the score farms and destroyed sides. what is the legacy of this wide spread races, depression? today? history. we need to talk about here the stories, shadows of german colonialism, the young women named japan breathing new life into an old tradition. the, any rock we look at the impacts of climate change on health. and we ask, why are we so who own lithium batteries? the,

to understand why lithium makes such a good battery. we need to know how battery actually works. and if you hear a battery, this is probably what comes to mind. this one is were chargeable and made of lift them. we can make a super simple circuit with a battery, 2 wires and an l. e. d. is seen for the terms. uh, it bought city is the, is more control volume. ernesto julio cosmo is a professor and researcher who has spent the past 12 years focusing on lithium. you bought a lot of energy. you mean it varies more ways. you want to get out all this energy very fast and you're going to go away and not in an explosion. this works to the movement of electrons and ions. electrons are tiny, negatively charged particles that float around. adams. ions are items that have lost or gains and electrons. this battery contains lithium graphite cobalt and

a liquid. batteries have negatively and positively charged size. lithium ions and electrons on one side of the battery when connected to a circuit, electronics travel outside the battery along the circuit, generating electricity. the electricity goes from negative to positive flowing through the l. a. b in the middle. meanwhile, what's left in the battery is lithium ion. that's where the lithium ion battery gets its name. the ions travel inside the battery from the graphite to the co bulk, when it's recharging. ready they go in the other direction, but batteries basically destroy themselves in the process. either they lose their ability to create electricity or chemicals build up on the electrodes. as batteries age, the electrons travel less than less efficiently and the battery loses its capacity . the metals can also grow into spikes, which can short circuit the battery in the worst case of battery failure, big night and explode. so a good battery can store a lot of energy without exploding and doesn't quickly lose its capacity. one of the

many reasons why left them makes a great battery, is that unlike lead or acid lift here was only mildly toxic. these new lithium batteries can store more energy per graham than any other battery ever invented. what makes with themes so great weirdly, is that it's super reactive so i got my hands on some lithium which should be 99 percent pure. going to try and put it in some water and see what happens. but um, safety 1st. it's a really soft metal, so it, so it'd be completely breakable just with my fingers. wow, look at that. so that's the lithium inside. it's reacting with the oxygen in the air so fast that the metal is already darkening. we're going to try and put this little bit of lithium in some water and see what happens. okay, so i'm going to choose lou. i

do understand why this happens. we need to look at electronics. again, lithium loses electrons and creates ions really easily. that means that the ions inside the battery move around really quickly and efficiently. that makes the battery is able to charge faster, have a longer live site goes and above all store more energy. aside from its ability to store energy, lithium is also a winner when it comes to weight. all of these can be used in batteries, but they would make the batteries heavier. that's because the lithium is the least dense metal on the planet. the fact that it's so extremely light makes it the best option for electronics. one of the main reasons computers in this size, inside of the mass of machines they were in the eighty's, is the invention of the lithium ion battery. it's also by far the best option for electric cars, buses, and plants. because the light of the vehicle, the less energy it takes to move it around, a match bar appetite for lithium is skyrocketing. according to the international

energy agency, demand for lithium could increase between 13 and 51 times by 2040 australia is the top producer of lithium, followed by chile. but other countries around the world are ramping up production to meet the mass of global demand in 2022 global with and production. was that a 130000 metric tons? that's quadrupled from 2010. when production was a little over $28000.00 metric tons, the good news is that we technically have enough of it in the ground, according to some estimates around $80000000.00 metric tons of it around 10 kilos per person on the planet. but just because those white gold is abundant doesn't mean it's easy to get, getting it out of the ground can be slow and costly. and the mining and refining processes are concentrated in a few countries. that means the demand for it is quickly pacing the current available supply. this bottleneck is also raising the price after 2020 prices of raw materials went up. for a while, others came down,

lithium just continued to increase. and mining itself comes with its own host of problems extracting lithium from rock or requires a lot of energy often powered by fossil fuels. what's better, it's extracting it from bright water that's mixed with minerals to bay. the largest process is to evaporate, these brang was that inverted shadow bones, which had extremely large, let's say the 1000 times a football stadium. brian mines used thousands of leaders of water for one kind of lift them into a lithium mining is already led to water shortages in the area and diverted water from local communities. the mines can also cause soil degredation and disrupt local eco system. and then there's the whole problem of what happens to the batteries after we're done with them. although the lithium itself can be reused, lithium, batteries, deteriorate, and most of them land in the trash. one obvious solution is to create

infrastructure to recycle lithium batteries. that's what happened with lead batteries due to government regulation, 99 percent of lead batteries in the us are recycled? recycling with families entirely new technology, but it's catching up with them. ion battery recycling is expected to increase to $420.00 killer tons per year by 2030 up from the current 50 killer tons per year. better, lithium batteries are also on the wet cobalt which is mines in very problematic conditions, could be replaced with nickel, manganese or iron, or the graphite in the battery could be swapped for graphene. it's made by taking a layer of graphite just like this, and making it progressively spinner and thinner until it turns into a single layer of carbon atoms. graphing is the strongest material ever discovered, and more conductive than graphite. you can also make the inside of the battery solid instead of liquid to make it less likely to explode. most of this is still in the lab, but these advances could make the battery save 1st longer lasting and store more

energy, which could also make them more attractive for storing large amounts of renewable energy on a grid scale. so it certainly doesn't look like our addiction to lithium is going away any time soon because lithium dominates the battery worlds and for good reason, [000:00:00;00] the ones that thailand is noticed that the rock is one of the country's most affected by climate change worldwide temperatures of over 50 degrees celsius are becoming more common, making people sick. ali whose seem is on his way to the local well around him. signs of climate change are everywhere. okay.

there's no water. the well is dry. he tells his son. so this used to be a rocks most fertile region, but the country has suffered a severe drought for years in a row of the 60 families in the village, 40 of left. ivy. hussein's family is one of the few still here that service having the boxes up just 4 years ago, we funded the last year, but drought has turned our land into desert. we had to give up, tied up without farming. there was no income. his 5 children face an uncertain future. the ground water here is salty. iraq is less and less fresh water in the countryside and in the cities, climate change is to blame. and those are the water policies of neighboring iran and turkey. the 2 countries have built a numerous stands, leaving to little water for a rock down stream because of the salty ground water, the children have sores and open wounds on their skin. a 2000, no,

it's very painful. sometimes the clothing stick to the wings, which makes it even worse. the rising temperatures are also contributing to the spread of disease, like least my diocese transmitted by sam floods. i thought i need something high and being 2nd, transmits the infection which causes fever. it's happened a lot here in the region. ali who's seen and his daughter is newer, and sandra are lucky to be a rocky red crescent has come to their village, nor is hands are terribly h. e. sandra often finds it hard to walk because of the pain. she has to be sure my nicest and insidious disease. it affects the skin, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. the edge i ever see tested today was a high, high dollar. how came up here on the left job and his team are seeing more and more cases like this. they want to raise awareness. medical help is expensive and the newest hospital is 50 kilometers away. the rocky red crescent,

regularly travels across the country, visiting villages, q and a boo boo. i shed the people are as little better off the village community has dug a well, she needs to though the ground water contains too much salt. and so for a question, this facility has changed their lives. it supplies the village and neighboring villages with clean water. 2000 meters per hour are the sale unaided intimate fit to drink tighter how to him and his team have distributed over 60 water tanks and the region. a helpful on the facility is a lifetime for people here to read. christian, 10 to partners are working to build a series of facilities to alleviate the water shortage, which if off of that one. so every week they check the salt content every week. they have to change the filters. there's no alternative the village needs more than one facility like this. many surrounding villages suffer from

a lack of drinking water and water for dish washing and showering. yeah, that was the oldest to him. i last saw living with climate change. awareness is important for children to, to hide on how to him and his team talk about infectious diseases and show them how to wash their hands properly. that can save lives on it. well, so far they're open no debts, but we're seeing that the lack of drinking water, drought, and dessert if occasion are causing a rise and skin diseases and poisoning. what is done with all of i did them some other co now how do you know i'm about to deal? that's almost the summer that you just as an adult for them outside of had a shuttle, according to the un here, rock is the 5th most vulnerable country to climate break down. it also has a rapidly growing population. in that case of perfect the samples that have, we need to reinforce our health systems to cope. we've been devastating consequences of climate change on our health so that they feel assistance at or

with the over to well and with the climate change. that would be totally co ops if we don't know to prefer them better in the if we don't send finance of resources. ali who's saying would like to stay here with this family, but the conditions are getting increasingly difficult. positive. my husband is how the water you can see here is brought to us by car, 1000 leaders. everything we can do for us and our animals. that's not enough to mike ali hussein's family could soon become climate refugees in their own country, like one and a half 1000000 people in iraq. the pollution resulting from burning oil gas and cold kills 5000000 people. yeah, that's more than

a b city. malaria or alcohol binding fossil fuels produces toxic particles, tiny enough to enter the lungs. this particular message is among the main causes of strokes, cancer and diabetes. it's time for change for pedro amount to a rebate. daily activities like climbing stairs pose a big challenge. i have a lung disease. i'm suffering my struggle to breathe properly, to wherever a 74 year old retiree is one of hundreds of thousands of people in lima suffering from respiratory diseases ranging from acute infections to long and heart complaints. city authorities say hundreds of people die every

year as a result of respiratory disease. the peruvian capital has a big health problem. pedro met a rebate, has a weekly check up of the hospital, the care and medication he receives here as an approved his quality of life. most of young beneficiary. good. what are you doing? perfect by the front of some and now please remove your mask. i think one of them being we have many patients like page remodel, re bams, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which seal pd. and we have those here you and in other hospitals, in lima. and it's something in the castle is what's interesting is that many of them have never smoked, will see what they're only very little. yes, you can see the disease is similar. does that sound in other countries among heavy smokers and that is and more because we believe it is linked to environmental pollution. the conclusion borne out in many studies, you know, we think that because it's to just pulling up all those, you remember the best lima, it has more than 10000000 residents. air pollution levels are high mainly from

traffic in industry. the in 2022 lima record the 2nd highest levels of particulate matter pollution in latin america. after santiago to truly but experts say air quality measurements and lima are inadequate. now the situation is likely far worse than previously thoughts. peruvian company kyra is looking for solutions. it is developed low cost measuring devices and a digital tool aimed at making information on air pollution and lima accessible to all the other success. i'm also wondering if we zoom in on lima. we look at the information that's publicly available in the surveillance network. the green is good, yellow motorists, and orange and red badge holes. most of most critical value is 2.5, which means particulate matter of 2.5. my chromatism for that is in my scene on

those are the finest particles, the very small ones, the into the respiratory tract, and then penetrate the human body some into the bloodstream. possible if it was a heating it using this data. so the authorities have taken steps, reduce emissions, and heavily affected areas. some parts of the storage center are now close to vehicles but more needs to be done is this. environmental activists have spent years re forcing the hills around lima to the pacific ocean on one side and the mountains on the other. are the capitals, only natural borders. vegetation here traps, dust particles and suspended matter helping to improve air quality. they have also installed

a network of fog catchers. these collect water from the regions dense winter fog. this hello. this is crystal clear water. yes, i was not a lot more than we diverted into collection points like this one here. hold on and use it for drip irrigation lee. most green long has been subject to deforestation for more than 400 years. new settlements in industries continue to be constructed on the outskirts of the city. the long term systematic deforestation has had a negative impact on the cities. health local reforestation work has held kirby erosion, but it's not enough for an expert's a far wider scale effort is required. do they need to prove produce is less than 0.08 percent of globalization sold enough. and so if one day lima were to no longer made many gas or pollutants,

the plan would still be polluted. democrats here hold up and then we alone may not stop pollution or climate change afford effect and we will be the ones who suffer your company. be much a bit of his homework and most of which service with his doctors help pedro monta rebate as managed to reduce them of his pain. the to now enjoy a short walk around his neighborhood and some independence. now more than ever, there was an urgent need to reduce emissions and improve air quality in lima. and across the world, the stain balanced, positioning the arrow, and drawing the bow at full gallop, i suppose to relinquish his control to her horse. spade. she knows exactly what

he's doing and that let's or concentrate on her stance and taking the most indeed, i only take my hands off the horse. if i trust him completely. that's the most important thing. this trust has had time to evolve. how he 1st met spade when he was 2 and she was 7. since then the 2 have been inseparable. growing up in the country side of northern japan and i am way prefecture to share a passion for you. i will send me japanese mounted archery centuries ago. yeah. booth. and it was thought to be good practice for the battle field. but her gelding spade is far too piece living for that one. okay,

so you'd probably run away from the enemy. picking the smith put, archery is no longer an art of war. and the ritual and ceremonial aspects of your boost to me aren't taken all that seriously anymore either. was a normal day. that's a really huge starts. you have. it's been ages since i've seen any that, so i look at a 50 percent. ok here in rude japan. it was to me is experiencing a revival as a leisure support. women like all yours. we stay in the early twenties are reinterpreting, the centuries old tradition, the nation, not that high, high parts. we might look at me in this direction saw. so that's right, just like that. so you have to stay flexible when trainer or you could come a more, a started out 15 years ago, mounted archery was still

a male domain. on the saturday, i'm assuming i had to put up with a lot back then they told the women had no business being here and to see if i asked you all this, i'm in the sort of the even said, i don't want to even hear the words yep, with somebody coming out of your mouth. got you all the time. it's difficult about talking to you and you're right about the mountain archery might have died out in japan if it weren't for these young women's a to z. as in japan has an aging dwindling population. young people are drawn to the cities, our voices passion for your boost and that is what keeps her in the country side of the just the spoke the other, some of those great that more people are becoming interested in. yep. losing it again, still more was he talking about them, but it seems like it had less appeal for boys when you've heard another party equal to the it will probably soon be an all female support to. for the one level cutting us up. i don't know if the kinds of

a lot of it's given her family has always supported her passion. she's been winning competition fit since 10th grade. does her mother is selling the garment for her next event from chemo know fabric. as i always say wants to dazzle at the tournament the which one do you want one of the most guests coming we'll give it to sunday. then this one's for sunday. they're able to get used to that. and the see on the main looks aren't my style pink is out of the question. so many of our small town of toyota has boldly proclaimed the tournament to be the world championship.

somewhat wishful thinking on the part of the organizers gets from abroad. rarely make their way here. but for iris, who say such computations are crucial for the sports future. if you have wisdom is to survive, it has to look good. so looking at the hicks and you can, what today the archers used to pick themselves read before they went into battle, created and met with the next. why do the same now in those that cause we have done this in the competition is almost exclusively female. rules require 3 shots at full gallop. the archers have just fractions of the 2nd, the aim,

the show that's exhausting. the move them. it's not over for you yet. the still another round. it sounds of the one of the terms of your boost to me is that it's a sports that's open to everyone to just take on your medical women and men of all ages. you are assuming they're brave enough to attempt the wild, right ready to compete against the very best. the honor that once again goes to ice listing the would you like move insights and solutions from around the world? if you want to meet the people, flight takes climate change,

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the tax us the rich and do it. now. that's what multi millionaires are demanding. this isn't a joke. many of the super rich wants to tackle income, any quality. and they know that one of the solution is in their bank accounts. addressing any quality, the millionaire is wanting to pay wealth taxes. in 15 minutes,

d w. legal says drowning in the state, ministry of the environment is now banned. single use mastic closing huge problems . meeting is pros, encore, we're looking at the long term environmental on effects of finding the or in 19 minutes dw, the secret sly discovered new adventures, and $360.00 degrees. and explore fascinating. both heritage selling d w world heritage 360. now can you see

what old car tires have to do with the production? here's a hands on really indeed much now on youtube the,

[000:00:00;00] the this is the w news lies from ballad and now the stock warning about gauze is still being civilians, 100 percent population and gaza. is that severe levels of fluid and security? as is randy posters, town the territory and plan a new offensive both washington. i'm the you and say goals, and it's all already facing a hunger catastrophe. also coming up on the program facing an ammunition shortage ukraine's forces for pass