the pod all is cease 5 clauses because of the militant islam is broke past, told mediate, is that the 1st stage? it's changed quickly to agree a dates for common intimacies by with and that's it. from me you're off to dates, i'll have uh, what is updated for you at the top of the of the can you see what cod tires have to do with you production? here's a hands on the really indeed the snow on youtube, the our

universe, our planet earth, and even ourselves. everything is made up of the same components of elementary particles. if we take a person and a chair and break them down into their components, we find adams and within them, electrons, quarks and clue wants. without elementary particles, there would be no stable atoms. everything would fall apart. they literally hold the world together. elementary particles are not only the basic components of all matter. some can even penetrate any form of matter. the book is home to daisy, the german electron synchrotron,

one of the world's largest fundamental physics research centers. more than 2000 scientists from over 40 countries work here. the particle, physicists because challenge funding becca takes us into the enormous tunnel system below the daisy grounds. funding becca is one of the world's most renowned particle physicists. a professor at the university of humble and lead scientist at daisy as only some parts of the tunnel are still being used for experiments. our team is allowed to film there. if i'm just going on the grounds to the hair acceleration, it's the largest accelerate to the gym and he has a have a bill i'm getting in touch anyone entering the tunnel needs an oxygen unit for safety and has to report in by telephone system from the christy and spun

and vega. hello, i'm entering the here a tunnel in here. a west going towards hear a noise. i'm not behind the door is the heart of particle physics at daisy. the hair, a tunnel hair stands for head drawn electron ring accelerator, the guys, so long, definitely have found a problem with something i'm some and then the camera is so long. you need a bike to get from one experiment to another. it's fine. and you can see that it isn't actually a ring, you can get me riding through a straight section now on the electrons, and protons are accelerated through the straight sections. then the, the tunnel slowly starts to coach in the particle beam. zoned accelerated in the section just redirected here. the proton bane travels in the launch of a vacuum tube and the like something goes through the lowest storage ring in the

opposite direction. and if we were to travel much, much further, we'd eventually come out of the code and see how this electron too much is with the product onto the electrons. a show to the protons in the next to tech, to the port on control center for the protons burst and release new elementary particles. what physics is aiming for with these particle collisions is the reconstruction of the beginning of space and time. the reconstruction of the big bank, our universe emerged from a huge explosion, some 13800000000 years ago. particle physics has not yet succeeded in pinpointing the actual moment. but it can look back to a millions of a 1000000000 of a 2nd after the big bang. the

debate about whether indivisible particles could exist goes back to the ancient greeks. some 2500 years ago. the greek philosopher, democritus, among others, called them adams from the ancient greek to most meaning, indivisible. the debate continued until 1911, when it was 1st experimentally proven that adams themselves are indeed divisible. adams consist of electronics, neutrons, and protons. the term elementary particles 1st appeared in the 19 thirties and the 2nd half of the 20th century teams from the us. and daisy and humboldt, among others, were finally able to demonstrate that protons and neutrons are also divisible and consist of corks and blue ones. the standard model of particle physics lists for groups of known elementary particles. the core group consists of 6 particles in

total. the left tons, including electrons and new ones, also comprises 6 particles. the. the group of gauge bows on the forest particles currently includes 4 types, including blue ones and photons. finally, there are the scalar bones. so far, physics nose have only one elementary particle in this group. the higgs both on detected in 2012. it is the most recent addition to the particle family, the berlin, the, the noise museum. we meet the nina level, the curator of egyptian and oriental pyar. right, the she takes us to the pirates collection. some of the oriental and ancient egyptian manuscripts on display here

were originally rolled up or folded like these amulets. so far they've had to be painstakingly unrolled and unfolded by him. the popularity isn't the wonderful guy right. or very fragile when we want to open a piece for pirates conservator decides if it's possible. or if a package like this one, for example, will follow the parts interesting 1000 pieces. of course you don't want us out just interest interest me. some 60000 pi ryan, the other manuscripts are stored in excavation boxes from 19 o 7 back then. huge quantities of such artifacts were found during excavations on the la funding island and the nile river with conservators, sophie elizabeth. but tell needs that hannah. alexa is looking for a pi right, whose contents might be deciphered by means of particle physics, without unfolding or damaging them. using

a handheld x ray machine develops jointly with businesses, tons, eva, hod mancha. they have found a pirates packet that could have been printed with iron containing ink, and have decided to scan the document with even more powerful x rays. this is done at the heading home center for materials and energy in berlin's funds . the district toby is specializes in time of graphic imaging of a wide range of materials for the pirates pack it from the egyptian museum draws on the pioneering research of a well known german physicist the vill him corner honkin discovered x rays at the end of the 19th century, shortly after he succeeded in capturing the 1st images, revolutionizing medical diagnostics and earning him the nobel prize in physics. for the 1st time, it was possible to visualize the bone structure of

a living being without surgical intervention the, the principal is relatively simple. x rays are produced by the rapid acceleration of electronics that is, elementary particles the, the dense or the material. the less radiation can penetrate. it's very dense material like bone appears, white in the x ray fluids and soft tissue like fat or muscle, are less dense, and so appear great. the organs containing large amounts of air, like the lungs allowed the majority of the rays through and appear black in the image . while x rays can be harmful to living beings, they have long been proven tool for not destructive testing and materials research

can 5 and please give us 5 mentioned toys. once testing done, the x rays pulse through this fragment and then hit the detect team. can we take a whole series of images, not just one of the 90 guns, we rotate the sample once 3360 degrees with a quote, a projection of very many, very different angles of f. you this way that we can generate a 3 d reconstruction of the volume with us. yeah. and that's why the other one is the scan only takes a few minutes and delivers numerous 3 dimensional x ray images of the pirates packet. but the writing inside can still not be read. this is where scientists from the to the institute in berlin step in the mathematician, daniel about him. and his team have developed software that can virtually own the full,

the pirates packet. he traces the individual layers in the 3 d model with the mouse . the computer programs in virtually assembles the many x ray images into a flat surface. the structure of the plan fibers is clearly visible. finally, the image data from the x ray image is transferred to the, virtually unfolded piracy and distinct characters appear on the screen. you can see the pirates fibers really well. the hand, the left is 1st and 15 oriental scripts and languages from different heroes, including higher radek or coptic, aromatic and arabic. we can somebody else model that you should have a few of those falls and gets and a few words. because the 1st time in the history of tyra's researching, we can read of a pirates virtually vicky without having to physically open it up. honestly, this is really sensational. this piece here is a complex texas, this here is

a p this which is the last to an article. then this symbol not not freak as a cop there. i called this as i'm not 5 and jo, a joy on project shows put joy in to me. wait. oh lord. jesus christ as the quotes from this is the short form for lord jesus christ and early christianity out of my hand. a wonderful example of the fact that early christianity and personal piety existed on elephant teams, perhaps as early as the 4th century. when the game had been remembered, this has to be folded amulet that someone would have carried with them the monthly like spices. thanks to physics and i t, some aspects of christianity's early history can now be rewritten. the geneva, the european organization for nuclear research for cern is the world's largest research center in the field of particle physics. here at the swiss border with

france almost 20000 scientists from all over the world have been researching the properties of elementary particles since 1954 we made german particle businesses because challenge funding back again. its r and p is regularly in switzerland to monitor experiments. yes, this is an overview of the launch hadron collider. we here on the sun side and then at the certain score is the large hadron collider. the world's largest particle accelerator. the ring shaped tunnel is almost 100 meters below ground. alice think i can just enough flash advice has stuff on my side of the street. so you know, really starts with the buffalo of hydrogen. when it's hydrogen consists of one pro tillman, one electrons on the 1st, the electron is extracted, and then the proton goes into a linear accelerator where it's energy is increase on yourself off the speed of

life. finally, go in and in spite and fall, but finding out that you must now like him. approach on this been said 33 more. pre exhilarates is a sequel, finally being directed into the large hadron collider. and that's where it's accelerated to near lights. they done alphabetically, caught in that the baseline is to have a fuss. please explain this type in the collider. protons are accelerated in opposite directions and shot at each other at 4 points in the ring at almost the speed of light. with 4 huge detectors measured the collisions and i know these are digital on one of these called the see. a mess detector is located directly opposite this the inside and sat on the other side of the ring. i did as i think that's where we're going. now back in may of c, m. s stands for compact and one solenoid. and it is one of the most exciting physics experiments of our time. here in the c m. s. control room. the

experiments collisions are coordinated and monitored other physicists from all over the world are connected in real time. including a scientific team from daisy and home board. i don't have a blog at all. some 4000 researchers from 55 countries worldwide are involved in the c a mess experiment. same us experiment is at the large hadron collider. and it's an experiment to look at the fundamental building blocks of matter and understanding the fundamental forces in the universe and to learn more about how the universe was created. it's taking place at certain because so it has the most powerful accelerator in the world right now. and it's also a community that brings together is to choose from all around the world and the

expertise for them to, to really advance the field a particle, f, as in 2012 researchers, etc, and achieve their greatest success to date, experimental proof of the long sought higgs bows on it was named after british physicist peter higgs, who concurrently with his french colleague false why on last described of the properties of the as yet unknown particle. the 2 or jointly awarded the nobel prize in physics and 2013 or today is unusual to drive the proton collisions and the underground tunnel have been stopped in order to do maintenance work on the late fee or its detectors. just kind of your last kind of might, it's how you doing this is a diagram of to see a mess. detect detector. can see the normally the protons would be colliding in the

center of the detector right now. time kind of put that there aren't any protons in the collider at the moment. it will buttons in these attach. and here's what we see instead of these particles here, which a cold calls make new ones you know who and to produce, didn't cosmic rays at at tech, to expedite possibly nearly through the detector. and so the detector reconstructed something non linear one, and then we would know that it was out of alignment and needed to be corrected to. and so we use these cause, make new ones to calibrate how to take to very precisely fiction. i've done a picture of the parentheses, this difference the cost of the because there are no particle collisions. today, we're allowed into the 100 meter deep detector room. this would otherwise not be possible as harmful radiation could be released during operation

if it's the same as the tech to that as a staff survey of for the tech to into who can i give you the c m. s to take the here is the heaviest detector in high energy physics invest 865 percent heavy of the meal hotel on what we can see through place that the protons come from here and also from behind. and then they collide in the middle of the detect uh tech. when they collide, they practically explode on and then we analyze the fragments and see i know the z and then the focus to the proton collisions release, new elementary particles like bose alms left tons and clarks, which can then be measured in the c a mess detector. by identifying the particles produced in each collision, measuring their momentum trajectories and energies and then piecing together all the information the scientists can recreate and describe what actually happens during the collision.

the things that allow. and then let's see. and this is an equal quentin e, and this allows me to visit study the micro causing the policy cool effects. and you have the give me a might, if it's fascinating that the more you learned about it's micro cause a man because the more you understand about the big picture with name, the origin of the universe, this when you've as on by monday, monday, put total into protons collide for a fraction of a 2nd time the collision recreate the conditions of the big bang. the house had some of the defect box and the we can simulate these clocks and glue owns and swimming around. do me cycles mix susie mountie by shooting price homes that each of them with incredibly high energy and 5 on the screen. these kinds of in that he opened on the scene. as it's mike traveling back in time to the origin, devalue universe and steals this is the leave as when the protons collide, the elementary particles that shoot off in all directions,

leave their traces and the individual segments of the detector. and these traces are translated into a huge phone use of digital data. it all happens in this underground computer room where all the data from the c a mess detector is received as far standard and seem as to take the key to imagine packets made off of 100000000000 protocol. and so she also to each other in the see a mess to take them. uh, was it like a month to then? does that mean you know, once but 40000000 pack in the 2nd, kate, that for the pm in your family beach collision of these packets. some 60 protons collide with on the protons and the impact. it's released hundreds and thousands of particles from titanium. psychiatric then limited tech to else can i'm only use different particles or recorded bind to detect to them because it fits accommodations and in this room picked up

a lease. a physical signal from the collisions in the detector may have been digitized settings that color on and off. when that is, if that these a lot of data. so huge files that we have to pre select in the field around the information we can use. and expires, otherwise we can store. so this one is it that in falls, alex yet when you are missing, christie and them direct of all the the pyramids of these um, on the outskirts of the egyptian capital cairo, were built to stand for a turn, a deep and are indeed the only remaining wonder of the ancient world. how many chambers are hidden inside the 3 pyramids is still a mystery. the 3 main chambers among others have already been discovered. but researchers are certain, there must be more, perhaps even the body and the burial artifacts of the pharaoh. key ups will be found the since 2015 teams of researchers from japan and france have

been using particle physics to study the 3 pyramids of visa using move on imaging. they are reconstructing their inner structure without damaging a single stone. the in the standard model of particle physics milan belong to the group of left on the lawns are formed in the upper layers of the atmosphere. when particles of cosmic radiation collide with air molecules. the particles which travel at almost the speed of light even penetrate large masses of stones around $10000.00 new ones, hit every square meter of the earth every minute at sea level, the scanners detect the ones that constantly race through the structure. those that

pass through many stone blocks lose a lot of energy and leave a relatively weak trace on the scanners. but if the move on slow through hollow space, they lose less energy forming a stronger image on the scanners. in this way, they reveal the internal structure of the pyramids and help to discover previously hidden treasure chambers and other rooms without having to move a single stone. in 2017, the research team is made a spectacular discovery using move on imaging. a previously unknown 30 meter long chamber in the great pyramid. milan scanning has also proven its worth and inspecting the contaminated for go seem a nuclear reactor in japan. engineers can examine the condition and integrity of the power plants, outer shell, from a greater distance,

without having to physically enter the immediate highly radioactive zone. the blue on imaging is also used in bulk analogy, where the flow of elementary particles reveals the underground structure of volcanoes. this enables a kind of early warning system for potential volcanic eruptions. but the flow of elementary particles can not only illuminate matter, but also transmit information. ready cellular phones are based on a discovery from the 19th century. ready they send and receive electromagnetic waves, which thanks to particle physics, we know are also elementary particles, namely photons. cellphones operate using the

electromagnetic force described in the standard model of particle physics. busy the silicon based sensors and cell phones are based on the same principle as the detectors had to turn the symbol of the band odd enough to institute for tropical medicine. just north of the piers is a research center where more than 400 scientists research dangerous pathogens they study, for example, the exact blueprint a virus is using extremely high intensity x ray technology. body and holes in the hall research has the structure of sonya viruses. a group of dangerous pathogens introduced to central europe long ago by exotic insects of sonya infection like the last a virus can be fatal. and there are currently no vaccines or effective drugs.

this is why the molecular structure of bunch of viruses needs to be completely decoded. first, we have to generate the biological sample for examinations. for example, we need protein crystals for x ray analysis, l 5, because a single protein is not enough for the food and it's the sample has to meet the certain conditions for crystallization to be possible at all. we can easily see cells under normal optical microscope. so we can see protein, gosh, for this we need her to call physics, which helps us to make even the smallest atomic unit i visible above. i'm high. the cell cultures are swirled for 2 days at around $27.00 degrees to supply them with as much oxygen as possible. this is important for the production of the protein under the optical microscope, monthly of holes in tall checks, whether the examples are suitable for further analysis. if

a green shimmering signal forms in the cells they have produced the desired protein . before the sample can be examined and a particle accelerator, the proteins are sorted by size. we can see the separation of proteins quite clearly here to use of the messing this protein signal is shown in blue. you finish, it's a nice strong signal james. and our target protein is in the peak here then. so we can select which cubes were the target protein as well separated from all the other items. that will be our, your sample and we can continue working with it. in the final step, the target protein from the cold room is mixed with various chemicals to grow of protein crystals. this can take days or weeks.

busy time unfortunately, no mouth's been screwed. teams are not visible under an optical microscope. we need x ray crystallography to see these proteins, these building blocks of viruses in the fine is detail using the support. and these are the protein crystals that have form to phone time. they vary in size and have very high street edges and fish, which shows their high quality, vast, save in size, and for the one quantity it with a kind of miniature last. so she fishes, now the best crystals and stores them in a container filled with liquid nitrogen via holes in tall vin takes them to daisy, the german electron synchrotron in the west of hum board. this is also home to the center for structural systems biology. c, s. s b for short. the biology, chemistry, medicine and physics research teams work together here in the field of infection biology. right next to the css b building is

a huge experiment. all. it is directly connected to a particle accelerator. the 3rd generation of the positron electron tandem ring accelerator. petra, 3 for short. petra 3 is a particle accelerator and one of the wide strongest x ray generators. it allows researchers to examine the smallest samples, like the tiny crystals from the band hot enough to institute. the minds based firm by on tech has also used to petra 3 to investigate the effectiveness and messenger capability of all are in a vaccines the packets of electrons flying through the 2.3 kilometer particle accelerator ring at near light speed, the special magnets force them into us making cash or causing them to emit

high intensity and highly focused x rays. these x rays are millions of times more intense than those from conventional sources. and up to $5000.00 times finer than a human hair. the the x rays pass through some 50 measuring stations in several experiments halls where the sample from the band hall no institute is now being further examined. here mounting at holes and ptolemy structural biologist christiane, live on the right. yeah, that sounds my sample. send it over the phone on this and i've even prepared it please tell in lieu of research as how the human body absorbs in transport to nutrients and medications. the

uses crystallography to study the structures of the molecules responsible for transport. this is how protein crystallography works. to be able to visualize the 3, the structure of proteins with atomic level precision, highly focused x rays are beamed through the rotating cultivated crystal. the regularly arranged crystal structures deflect the x rays and create a characteristic pattern on the detector. the, the proteins 3 d structure can be determined from the position and intensity of the various light spots produced. knowledge of the structure can now help in developing new drugs that target precisely where pathogens such as the bonia virus, are vulnerable.

the samples from the band hot enough to institute have been measured and the radiation collected in the detector has been converted into a 3 d structural animation. protein crystallography has greatly advanced and accelerated massy of holes in tall and pushed down. looks research. yeah. because it's possible to develop a drug just by seeing whether it inhibits virus growth on cells, that type of thing. but it's very time consuming and you usually don't really understand why a drug works the way it does. in our case, using elementary particles, we can find out exactly how we drug works or design a drug to stop certain mechanisms. stop. developing such a drug is one of this download permissions. the atomic lee precise protein imaging helps him enormously because messenger proteins direct the drugs to the parts of

the body where the active ingredient is supposed to work in mutual wouldn't be as he and the method it's available here on campus and petra, 3 in particular, move to this made it possible to investigate these messenger systems and with us, by the help we work with tiny crystals time and only with the strong x ray beam. can we determine the structures just to and these are the developments of these methods has been an absolute milestone structural biology. traditional food in the long to get these to send troops developing small molecules to combat specific proteins. this, this tiny molecule, inspect the 14 and 16 crystallography is measuring accuracy, is helping researchers to keep pace with the rapid spread of previously on researched viruses. you know, how is the detective doing everything works for just a few 100 meters away at daisy we once again the particle physicist, christiane sean, and back up the key. and his team are analyzing the data from the particle

collisions at sir and in geneva, where proteins are again being collided on the list as the homewood team is video link to the control room of the c m. s. experiment sean and back as team and germany now continuously checks the quality of the collision data from switzerland, e, as in yellow, t a life spit out from the top nomic m c m. s. experiment. we now see and live images of the data collection of a c. m. s. experiments. it's the protons collided here in the middle of the detect to stick it and stand all these particles of fragments from the collision. some have left a lot of traces in the detector image just like a jet leads, a trailer condensation in the sky. he's in doesn't he said these are the green lines here. and so was this, these red and blue dogs represent the particles measure the energy cloud pointed.

in these precision analyses, data on known elementary particles is separated from what could possibly indicate new particles. and not only that must him up by december splits a ceiling submissively from tides and we do both see them and applies. and we precisely measure the particles we know and try to learn from the deviations we find at the even thing act like we also actively search for new particles that could help to explain things. what sense and like like the fact that k to find that's the end of the universe. he's doc massa and only 15 percent and he's known mass us the mass ends and molecules, since it's designed to spin up monday that ties like in this job. and this is, i put black beans in the dark mass, us and white things for known method. i see it as this file to everything that is black. when that is what we don't understand by simple one or that's doc match material. and that's what we're looking for, and i, that's the spots. it's one of the biggest mysteries in science and system to

material. and i still can be assigned to the course that i have some individuals have but what exactly is this dark matter? the particle, physicists like this john sean, and beg a are looking for in numerous experiments. physicists have already proven that dark matter exists and that it makes up 85 percent of all matter in the universe. but they have no idea what it is made of the the search for dark matter is to search for what holds our entire universe together. 6 because without it, our galaxy, for example, the milky way would fly a part the planets journey around their star, the gravitational mass of which keeps them in their orbits. stars and turn the orbit around the center of their galaxy. theoretically the further away

a celestial body is from its center of gravity, the slower it should move. but measurements have shown that the outer stars of the milky way move much faster than expected, or calculated astrophysics explains it this way. our galaxy consists of much more matter than what is visible and this invisible matter or dark matter also exerts a gravitational pull on the celestial bodies. 6 so that they can move faster without veering out of orbit. the researchers are using various methods to search for the as yet unknown dark matter particles. not only with underground detectors and particle accelerators, but also with telescopes in space. in the search for dark matter, there is even an experiment in which light is supposed to penetrate

a solid wall. the excellent and heads the helps experiment, which is set up in a roughly 300 meter longs rate section of the hair. a tunnel at daisy in humble outs, stands for any light particle search. lemme is a particle physicist that daisy and devises novel particle physics experiments. a team of more than 200 specialists has developed and built the entire alps facility of daisy over a period of 12 years. it is the 1st experiment worldwide, in which very light particles of dark matter could be produced and detected in the laboratory. to do this, light would have to pass through an opaque wall,

which is technically impossible. void your guns plus know, trying to find something completely new. 9 o'clock my time with doing this by attempting things that shouldn't actually look like this was showing a flashlight on the wall on normally nothing just through the funds. we use much more elaborate message. and if a piece of law does get through the alternator and then we cannot explain why the existence of a new phone was not in control. it's not clear. so we're examining what we think is impossible to see if it's possible oft rule. if it's is, do we have found something completely on you know, in the alps experiment, laser light will be amplified by a factor of $10000.00 and a type of micro chamber. the light will then pass through a strong magnetic field. in theory, a photon or light particle could be transformed into an axiom. as the new elementary particle will be cold if it can be detected,

the laser light would be stopped by the wall. but the axon would simply pass through because nothing can stop dark matter in the magnetic field on the other side, the axial and should be transformed back into a photon. more like a detector would measure the light particle that seems to have passed through the wall. the transformations, if they occur at all, would be extremely rare. the detector must therefore be able to recognize a few photons per day. if it succeeds, a new dark matter particle will have been found, which would be a sensational discovery. because i have to experiment for me as a success is the fulfillment of a technological golf course. so i'm very certain that all helps experiments will succeed. and the nature of been assigned, if you will find doc match on the

no one knows how long it will take to solve the mystery of dark matter. the but the large number of particle physics experiments worldwide makes new discoveries more and more likely the, with the very tangible benefits and there be some. so what if we look back is we see the really hands on well together electricity, very electromagnetic, why beans and one x rice. i just came from completely from fall factual groundbreaking. we're search in to completely new things. moving and not just typing physically is this one months far as a possibility is this is the, it's sometimes hard to explain what you're actually doing. items because of the particles. you can't see them, you can't tell you still smell them. but i still think it's important to research

these elementary particles. ultimately, it's the only way to understand where we've come for all her steam english and that's and this will have to come early for $66.00. there's nothing more, less than applied to that school philosophy. you couldn't, we can explain it well and we know how to approach it. it's already working really, it would be a more competitive employee, precision, cosmetology and precision. paul school physics here, so talk them outside is still a michigan region because when we have a complete picture of how we actually came into the well that just the fundamental questions from the philosophy is supposed to meet them to an attachment is because the thing that so fascinating about particle physics that might be is that we can describe these complex mess up everything that surrounds us just in terms of the elementary particles and kind of by monday. so i'm trusting you all, most thinking someone must have been clever enough to formulate how well to world of elementary particles relatively simple. it in the mean time attaching the upstairs almost like it was planned to try and contact the engine desktop launched

again. and i am testing the in good shape strong booms. we rely on them. sometimes they simply fail to do the job. things can really get to the core of them. but what can we do for phone health? and can you make week bonus strong again? in good shape in 30 minutes on d w. because combining wind episode of how i can provide new i'll put,

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