viola math says it made thousands to us thousands of improvements to stop it since it's 1st to test flights last year. both of those losses just minutes before the low income and without your up to date. thanks so much for watching dw, the votes. people have to say the that's why we listen to based on the record. every weekend on d, w, the our universe, our planet earth, and even ourselves,

everything is made up of the same components of elementary particles. if we take a person and a chair and break them down into their components, we find adams and within them, electrons. clarks include ones. without elementary particles, there would be no stable atoms. everything would fall apart. they literally hold the world together. elementary particles are not only the basic components of all matter. some can even penetrate any form of matter. the book is home to daisy, the german electron synchrotron, one of the world's largest fun,

the mental physics research centers. more than 2000 scientists from over 40 countries work here. the particle, physicists cause challenge finding bag that takes us into the enormous tunnel system below the daisy grounds. funding becca is one of the world's most renowned particle physicists, a professor at the university of humbled and lead scientists that daisy has only some parts of the tunnel are still being used for experiments. our team is allowed to film there. if i'm just, when does the we going on the ground to the hair acceleration? it's the largest exhilarates of the gym and he has to have a bill i'm getting in touch. anyone entering the tunnel needs an oxygen unit for safety and has to report in by telephone system from the christy in front and back. hello. ok. i'm entering the here. it's on the look here. a west going

towards hear a noise. i'm not behind the door is the heart of particle physics at daisy. the hair of tunnel hair stands for head drawn electron ring accelerator. the your eyes, so long. definitely. you're fine. a problem with something i'm some and then the camera is so long. you need to bind to get from one experiment to another, it's fine and you can see that it isn't actually a ring. you can get me riding through a straight section now on the electrons. and protons are accelerated through the straight sections. then the, the tunnel slowly starts to coach here, deposit cool beans onto accelerated in the section, just redirect it and hit the proton vein travels in the launch of a vacuum tube. and the electron beam goes through the lowest storage ring in the opposite direction. and if we were to travel much, much further,

we'd eventually come out of the could and see how this electron too much is with the product onto the electrons. a show that the protons in the next to tech, to the port on control center for the protons burst and released new elementary particles. what physics is aiming for with these particle collisions is the reconstruction of the beginning of space and time. the reconstruction of the big bank, our universe emerged from a huge explosion, some 13800000000 years ago. particle physics has not yet succeeded in pinpointing the actual moment. but it can look back to a 1000000 of a 1000000000 of a 2nd after the big bang. the debate about whether indivisible particles could exist goes back to the ancient

greeks. some 2500 years ago. the greek philosopher, democritus, among others, called them adams from the ancient greek to most meaning, indivisible. the debate continued until 1911, when it was 1st experimentally proven that adams themselves are indeed divisible. adams consist of electronic neutrons and protons. the term elementary particles 1st appeared in the 1930 in the 2nd half of the 20th century. teams from the us and daisy and humboldt, among others, were finally able to demonstrate that protons and neutrons are also divisible and consist of corks and blue ones. the standard model of particle physics lists for groups of known elementary particles. the court group consist of 6 particles in total, the, to the left tons, including electronics and new ones,

also comprises 6 particles. the, the group of gauge bows on the forced particles currently includes 4 types, including blue ones and photons. finally, there are the scalar bones. so far physics knows of only one elementary particle in this group. the higgs both on detected in 2012. it is the most recent addition to the particle family, the berlin, the noise museum. we meet the nina level, the curator of egyptian and oriental pye. right. the she takes us to the pirates collection. some of the oriental and ancient egyptian manuscripts on display here were originally rolled up or folded like these amulets. so

far they've had to be painstakingly unrolled and unfolded by him. popularly isn't the wonderful guy right or very fragile. when we want to open a piece to our pirates conservator decides if it's possible, or if a package like this one, for example, will follow the parts interesting. i was and pieces. of course, we don't want us out just interest interest me some 60000 pi ryan, the other manuscripts are stored in excavation boxes from 19 o 7. back then huge quantities of such artifacts were found during excavations on the la funding island and the nile river. with conservators, sophie elizabeth, but tell needs that hannah lisa is looking for a pi right whose contents might be deciphered by means of particle physics without unfolding or damaging them. using a handheld x ray machine develops jointly with businesses. tom's eva hodge mancha.

they have found a pirates packet that could have been printed with iron containing ink, and have decided to scan the document with even more powerful x rays. this is done at the helm, holds the center for materials and energy in berlin's bonds, a district to be as specializes in time. a graphic imaging of a wide range of materials for the pirates pack it from the egyptian museum draws on the pioneering research of a well known german physicist the vill him corner the homepage and discover x rays at the end of the 19th century. shortly after he succeeded in capturing the 1st images, revolutionizing medical diagnostics and earning him the nobel prize in physics. for the 1st time, it was possible to visualize the bone structure of a living being without surgical intervention

the, the principal is relatively simple. x rays are produced by the rapid acceleration of electronics that is, elementary particles the, the dense or the material. the less radiation can penetrate. it's very dense material like bone appears, white in the x ray fluids and soft tissue like fat or muscle, are less dense, and so appear great. the organs containing large amounts of air, like the lungs allowed the majority of the rays through and appear black in the image . while x rays can be harmful to living beings, they have long been proven tool for non destructive testing and materials research . of the same size in police department and joyce

accessing done the x rays pulse through vis franklin and then hit the detector team . let me take a whole series of images, not just one of the 90 guns. we rotate the sample once 3360 degrees. what i'm gonna call it a projection of very many, very different angles. they ask you this way that we can generate a 3 d reconstruction of the volume philadelphia. and that's ideal because the scan only takes a few minutes and delivers a numerous 3 dimensional x ray images of the pirates packet. but the writing inside can still not be read. this is where scientists from the to the institute in berlin step in the mathematician, daniel about him and his team have develop software that can virtually own a full the pirates packet. he traces the individual layers in the 3 d model with

the mouse. the computer programs in virtually assembles the many x ray images into a flat surface. the structure of the plant fibers is clearly visible. finally, the image data from the x ray image is transferred to the, virtually on the folded piracy and distinct characters appear on the screen. you can see the progress library is really well up to the handle level is versed in 15 oriental scripts and language is from different heroes, including higher radek or coptic romance and arabic because of some model negotiated. a few was false on gifts and a few words visit the 1st time in the history of tyra's research. and we can read about pirates virtually. it's vicky without having to physically open it up. honestly, this is really sensational. this piece here is a complex texas. here is a p which is the masculine article, then this symbol, now not freak. how do i call this as i'm not size?

it's just a joy on for just those put joy in to me way. oh lord, jesus christ as the quotes from this is the short form for lord jesus christ and early christianity, out of my hand. a wonderful example of the fact that early christianity and personal piety existed on elephant team system from perhaps as early as the 4th century. when the game had been remembered, there seemed to be folded amulet that someone would have carried with them the monthly like spiders. thanks to physics and i t, some aspects of christianity's early history can now be rewritten. the geneva, the european organization for nuclear research for cern is the world's largest research center in the field of particle physics. here at the swiss border with france almost 20000 scientists from all over the world have been researching the

properties of elementary particles. since 1954 we made german particle businesses to close down front and back again. its r and p is regularly in switzerland to monitor experiments. yes, this is an overview of the launch hadron collider. we here on the sun sonic, and then at the certain score is the large hadron collider. the world's largest particle accelerator. the ring shaped tunnel is almost 100 meters below ground. alice think i can just, i know flash advice, have stuff on my side of the street as you know really starts with the buffalo of hydrogen. when that's hydrogen consists of one pro tillman, one electrons on the 1st, the electron is extracted, and then the proton goes into a linear accelerator where it's energy is increasing. so half the speed of life finally got in uninspired and solve a signing of the emotional. give me the price on this,

then said $33.00 more. pre exhilarates is a simple finally being directed into the large hadron collider, and that's where it's accelerated to near light, to be done alphabetically, caught in that the bush line is pad. another of 5 police explain this type. in the collider. protons are accelerated in opposite directions and shot at each other at 4 points in the ring at almost the speed of light. with 4 huge detectors measured the collisions i know these are the ductwork and one of the east cool to see a mess detector is located directly opposite this the inside and so on. the other side of the ring i did is i think that's where we're going. now back in may of c m. s stands for compact and one solenoid. and it is one of the most exciting physics experiments of our time. here in the c m. s. control room,

the experiments collisions are coordinated and monitored other physicists from all over the world are connected in real time. including a scientific team from daisy in humble humbug. will some 4000 researchers from 55 countries worldwide are involved and the see a mess. experiment seamless experiment is at the large hadron collider. and it's an experiment to look at the fundamental building blocks of matter and understanding the fundamental forces in the universe and to learn more about how the universe was created. it's taking place at certain because i has the most powerful accelerator in the world right now. and it's also a community that brings together institutes from all around the world and the expertise for them to, to really the advanced field of particles. in 2012 researchers that sir and

achieve their greatest success to date experimental proof of the long sought higgs' bows on it was named after british physicist peter higgs, who concurrently with his french colleague false. why on last described of the properties of the as yet unknown particle? the 2 or jointly awarded the nobel prize in physics and 2013 today is unusual through the proton. collisions of the underground tunnel have been stopped in order to do maintenance work on the late fee for its detectors. this kind of your last kind of might, it's how you doing. this is a diagram of the see a method to take to take to concede doesn't normally the protons would be colliding in the center of the detector. right now. time kind of put, but there aren't any protons in the collider at the moment that will buy skins. in

these attach and here's what we see instead of these particles here, which a cold calls make new ones, you know, who end up producing cosmic rays at a tech to investigate possibly nearly through the detector. and so the detector reconstructed something non linear, and then we would know that it was out of alignment and needed to be corrected to all of them. so we use these close make new ones to calibrate down to take to very precisely fiction and appreciate the parentheses, this difference the cost of the because there are no particle collisions today we're allowed into the 100 meter deep detector room. this would otherwise not be possible as harmful radiation could be released during operation if it's 15, if it takes to that as a test may ask, but it takes to into who can i give you?

the c m s to take the here is the heaviest detector. in high energy physics investigate the 65 percent heavy of the meal hotel on what we can see increased with the protons come from here and also from behind. and then they collide in the middle of the detect uh tech. when they collide, they practically explode on and then we analyze the fragments and see another z. and then the polk stick a proton collisions release, new elementary particles like both arms, left tons and clarks, which can then be measured in the c a mess detector. by identifying the particles produced in each collision, measuring their momentum trajectories and energies and then piecing together all the information the scientists can recreate and describe what actually happens during the collision. the she says allow.

and then let's see. and this is an equal funding, e. and this allows me to visit starting the micro causing the policy cool effects and you have the give me a might, if it's fascinating that and if it's a more you learned about it's micro cause a man because the more you understand about the big picture with name the origin of the universe when you've as on by monday, monday, put when 2 protons collide for a fraction of a 2nd time the collision recreate the conditions that the big bang the house had. some of the defect box and the we can simulate these clocks and glue owns and swimming around. do me cycles mix sued by shooting protons, that each of them with incredibly high energy. and i've only seen these kinds of a n a d off. and then the see if it's mike traveling back in time to the origin, devalue universe and steals. this is the leave as when the protons collide, the elementary particles that shoot off in all directions, leave their traces and the individual segments of the detector. and these traces

are translated into a huge phone use of digital data. it all happens in this underground computer room, where all the data from the c a mass detector is received as far standard and seem as to take the key to imagine packets made off of 100000000000 protocol. and so she also to each other in the c, m. s. to take them uh, was it. does that mean you know, once but $40000000.00 pack in the 2nd case it interfere with each collision of these packets. some 60 protons collide with all the protons and the impact release, hundreds and thousands of articles from titanium psychiatric then letting them to take to else can i'm totally different particles are recorded by the detector. then that is if it's a cottage and in this room picked up a lease, a physical signal from the collisions in the to take. so we have in digitize

studies that cornerstone and all of these a lot of data. so huge files that we have to pre select in the field around the information we can use, at least from an item. it's fine. otherwise we can store. so this one is a dock and falls alex yet on, on that if you are missing, christie and them direct from all the pyramids of visa on the outskirts of the egyptian capital cairo were built to stand for a turn, a deep and are indeed the only remaining wonder of the ancient world. how many chambers are hidden inside the 3 pyramids is still a mystery. the 3 main chambers among others have already been discovered. but researchers are certain, there must be more, perhaps even the body and the burial artifacts of the pharaoh key ups will be found the since 2015 teams of researchers from japan and france have been using

particle physics to study the 3 pyramids of visa using move on imaging, they are reconstructing their inner structure without damaging a single stone. the in the standard model of particle physics milan belong to the group of left dogs. new ones are formed in the upper layers of the atmosphere when particles of cosmic radiation collide with air molecules. the particles which travel at almost the speed of light even penetrate large masses of stone. around $10000.00 new ones hit every square meter of the earth. every minute at sea level, the scanners detect the ones that constantly race through the structure. those that pass through many stone blocks lose a lot of energy and leave

a relatively weak trace on the scanners. but if the new ones flow through hollow space, they lose less energy forming a stronger image on the scanners. in this way, they reveal the internal structure of the pyramids and helped to discover previously hidden treasure chambers and other rooms without having to move a single stone. in 2017, the research teams made a spectacular discovery using new one imaging a previously unknown, 30 meter long chamber in the great pyramid. the one scanning has also proven its worth and inspecting the contaminated food. go seem a nuclear reactor in japan. engineers can examine the condition and integrity of the power plants, outer shell, from a greater distance, without having to physically enter the immediate highly radioactive zone.

the blue on imaging is also used in bulk analogy, where the flow of elementary particles reveals the underground structure of volcanoes. this enables a kind of early warning system for potential volcanic eruptions. but the flow of elementary particles can not only illuminate matter, but also transmit information. cellular phones are based on a discovery from the 19th century. they send and receive electromagnetic waves, which thanks to particle physics, we know are also elementary particles, namely photons. cellphones operate using the electromagnetic force describing the standard model of particle physics. busy the

silicon based sensors and cell phones are based on the same principle as the detectors had to turn the symbol of the ban odd enough to institute for tropical medicine. just north of the piers is a research center where more than 400 scientists research dangerous pathogens they study, for example, the exact blueprint a virus is using extremely high intensity x ray technology. body and holes in the hall research has the structure of bonia viruses. a group of dangerous pathogens introduced to central europe long ago by exotic insects of fun. yet, infection like the last a virus can be fatal. and there are currently no vaccines or effective drugs. this is why the molecular structure of vanya viruses needs to be completely decoded

. first, we have to generate the biological sample for examinations. for example, we need protein crystals for x ray analysis, l 5, because a single protein is not enough for the food and that the sample has to meet certain conditions for crystallization to be possible at all. we can easily see cells under a normal optical microscope. so we can see protein finish dash for this we need particle physics, which helps us to make even the smallest atomic unit i, visible above the cell cultures are swirled for 2 days at around $27.00 degrees to supply them with as much oxygen as possible. this is important for the production of the protein under the optical microscope, monthly of holes in tall checks, whether the examples are suitable for further analysis. if a green shimmering signal forms in the cells they have produced the desired protein

. before the sample can be examined and a particle accelerator, the proteins are sorted by size. we can see the separation of proteins quite clearly here to use of the messing this protein signal is shown in blue. you see miss, it's a nice strong signal james. and our target protein is in the peak here. so we can select which cubes were the target protein as well separated from all the other items. and that will be our, your sample and we can continue working with it. in the final step, the target protein from the cold room is mixed with various chemicals to grow of protein crystals. this can take days or weeks. busy unfortunately, no, i'm its students, proteins are not visible under an optical microscope. we need x ray crystallography

to see these proteins, these building blocks of viruses in the finest detail, using the supports in the zip codes and crystals that have for him to phone time. they vary in size and have very nice straight edges and tests which shows their high quality, vast, save in size, and for the one quantity it with a kind of miniature last. so she fishes, now the best crystals and stores them in a container filled with liquid nitrogen monthly and holes in 12 and takes them to daisy, the german electron synchrotron in the west of humboldt. this is also home to the center for structural systems biology. c, s. s b for short. the biology, chemistry, medicine and physics research teams work together here in the field of infection biology. right next to the css b building is

a huge experiment. all. it is directly connected to a particle accelerator. the 3rd generation of deposit from an electron tandem ring accelerator. petra, 3 for short. petra 3 is a particle accelerator and one of the wide strongest x ray generators. it allows researchers to examine the smallest samples like the tiny crystals from the band hot enough to institute. the minds based firm by on tech has also used petra 3 to investigate the effectiveness and messenger capability of all are in a vaccines the packets of electron slide through the 2.3 kilometer particle accelerator ring at near light speed, the special magnets force them into a snaking pass causing them to admit high intensity and highly focused x rays.

these x rays are millions of times more intense than those from conventional sources. and up to $5000.00 times finer than a human hair. the, the x rays passed through some 50 measuring stations in several experiments halls where the sample from the band hall no institute is now being further examined. here mounting a hose in tall meats, structural biologist, christie. i live on the right. yeah, that sounds my sample over the phone on this and i've even prepared it please tell me lou researches how the human body absorbs and transport to nutrients and medications. the uses crystallography. to study the structures of the molecules responsible for

transport this is how protein crystallography works. to be able to visualize the 3 d structure of proteins with atomic level precision, highly focused x rays are beamed through the rotating cultivated crystal. the regularly arranged crystal structures deflect the x rays and create a characteristic pattern on a detector. the, the proteins 3 d structure can be determined from the position and intensity of the various light spots produced. knowledge of the structure can now help in developing new drugs that target precisely where pathogens such as the bone your virus are vulnerable. the samples from the band hot enough to institute have been measured and the

radiation collected in the detector has been converted into a 3 d structural animation. protein crystallography has greatly advanced and accelerated massey of holes in tall and fist down loops research. yeah, maybe it's possible to develop a drug just by seeing whether it inhibits virus growth on cells that tied him to the present. but it's very time consuming and you usually don't really understand why a drug works the way it does. in our case, using elementary particles, we can find out exactly how we drug works or design a drug to stop certain mechanisms. stop. developing such a drug is one of this, john loves submissions. the atomically precise protein imaging helps him enormously because messenger proteins direct the drugs to the parts of the body where the active ingredient is supposed to work in mutual. what do you see in the method?

it's available here on campus and petra, 3 in particular move and this made it possible to investigate these messenger systems in with us by the help we work with tiny crystal at this time and only with the strong x ray beam. can we determine the structures useful to and these are the developments of these methods has been an absolute milestone structural biology. traditional food in the long term. it leads to send troops developing small molecules to combat specific proteins. this, this tiny molecules getting inspection the 14 and 16 crystallography is measuring accuracy is helping researchers to keep pace with the rapid spread of previously own researched viruses. you know, how is the detective doing everything works for just a few 100 meters away at daisy, we once again meet particle physicists, christiane funding back up the key. and his team are analyzing the data from the

particle collisions at sir and in geneva, where proteins are again being collided on the list as the homewood team is video link to the control room of the c m. s. experiment sean and back as team and germany now continuously checks the quality of the collision data from switzerland using its t a life spit out from the top nomic team s experiment. we now see and live images of the data collection at the c. m. s. experiments, it's the protons collided here in the middle of the detector. and all these particles are fragments from the collision. since i've left a lot of traces in the detector a minute just like a jet leaves a trailer condensation in the sky. he's in doesn't, he said these are the green lines here. and so was this to these red and blue dogs represent the particles and measure the energy cloud task. in these precision analyses,

data on known elementary particles is separated from what could possibly indicate new particles. and not only that, i messed him up by this, i must, puts a ceiling smith some some tides and we do both of them and applies. and we precisely measure the particles we know and try to learn from the deviations we find at even thing act like we also actively search for new particles that could help to explain things. what sense and like like the fact that tight you find that sense of the universe. he's doc nasa and only 15 percent and he's non mass us, the nations and molecules. it's designed to stand up monday that ties like in these john and i put black beans in for doc nasa and white things for known method. i see it as this file. everything that's black. when that is what we don't understand. why is that the one that, that's doc match material and that's what we're looking for and assess spots. it's one of the biggest mysteries in science and system to material. and that's who can be assigned to the course that i have for the individuals have. but what exactly is

this dark matter that particle, physicists like chris john shawn and beg a are looking for in numerous experiments. physicists have already proven that dark matter exist, and that it makes up 85 percent of all matter in the universe. but they have no idea what it is made of the the search for dark matter is the search for what holds our entire universe together. 6 because without it or galaxy, for example, the milky way would fly apart the planets journey around their star, the gravitational mass of which keeps them in their orbits. stars in turn orbit around the center of their galaxy. theoretically, the further away of celestial body is from its center of gravity. the slower it

should move. but measurements have shown that the outer stars of the milky way move much faster than expected, or calculated astrophysics explains that this way. our galaxy consists of much more matter and then what is visible. and this invisible matter or dark matter also exerts a gravitational pull one, the celestial bodies, so that they can move faster without the ring out of orbit. the researchers are using various methods to search for the as yet unknown dark matter particles. not only with underground detectors and particle accelerators, but also with telescopes in space. in the search for dark matter, there is even an experiment in which light is supposed to penetrate a solid wall. the

excellent heads the helps experiment which is set up in a roughly 300 meter long straight section of the hair. a tunnel at daisy in humble outs stands for any light particle search lemma is a particle physicist that daisy and devises novel particle physics experiments. a team of more than 200 specialists has developed and built the entire lp's facility of daisy over a period of 12 years. it is the 1st experiment worldwide in which very light particles of dark matter could be produced and detected in the laboratory. to do this, light would have to pass through an opaque wall, which is technically impossible. voyage comes 1st and we're trying to find

something completely new. name doc montage with doing this by attempting things that shouldn't actually work once a. so like this was showing a flashlight on the wall or a normally know how to get through the funds. we use much more elaborate method. it was kind of a pitiful task it through the wall alternator. and then we can only explain the existence of a new form of my tongue and control spots i can. so we're examining what we think is impossible to see if it's possible. after all, if it's is, do we have found something completely on you know, in the alps experiment, laser light will be amplified by a factor of $10000.00 and a type of micro chamber. the light will then pass through a strong of medic field m theory. a photon or light particle could be transformed into an axiom. as the new elementary particle will be cold if it can be detected, the laser light would be stopped by the wall. but the axial on would

simply pass through because nothing can stop dark matter in the magnetic field on the other side, the axial and should be transformed back into a photon. more like a detector would measure the light particle that seems to have passed through the wall. the transformations, if they occur at all, would be extremely rare. the detector must therefore be able to recognize a few photons per day. if it succeeds a new dark matter particle will have been found, which would be a sensational discovery. because i have to experiment for me as a success as the fulfillment of a technological goal. so i'm very certain that all helps experiments will succeed. and the nature of the sign, if you will find dark matter to the no one knows how long it will take to solve the mystery of dark matter.

the but the large number of particle physics experiments worldwide makes new discoveries more and more likely the, with the very tangible benefits and there be some. so what this is a back is we see the really hands on well together electricity, very electromagnetic way, on the internet, one x rays, i just came from complete, vol, factual, groundbreaking. we're search in to completely new things, especially physically is this one months for she has the possibilities. this is the, it's sometimes hard to explain what you're actually doing. items, you can see it upon the goals, you can see them. so you can't tell you still smell them, but i still think it's important to research these elementary particles. ultimately,

it's the only way to understand where we've come for on a steam english that's and this will have to come in a physics. physics is nothing more or less than apply to that school philosophy. you couldn't, we can explain it well and we know how to approach it. it's already working really where you're more competitive, imply precision, cosmetology and precision. paul school physics here, so talk them out to is still a michigan region because when, when have a complete picture of how we actually came into the well, that's just the fundamental questions from the philosophy. the supposed to meet them to an attachment is because the thing that so fascinating about particle physics, we might these that we can describe these complex mess up everything that surrounds us just in terms of the elementary particles and kind of by monday. so i'm trusting you all, most thinking someone must have been clever enough to formulates how well to world of elementary particles, relatively simple in the mean time attaching upstairs. almost like it was planned to try and cut, and i think i'm just not released. again, cassondra,

i am testing the into the conflict. so with jim sebastian presidential elections in russia of the usual full conclusion with nothing left to chop. not even the desk in jail of the leading opposition figure. i'll explain about me. my guess is the russian commentator andre collectively so heads autonomy. he rushing yours just center in moscow was nevada. is such a serious, correct? he had to be to come fix that in 30 minutes. on the w. the mirror will tell you

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this is the w news live from ballad jam and will make his back chancellor shots, his decision note to send taurus myself to you, cried they vote against an opposition motion to supply the vaults. cruise missiles to keep or lock charlotte insist doing so would risk pulling germany into the will side coming up, impose the red lines to our south south from both the red lines, but does not have a new red lines off the talks with thompson, the shell, it's vanessa wayne in prime minister in greed as she monita tells the w job and he should keep all options on the table. helping ukraine defend itself against russia's invasion.