whiles issue of the i sent you up to date of the world news at the top of the our next on b w. we have a documentary trace of the development of the robotics, florida perseverance, which eventually conducted successfully, the due big ultima view companies play a role in the destruction of the rain forest. the letter for luxury cost awesome comes from illegal capital funds in the m, as in yet the supply chains does matter to the deal industry. the illegal of the stats may said on d w. the

original in the indication that the stage preparation has been confirmed by the spacecraft refers to renew his power to agree to receive single single and have confirmation of entry interface preference is currently going 5.3 commerce for about a 120 for february 2021. the lender carry in the perseverance

rover has entered the martian atmosphere. the suspense of the control room is almost unbearable. the team has no control over what will happen in the next few minutes. we're starting to straighten up and fly right maneuver. in preparation for parachute deployed images report for the engineers from nasa and c n e s, the french national space agency. this was what's referred to as the 7 minutes of to her. the 1st the veterans had to touch down as gently as possible on the red planet. the chairs are velocity for 2nd cut. her surveillance was carrying a dozen sophisticated instruments which would be used by one of the most ambitious

space missions to search for traces of past life on mars. the sonic speeds and the teacher has been separated. this allows both the radar and the cameras to get there 1st looking at the surface here the rover was less than 2 kilometers above the martians. this was the last stage of the landing and likely the riskiest of information that the national has upgraded. the ground station only watch signals took 11 minutes to reach earth. either the maneuver had been successful or perseverance had crashed. the

of the, the, the bad 7 minutes i think was the shortest and the longest 7 minutes of my life. for me, the really special moment is a few minutes after landing when we got the 1st picture of march. the wow, my robot that was here 7 months ago. it's been in space. this whole time is on the planet. congratulations to the mission. this image was

a man the 1st to send from the motion surface. the perseverance rover was apparently intact, fully operational the robot was tasked with uncovering the secrets of the rate planet. the civilians were send millions of miles from earth to help answer the question is simple as it is exciting. did life once exist on mars? what was the rover discovery in its 1st year of exploration? the. 2 the mars had as long fascinated astronomers,

but it wasn't until the 19th century when giovanni skip it and he discovered the suppose the martian canals. but the question raised of intelligent life on our neighboring planet 1st emerged. the american astronomer percival now will map these canals, mistaking them for artificial structures. boots to irrigate cities that have long since disappeared. the midst of the martian was born the starting and the 19 sixty's probes were repeatedly sent to explore the martian surface without success. david king hello says care or shifting 1976. i think the viking mission ran 3 experiments looking for organic life on mars. they found nothing. and so they lost interest in motors for 20 years

and they had to investigate why not on the since then. several of rovers have been sent to alex. so imagine so the pathfinder pro, carrying the small so general robot was the 1st in 1996, followed by spirit and opportunity. the last to prove that water must once have flowed on mars curiosity, the big brother to perseverance landed in 2012. its mission was to find out whether water could one set facilitated the development of life on the red planet. the curiosity went to mars to establish its habitability, was more as habitable, 33500000000 years ago. we found that, yes, it could have been habitable, it had the right ingredients. so then perseverance takes it one step up, right?

and it says, okay, well if it was habitable, was that life on mars? just like for curiosity, nasa commissioned the jet propulsion laboratory to build several prototypes for perseverance, each with different sizes and different technological profiles. perseverance was built based on the idea of curiosity. we talked a lot of the systems that existed on for ya, city, and use that as all baseline or full person or the they may look very similar, but the internal mechanics signal a new generation of rovers, the sophisticated high tech developments the specialized cameras,

spectrometers, lasers round penetrating radar. an oxygen production instrument and a robotic arm for coring and storing broke samples. know so that d v. cute. these are extremely complex. robots who there are $200.00 to $300.00 scientists behind each vehicle. westoff shulty feature. so this, yeah, it took 6 years to develop, build it and, and launch it. and then another 7 months to land on mars the, it takes an incredible amount of time to design everything, build it and make it space rated test it. because we also have to test and demonstrate that it's going to work in that more than environment conditions on mars are hostile to life. the biggest problem is the extreme temperatures and perseverance also had to generate its own energy. the problem with using solar

panels on mars is that you're so much further away from the sun, that you need a much bigger area to get the same energy as you would here on earth. we sometimes have dust storms on mars, and so that's often how rover is need. the demise on mars. persevere as we use and usually are source which overtime creates heat and that he is transformed into electricity the this generator and would ensure that the rover and its instruments could function on the martian surface without disruption for years to come. the, when we build emissions like perseverance, it's not just an american mission. so when we build this rover, yes, it's built here at the jet propulsion lab. but pieces are built all over the united states all over the world. and so the super cam instrument for example, is

a french instruments super cam acts as the eyes of perseverance. one of its features is a powerful laser vaporizes tiny block particles to analyze their composition. this allows chemical particles to be identified within the radius of up to 10 meters in the plasma generated by the laser, the ones you tend to any to find, develop it together with roger we just from the los alamos national lab in new mexico and juvenile. so we thought we were thinking about how to measure the chemical composition of martian rocks in soil deluxe. i asked about his labs capabilities and he said, we know how to make spectrometers and analyze light. what about, you know, i told him in france we know laser is there. so we divided the labor he and 20 years later, we had designed the super cap of the

success. come see a super cam uses a system of lasers and spectrometers. some have expect any split this telescope found that we can obtain extremely detailed images at the surface of mars on the defined and onto a plane. you can see the details of around 20 microns for pick. so when the camera is close to the ground kind of voice, she had to put me, i mean, this is the 1st super cam image, the studios commitment, without telling me that these instruments conduct precise chemical and mineral composition analysis can even detect the presence of organic material on the non 0 to millions of use of how kind of activity have shape this unique landscape the

these geographic properties make it the ideal training ground for space travels, including the exploration of mars. the simulations help to train missions with robots and soon perhaps even with humans. the geologist chavez content is an expert on mars. that has taken part in several simulations himself. you see stop saying the map, this little panic landscape really resembles the martian landscape. now personal now, nothing units even aligned along the fold like the red planet. in the oxidised section is red, like on mars, goes to the box, the mass by law, see me,

the 1st house of mars and earth. and you were very similar because they had the same origin in the book on fed. at one time there were rivers which fed the legs the lot. and there was a magnetic field to see them for a protective shield that stopped the atmosphere from being a road by solar wind live also there. yup. we'll just split it changed to drastically about 3700000000 years ago. so you don't lose a magnetic field from the planet's core abruptly banishing knoxville. c thought the mars was so small that its atmosphere disappeared into space in a box real on the spot, the red planet became a freezer. i suppose you'd have to, you're on this space. a sort of vice stage suddenly took over the keys and it never recovered up right next to turning it into the dead planet. it is today will do me up to the law in planets must develop the house. mars retained traces of its past. the scientists hope so. the

submission begins to teams from the french national space agency or c n e s. at nasa are adjusting to march on time. the days there are longer than on us. each martian day known as a song last around 24 hours and 40 minutes. so the clocks have to be synchronized for next at the moment please. sure, that's what the mission has started. i mean, we have a reference period of 3 years but was don't get the rover fails before that homo. but then we have also fail nicely or another thorough check to make sure all the instruments on board are working are rover has an auto nap system. so we can self drive on the surface of mars. driving on mars, isn't that easy, right?

we don't have a map, we don't have a song that we can just say, hey, send me in that direction to what the river does is it takes pictures in front of it. it actually looks 5 years ahead. and so that way it can actually drive from 2 to 300 meters a day on an economist lease, so it will drive itself. we can say, hey, at the end of the day, just drive in that direction for an hour and a half. and we'll see you tomorrow, and it will do that the, there is a time delay in communicating with perseverance. although the signals travel at the speed of light, it takes them a number of minutes to reach the rover. a command from control center. then millions of kilometers away. perseverance starts moving the at night. the rover remain stationary. it transmits the information,

collected during the day to earth, and receives a program with tasks to complete the next day. second, quantity mash, you know what the beach coins is assigned coordinates, so don't need. so when we tell the rover to target a point, it knows exactly how to turn his head to fix on the point we want a problem then instead of 5 points in that direction with a laser, with infrared, and the camera, and as a, i've had no problem, i think this man, the the plan will sort of face 1st. we ran extensive tests for 3 to 4 months. we made sure the arm was working properly. it was that the wheels were okay. yeah. the head turned correctly. yeah. see or would it be then we check if super kam could fire its laser twice, send the green laser of boots, then towards the sun, when does it not at the sun, but at the sky they got they so they we learned how to use our instrument up to, you know, cause people the,

to, to, to, even, to the motion solar eclipse for the 1st time produced by the moon to, by the finally operations could begin. the 1st job was to study the martian soil. the rover landed on use of the crater. a huge depression created by a media right now, so chose it from hundreds of other locations because it was the most likely place to find fossil nice traces of past life.

the english was the lucy, we chose the as a roadside because it's a very old impact crater and with traces of a delta, the costs. now they thought, well, now that we have proof that a river once flowed into a lake, there, shoot the don't because to have a delta. do you need a river and the lake and the gas? yeah, like the switching depressing up the crater is about 45 kilometers wind with a lake, several 100 meters deep, enclosed by a 1000 people. sitting on down the lake, held about 5 cubic kilometers of water and extend a layer of settlements re deposit 70 meters. the professor, somebody mended, visit the, the, the whole seat of the hall. we wanted to 1st of the hallways, be some rocks from the bottom of the legs. can some people from around the sides and from the delta sorted into it will not. so we chose, aside with all this diversity in a concentrated area of pump,

we said yesterday 1st serve veterans at park the. the rovers cameras have already shown that the area consists of very different geological layers, actual guy. so instead of one day, the camera person pointed out a hill in the distance and we said, let's take a photo and use it as a reference point tv to do. now, when we saw the incoming data, we said that's fantastic. where at the bottom of a lake, so we had our 1st, the result were not there has the photos were revealing. but virtual exploration of the crater provides limited insights, sold a role for made its way to the delta for its own safety. it moved extremely slowly or there seemed to 100 days. we moved about 2 and a half kilometers, so only

a dozen or so meters each day, punctual enough to work at leisure, but not enough to explore the huge, he has a ro crate are quickly a little more speed was needed. the ingenuity a small helicopter was brought along precisely for such tasks. the ingenuity is a technology demonstrate. there's 3 challenges to, to proving that your helicopter can function on march right. atmosphere is one of them. so you happens here of mars is one percent the density of this, the very, very st atmosphere. the other 2 aspects though is the temperature is very cold,

negative 90 degrees celsius overnight. the 3rd aspect that's different from earth is the gravity. it's about one 3rd. the gravity of the way we test that here at g p o is we have a chamber that $56.00 stories tall. and in that chamber, we were able to balance the atmosphere, the environment, the temperature in the gravity of mars, here in the ingenuity ways, just under 2 kilograms. it's 2 counter rotating, rotors turn 10 times faster than those of a conventional helicopter on her. for me, one of the most difficult moments on mars is the day that we dropped the helicopter from the belly of the rover, where it was attached down to the surface of mars. i was in charge of these activities and it was i can tell you incredibly stressful to make sure that our little friend was on mars carefully, the

top 3 meters off the surface of mars, probably for the for 39. so i can bring him back that we had that 1st flight. there were 4 remaining to round out or 5 total in our 30 days. and thankfully, at the end of those 30 days, ingenuity was still healthy. the preserves team and nasa decided there's value here and continuing to fly on mars and human to connect to the scale. we can fly to a quick, well, we can dive down into the right. we can go to very high altitude and weight or, or, or, you know, do a lot lower pattern over a region of interest as an engineer. really, today's already providing recognizance for, for the price range. rover of the sent ahead is a scout ingenuity sent high resolution images to help perseverance find its way to

the delta. the point is 26. the reconnaissance flight ingenuity even found the 1st heat shield and parachute from the rover's landing. the route was clear. now perseverance, good, talking to its real mission. the search for traces of life on mars is cool shift. you will go in fort worth looking for some macroscopic animal roaming around that costco peak. he's bad either. that would have been easy. i'll put the whole paper myself cuz it says no, we're looking for traces of light that already existed on earth at that time. he and maybe on mars primitive dietary of that i put that to a master. did back to he would pass on the

visa was a veterinarian and works as a scientific consultant for the french space agency cns. he is one of the world's leading experts in x. so biology go to doctors when we talk about extra terrestrial life this we focus on the simplest of micro biological form. you know, micro film. the pope usually gives me club. so if we find bacterial traces on mars, cause we found a new form of light. the one that's already works and that's when you're new read. if we find a concrete trace of life even fossilized, that is evidence of another life form and the universe was easy to get into that. that's what we're looking for during the day. even if it doesn't lead to martian sites, any tables. ok, so most of these for the most 2nd you

don't create a book, but there was a period of 500000000 or perhaps even dealing in years when conditions on mars were suitable for like a specific issue. but was that enough or likely to actually develop the best they could we by school and i tend to think so because chemical traces improve and that the 3700000000 years ago life emerged in early, socialized, a decimated ball. i would like to believe that the same thing happened on mar lots and the blanks developed on mars. yup. where is it now? with technology, the, after a 5 kilometer journey perseverance, finally reached the 0 crater delta. the jun, me give you the origins of life evolved from some free by out of chemistry. he may

have you, it's been, it most likely would have been in an environment to the carbonate and claim minerals. so these are primarily what we're looking for on ships. the policies have thoughts of we think that certain organisms living in very particular places on earth today could also develop in a certain micro environments on months. so they've been official from us policy castillo and lopez garcia, specializes in micro organisms, steps right and extreme environments. the hydrothermal damo area in northern ethiopia is certainly one of the most impressive examples of a bias system where life seems impossible. but despite extreme temperatures and a city, these levels, single celled organisms can be found in some areas. i'm close on, i'm going to do, you don't do that. no, no, the edges of dial 0 ecosystem sustaining lines to phone that particularly care fee

that the team we called and he's gonna come direct. these a unique cellular micro will be busy, unlike the material, particularly well adapted to very high temperatures of up to a 120 degrees and extremely fluctuation, ph level. like any smart criminal studies, things extra, more files. let's has better defined conditions in which life quoted the pit into assisted an extra terrestrial systems and unit, then the pushy stem on the fly, so much on mas could suffice. under such conditions, i could effectively exist on these systems as well. the tongue provided there was liquid water and an energy source in place on the source. so the next sheet i'm like, these are the nation trust has never been received the plate tectonics. this allows

perseverance to exam and very old claim minerals. the if there was once nice on mars, these minerals might still contain its components, like nitrogen or carbon, the food to find intact organic molecules. it's best to dig a little deeper because this and the rover's court can drill. holes is several centimeters beneath the surface to penetrate rock, where they've been protected for millions on or even millions of years, such as i'd say the pressure variance took its 1st sample of sodium that might contain traces of forgotten material. the, i would argue that that sample caching system is just as complex as the rest of the rover. it has to be able to take sample corresponding, the surface of mars,

processed, and put them in the tube, and then pass that you to another robotic on inside the rollover that dan dukes pictures. there's some certain life ease of the samples field them because the samples were going to stay on mars for a long time, and then it has the ability to deposit those sample cashes on the surface of mars. a decision soon. we hope the samples will one day come back for lab analysis simplified to conduct the detailed settlement analysis. we need a laboratory with electron microscopes and high resolution chemistry that's not possible on a rover. i would say as an insurance company, i say i'm going to hold the symbols, procedures only store some of the tubes, not all of them. so rather than make one big child with all the tubes and risk,

losing them all of the mission of boards, we leave a trail of scattered piles. i cancelled on gretel leaving a trail of breadcrumbs the other to the they hope to eventually recover the samples from mars and bring them to earth for analysis. the. it's an ambitious project, especially because it's not yet clear exactly how this would work. the if you thought of collecting those samples and dropping them on the surface of mars was already extraordinary and hard enough eventually we're going to want to go bring those back. and so the teams here, the jet propulsion lab and that nasa are already working on thinking as to how we might want to do that. that's the 1st time we're to launch something off of another planet. and then we have to bring it back home here to her and bring the samples back home safely and keep them contained. there are any number of challenges here

that kind of works. anything we've done before. the space flight system for the return mission should be ready and a few years researchers are already working on the new assignment, the city. so i think you'd be at a least boobs will be recovered by a european build roller fios. you got any idea which will gather them with an arm or something, but you put them in a basket and deliver them to a rocket. they would shoot on the container how that handed tubes into orbit around mark, which is the, the citrus, even it is wrong. people probably need its own land or you will need to learn very precise and you're the tubes. it won't work if it lands 100 kilometers away associated with temperature. sap or table lender have the concept that we're working on right now can, which allows the rocket that's gonna take those samples from the surface of mars to,

to space, to be thrown up in the air tossed, the toss the rock it up in the air and then fire it, it's kind of like an air launch that's really the biggest advantage that we don't have to deal with any kind of direction system, right? to put the, to put the rocket in. so kind of positioning that we want the to the rock and it's almost 3 meters long, and weighs 400 to 500 kilograms. you fired in the air, the rocket ignites and it's gone before it can come back down to the what's the us is up in mars orbit. we've got to find it with us, or turn over, or we're looking for something that's kind of basketball size. that's pretty difficult, right? it's not a very bright things, not very big. and we're gonna have to find it from uh, you know, tends to hundreds of farmers away. but tom t putting a small white balloon into orbit around mars and catching it with an arbiter of each not easily copy it myself. so we start by looking

for the, the other parts of the rocket that have gone with it. and our bigger the upper stage of the, of the rock, it has a radio on board with a beacon that will kind of scream at us every now and then telling us where it is now. so you're going to have a tough shoot container gets loaded into a space capsule, which returns to earth 6 months later. and what the task 0, it's all goes to plants, martian rocks, one day be transported to earth. it is crucial to ensure the samples are not contaminated by organic molecules brought by perseverance from her. though the risk is low, the consequences would be devastating. the music's pronto, the response, the 1st space explores and the 19 sixty's remembered. one thing their own predecessors, lack of caution, to play questions the spread of disease following the exploration of the new world as a dark chapter in human history or mold in the contusions. when both ways of any d,

i think these are shown as they have no interest in for distribution biological contamination of a motion. my form would be a reputable and fucked up with showing the same is true in reverse. and i'm sure what would happen if an astronaut was contaminated by an unknown martian species. bobby, what would you do with them? a corner. could they be brought back to earth? i will leave them there forever. as combined, should they be brought back to earth and as i put in confinement for the rest of their lives to continue. just kind of it is the stuff a science fiction in english and speak. hopefully. imagine it's such a wonderful the a huge number of questions remain unanswered, but the ultimate goal remains. one day humans will fly to mars the, but how can they survive there and return to earth, the

sofa perseverance, in addition to establish whether there has been life on mars in the past. one of the other goals is to prepare for the eventual coming. a few minutes on mars, and so we have a few instruments on board that allow us to prepare for that. there's the meta instrument, which is a weather station. it allows us to understand weather patterns on mars, not just winds, but also with dust pressure. there's a ground penetrating radar cause of impacts that allows us to understand the structure of the ground below us. if we're ever going to build anything on mars, understanding the motion regulation is really important. the shelf plus locks. now why is a fringe engineer and asked or not? she has been involved with 3 nasa space missions and knows how important remote projects are. the for the 1st 2 wins traveling to mars. before

we need to be able to remotely to lie to and return from our as before doing it with humans. so let me show difficulties. that's why this, it has permission with 1st appearance is an important for deciding if we can talk to a human like tomorrow as well. so that he doesn't have, would it be better to do that? me, you need to be able to mind as many local resources as possible for eating, drinking or some breathing single most in supplying the return trip. well, i mean tell you to so everything doesn't need to be sent from or if i want to tell you the, the, the, it is impossible to land on mars carrying 30 tons of materials, including oxygen and stay for several months. but perseverance is already helping to solve the problem. just to be honest, perseverance is not just studying martian. geology is preparing mars for human stuff. good. the rover is carrying a small box of the size of

a car. battery called moxy. you said it weighs 17 kilograms and converts the martian atmosphere and a breathable air. there is less than one percent as much air on the surface of mars, but that air is 95 percent made up of carbon dioxide. so within each carbon dioxide molecule is an oxygen molecule combined with carbon. so the job of moxy is to take those apart. the. ringback the most pretty much the moxy sucks and carbon dioxide from the martian atmosphere and passes it through and electrolyzer which separates the oxygen but these to see it and releases the carbon monoxide assume the season or state or c panel. the oxygen atoms combined to form reasonable oxygen molecules looks that can be inhaled. oxygen has to be of 100. now your i would take

20 to 30 grams an hour just to live and to go about our business. so far, moxie has run 8 times on mars and it made a little more than 50 grams of oxygen, which means it would keep us alive for a couple of hours. we hope with a larger version of moxy to make all of that ox engine institute to support a human mission on mars. the these you mess of humans will discover a lot more than robots once they land on site organizational intelligence, to be quite sophisticated. but it only does what is the program to do a robot and will never shout. oh, look at me. oh, i forgot the type

of symbol i long for the day when humans with robots and cutting edge scientific tools will be able to answer the question of extraterrestrial life to as good as you stay here. the suggestion portion of alien world as an extra terrestrial life, hans philosophers, theologians, and now scientists, are we alone? there are 2 distinctly terrifying possibilities. separate. the 2nd one is the fear of being completely alone, deal the shape of interest of the separate to be sure if we are, the responsibility is terrifying, despised, if life on earth vanish tomorrow, there would never be life and the universe again that there was

a possibility that we are not alone is also scary because we are not alone. then we are perhaps not the most beautiful or the most intelligent incentive that would bruise our ego. so for some philosophies in some religions that's difficult to accept or something or you think if you see that i met the see not cas, i'm not sure what our dream is to go to mars one day and i hope it will come true. see if that's the challenge of the 21st century asian group, but this dream cannot be used to justify the idea of what we do to the earth, doesn't matter. because there's a plan that feed with what we know. there's only one earth, and we need to take care of it still has, you know, it's just about exploring another plan and it's not just hard enough to do the introduction. i don't know who named it perseverance. i 6,

but i think that's one of the most important qualities of a great researcher on can finish for so there is to be username basically menu scientific program for one. so i'll just take their just walk in without you the 1st the veterans will continue with search for life on mars. the loan robot is not just exploring. it will also help make one of humanity's greatest dreams come true . taking people to mars in tennessee i see in the seamless of the. ready the the. ready the

. ready the african wanted to see the future caution production. look 3, the slow with that phone isn't kind of in on ending how to book sustainable on virtual field. they practice how to deal with test sustainably. good for the you the code fixed in 30 minutes on the d w, the

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this is the, the use of life from balance. israel opens a new, a trusting aids and cause that and then says the 1st trucks carrying vital supplies time arrived. so this follows increasing international pressure on growing withholds of also in the program. and just part of that makes it easier for people to change the name on jet that on the official documents we looked at to walk this controversial don't means but transgender. think the feel good. you're welcome to the program. israel says the.