is a dock and falls alex yet one on that is the i'm missing christie, and them direct of all the pyramids of visa on the outskirts of the egyptian capital cairo, were built to stand for a turn, a deep and are indeed the only remaining wonder of the ancient world. how many chambers are hidden inside the 3 pyramids is still a mystery. the 3 main chambers among others have already been discovered. but researchers are certain, there must be more, perhaps even the body and the burial artifacts of the pharaoh key ups will be found the since 2015 teams of researchers from japan and france have been using

particle physics to study the 3 pyramids of visa using move on imaging, they are reconstructing their inner structure without damaging a single stone. the in the standard model of particle physics milan belong to the group of left on the lawns are formed in the upper layers of the atmosphere. when particles of cosmic radiation collide with air molecules. the particles which travel at almost the speed of light even penetrate large masses of stone around $10000.00 new ones, hit every square meter of the earth every minute at sea level, the scanners detect the ones that constantly race through the structure. those that

pass through many stone blocks lose a lot of energy and leave a relatively weak trace on the scanners. but if the new ones flow through hollow space, they lose less energy forming a stronger image on the scanners. in this way, they reveal the internal structure of the pyramids and helped to discover previously hidden treasure chambers and other rooms without having to move a single stone. in 2017, the research team is made a spectacular discovery using move on imaging. a previously unknown 30 meter long chamber in the great pyramid. the milan scanning has also proven its worth and inspecting the contaminated food go seem a nuclear reactor in japan. engineers can examine the condition and integrity of the power plants, outer shell, from

a greater distance. without having to physically enter the immediate highly radioactive zone, the blue on imaging is also used in bulk knology, where the flow of elementary particles reveals the underground structure of volcanoes. this enables a kind of early warning system for potential volcanic eruptions. but the flow of elementary particles can not only illuminate matter, but also transmit information. cellular phones are based on the discovery from the 19th century. ready they send and receive electromagnetic waves, which thanks to particle physics, we know are also elementary particles, namely, photons,

cell phones operate using the electromagnetic force, describing the standard model of particle physics. the silicon based sensors and cell phones are based on the same principle as the detectors had to turn the symbol of the band odd enough to institute for tropical medicine. just north of the piers is a research center where more than 400 scientists research dangerous pathogens they study, for example, the exact blueprint a virus is using extremely high intensity x ray technology. body and holes in the hall research has the structure of sonya viruses. a group of dangerous pathogens introduced to central europe long ago by exotic insects of fun. yet, infection like the last a virus can be fatal. and there are currently no vaccines or effective drugs.

this is why the molecular structure of the new viruses needs to be completely decoded. first, we have to generate the biological sample for examinations. for example, we need protein crystals for x ray analysis, l 5, because a single protein is not enough for the food and it's the sample has to meet the certain conditions for crystallization to be possible at all. we can easily see cells under normal optical microscope. so we can see protein, gosh, for this we need particle physics, which helps us to make even the smallest atomic unit i'm visible. above, i'm high. the cell cultures are swirled for 2 days at around $27.00 degrees to supply them with as much oxygen as possible. this is important for the production of the protein under the optical microscope, monthly of holes in tall checks, whether the examples are suitable for further analysis. if

a green shimmering signal forms in the cells they have produced the desired protein . before the sample can be examined and a particle accelerator, the proteins are sorted by size. we can see the separation of proteins quite clearly. here to use of the messing of this protein signal is shown in blue. you finish, it's a nice strong signal james. and our target protein is in the peak here. so we can select which cubes were the target protein as well separated from all the other items. that will be our, your sample and we can continue working with it. in the final step, the target protein from the cold room is mixed with various chemicals to grow of protein crystals. this can take days or weeks.

busy unfortunately, animates students, proteins are not visible under an optical microscope. we need x ray crystallography to see these proteins, these building blocks of viruses in the finest detail, using the support. and these are protein crystals that have for him to phone time. they vary in size into a very nice, straight edges and fish, which shows their high quality last segment size is one of one qualitative with a kind of miniature last. so she fishes out the best crystals and stores them in a container filled with liquid nitrogen via holes in 12 and takes them to daisy, the german electron synchrotron in the west of humboldt. this is also home to the center for structural systems biology. c, s. s b for short. the biology, chemistry, medicine and physics research teams work together here in the field of infection biology. right next to the css b building is

a huge experiment. all. it is directly connected to a particle accelerator. the 3rd generation of deposit from an electron tandem ring accelerator. petra, 3 for short. petra 3 is a particle accelerator and one of the wide strongest x ray generators. it allows researchers to examine the smallest samples like the tiny crystals from the band hot enough to institute. the minds based firm by on tech has also used to petra 3 to investigate the effectiveness and messenger capability of all are in a vaccines the packets of electrons flying through the 2.3 kilometer particle accelerator ring at near light speed, the special magnets force them into a snaking cash causing them to emit high intensity and highly focused x rays.

these x rays are millions of times more intense than those from conventional sources. and up to $5000.00 times finer than a human hair. the, the x rays pass through some 50 measuring stations in several experiments halls where the sample from the band hall no institute is now being further examined. here mounting a hose in tall meats, structural biologist christiane live. hello, maria. i found my sample set up a little bit of fun on this and i've even pull ahead please tell me lou researches how the human body absorbs and transports nutrients and medications.

uses crystallography to study the structures of the molecules responsible for transport. this is how protein crystallography works. to be able to visualize the 3 d structure of proteins with atomic level precision. finally focused x rays are beams through the rotating cultivated crystal. the regularly arranged crystal structures deflect the x rays and create a characteristic pattern on a detector. the, the proteins 3 d structure can be determined from the position and intensity of the various light spots produced. knowledge of the structure can now help and developing new drugs that target precisely where pathogens such as the bone you virus are vulnerable.

the samples from the band hot enough to institute have been measured. and the radiation collected in the detector has been converted into a 3 d structural animation. protein crystallography has greatly advanced and accelerated massey, of holes in tall and fist down loops research. yeah. maybe it's possible to develop a drug just by seeing whether it inhibits virus growth on cells that 500 percent, but it's very time consuming and you usually don't really understand why a drug works. the way it does, i'm assume that i'm in our case using elementary particles, and we can find out exactly how we drug works or design a drug to stop certain mechanisms from your stuff. developing such a drug is one of just download permissions. atomically precise protein imaging helps him enormously because messenger proteins direct drugs to the parts of the

body where the active ingredient is supposed to work in the to what do you see in the method it's available here on campus and picture 3 in particular, move to this made it possible to investigate these messenger systems in the 1st place, the how we work with tiny crystal at this time and only with a strong x ray beam can we determine that structures is to 2 and these are the developments of these methods has been an absolute milestone structural biology, traditional food in the long to send troops developing small molecules to combat specific proteins this, this tiny molecule connecting inspection, the crystallography is measuring accuracy is helping researchers to keep pace with the rapid spread of previously on researched viruses. you know, how is the detective doing everything works for just a few 100 meters away at daisy, we once again meet particle physicists, christiane finding backup. he and his team are analyzing the data from the

particle collisions at sir and in geneva, where proteins are again being collided on the 1st day of the humble team is video linked to the control room of the c m. s. experiment sean, and back as team and germany now continuously checks the quality of the collision. data from switzerland is english t, a life spit out from the top. nomic team ethics, payment, we now see and live images of the data collection of the cmc. is there a man's seat and the protons collided here in the middle of the detector to get and stand all these particles or fragments from the collision and have left a lot of traces in the detector. image just like a jet leaves, a trail of condensation in the sky. he's in doesn't he said these are the green lines here. and so is this, these red and blue dogs represent the particles measure the energy cloud pointed.

in these precision analyses, data on known elementary particles is separated from what could possibly indicate new particles. and not only that, must them up by it is not much splits the ceiling submissive and sometimes we do both things and applies. and we precisely measure the particles we know and try to learn from the deviations we find at even thing it act like we also actively search for new particles that could help to explain things. what sense and like like the fact that tight you find that sense of the universe. he's doc nasa and only 15 percent and he's non mass us the nations and molecules and for the sun to stand up monday. that ties like in this job and i put black beans in the dark mass, us and white beans for known method. i see it as a smile to everything that's black. when that is what we don't understand by simple one and that's doc match material, and that's what we're looking for. and as a spots, it's one of the biggest mysteries in science and system to material. and that's who

can be assigned to the course that i have for the individual stuff. but what exactly is this dark matter that particle, physicists like chris john shining back, are looking for in numerous experiments. physicists have already proven that dark matter exist, and that it makes up 85 percent of all matter in the universe. but they have no idea what it is made of the. the search for dark matter is the search for what holds our entire universe together. 6 6 because without it, our galaxy, for example, the milky way would fly apart the planets journey around their star, the gravitational mass of which keeps them in their orbits. stars in turn orbit around the center of their galaxy. theoretically the further away

a celestial body is from its center of gravity, the slower it should move. but measurements have shown that the outer stars of the milky way move much faster than expected, or calculated astrophysics explains it this way. our galaxy consists of much more matter and then what is visible. and this invisible matter or dark matter also exerts a gravitational pull one, the celestial bodies, so that they can move faster without the ring out of orbit. the researchers are using various methods to search for the as yet unknown dark matter particles. not only with underground detectors and particle accelerators, but also with telescopes in space. in the search for dark matter, there is even an experiment in which light is supposed to penetrate

a solid wall. the box a little heads, the helps experiment which is set up in a roughly 300 meter long straight section of the hair. a tunnel at daisy in humble outs, stands for any light particle search. lemme is a particle physicist that daisy and devises novel particle physics experiments. a team of more than 200 specialists has developed and built the entire lp's facility of daisy over a period of 12 years. it is the 1st experiment worldwide in which very light particles of dark matter could be produced and detected in the laboratory. to do this, light would have to pass through an opaque wall,

which is technically impossible. void and your construct, no trying to find something completely new. name doc, my talk with doing this by attempting things that shouldn't actually work once a. so like this was showing a flashlight on the wall, or it's normally not to go through the funds. we use much more elaborate methods, and it's a beautiful task it through the alternator. and then we can only explain by the existence of a new form, but not don't spots. ok. so we're examining what we think is impossible to see if it's possible, after all, the, what if it's is do we have found something completely? i mean, most of us customers in the alps experiment laser light will be amplified by a factor of 10000 and a type of micro chamber. the light will then pass through a strong of medic field m theory. a photon or light particle could be transformed into an axiom. as the new elementary particle will be cold if it can be detected.

the laser light would be stopped by the wall. but the axial on would simply pass through because nothing can stop dark matter. in the magnetic field on the other side, the axial and should be transformed back into a photon. more like a detector would measure the light particle that seems to have passed through the wall. the transformations, if they occur at all, would be extremely rare. ready the detector must therefore be able to recognize a few photons per day. if it succeeds, a new dark matter particle will have been found, which would be a sensational discovery. because isaac's pelham in familiar success is the fulfillment of a technological golf course. so i'm very certain that all helps experiments will succeed in the nature of been assigned if you will find doc match. i don't have to

no one knows how long it will take to solve the mystery of dark matter. the but the large number of particle physics experiments worldwide makes new discoveries more and more likely the, with the very tangible benefits and there be some. so what if we look back is we see the book really hands on well together, electricity, very electromagnetic. while you have the internet one x rice, i just came from completely from fall factual groundbreaking. we're search in to complete new things. especially if he's a guy, is this one months with a she has a possibility is this is the, it's sometimes hard to explain what you're actually doing. i assume is because see of the particles. you can't see them. you can't tell you still smell them. but i

still think it's important to research these elementary particles. ultimately, it's the only way to understand where we've come from her steam english nets, and this will have to come in or the physics physics. there's nothing more, less than applied to high school philosophy. you couldn't, we can explain it well and we know how to approach it. it's already working really, it would be a more competitive employee, precision cosmologies and precision pulse school physics here. so talk them outside is still a michigan region because when we have a complete picture of how we actually came into the well that just the fundamental questions from the philosophy is supposed to meet them to an attachment is because the thing that so fascinating about particle physics, we might these that we can describe these complex mess up everything that surrounds us in terms of the elementary particles and kind of by monday. so i'm trusting you all, most thinking someone must have been clever enough to formulate how well to well develop entry particles relatively simple in the mean time attach investors almost like it was planned to try and cut. and i think i'm desktop relaunched again. and i

am testing the, the move, the private companies all ready to go off the move in safety. he is the has the gun again. but this time it's not just about so should we have re thing the moon has to offer as big money at stake, made in germany. in 30 minutes on d, w, the

crises around everything is connected. mapped out shows the do you see the on the board is what makes things the way they are and all the solutions mapped out. navigating a changing world. now on youtube loading away when it's 40 degrees celsius in the shade can be deadly during times of climate. change i asked where hers, what was the most difficult part of their job? uniformly, they spoke about she being the most difficult part of their jobs. men described it as a feeling of drowning. the sky was melting and you couldn't read. how do rising

temperatures change from different parts of the world? in fennel, march 15th on dw, the this is dw you use, and these are all top stories. the winehouse is announced $300000000.00 in mid $38.00 for ukraine to move side steps. the u. s congress where republicans have been stalling a much bigger aid package. their systems will be the 1st and months from the us was announced as president biden host and polish leaders in washington. the ships carrying $200.00 tons of food for gas has left the cypress. after being held up for days.