of the little world music itself of the hour of next on the dw nature on the principle of collective defense. if it dw documentary asking whether it comes to leave off to that id, that's next, a good day. great, and you do big ocean view companies play a role in the destruction of the rain forest. the letter for luxury cars often comes from illegal capital funds in the m, as in yet the supply chains does matter to the view industry. the illegal of the stats may said on dw, the nato, the north atlantic treaty organization was formed to 75 years ago. it's aimed

to prevent more between solver and countries, the 75 years of europe and history without a war. that's the ultimate expression of a successful alliance. then, on february 24th 2022, russia launched a full scale invasion of ukraine. war had returned to europe. ukraine itself is not a needle member, but russia's actions have prompted the question. is the western military alliance capable of defending itself? how strong is nato? the russian president vladimir putin viewed the eastern expansion of nato as both

a threat and betrayal of a purported promise and booting size? it was a breach of trust that justified russia's attack on another country. he made that clear and an address to the nation 3 days before russian troops invaded ukraine. the the unit and started to just keep close enough to really ever not diagnose loan . that's kind of based on a need, but i would like that i substitute system, i be speaking. who does that process? that is the project. right? and they say that again, sort of, i mean we were supposed to be speaking into that process, the motions. so similar to what are the number one key, this is daniel crane. i'm not that it's a pretty my think because it is it possible for me to get the senior i visited language by the master. so it seems like some sort of a kind of shows, man, appreciate you can still, even though some guy who comes up so felt of a person of virginia you might need. so i used to live each to you, please. i do it as best, but i knew you can see. anyway, human the base was to be

a matter you might do. him must push the button when he is still meeting yet you don't mind your customer sitting in your way. and the other thing is that the, nothing noise is that's about not one inch east towards, that's the much quoted promise, nato is said to have made to russia so did the west betray russian. ready as story and mary isa reality has spent most of her academic life focusing on that exact question. she's conducted more than $100.00 interviews and scrutinized countless transcripts letters and documents. and ultimately, she found a clear answer. what i would really like would be if the russians would lay down their weapons and go home. i can't make that happen. but in a certain sense, putting this, trying to use history is a weapon to justify what he's doing. and i am a historians. and so in my own little way,

it's very minor compared to what the premiums are doing. but in my own little way, i can perhaps take that weapon away from him by showing and a serious, reproducible scholarly way. the true narrative, the actual narrative of what happened. the story begins shortly after the fall of the berlin wall. germany was on the brink of reunification, but there was a challenge. germany had surrendered unconditionally after the 2nd world war. so the 4 victor powers of the us, france, britain, and the soviet union still had undisputed legal rights over divided germany, and particularly over divided berlin. so in order for germany to unify, all 4 had to give those powers up. the 3 victorious western powers ask themselves what the 4th power would demand. what would the soviet union's last liter mikhail gorbachev want in return for allowing the reunification of germany

the the former west german foreign minister hans dietrich denture was, was certain that corporate charles would want the security of knowing and dentures words that neither poland nor hungary is going to join nato, so venture thought that was reasonable and felt strongly that the western allies, so america, britain, france, and west germany should offer that to gorbachev. denture, propose the idea to us secretary of state james baker. he too thought it was reasonable. on february 9th 1990 baker visited gorbachev at the kremlin and he says roughly the following. how about you let your part of germany go. and we say that nato nato, in its jurisdiction, will move not one into sports. after the meeting,

baker flew back to the us to report back to his boss and a good friend, president george w bush. bush, however, was anything but impressed with the proposal, the bush says, jim, i'm disappointed in you. i don't think we should negotiate about the future of nato . i think nato just won the cold war. i think the data was great just the way it is . so we're not going to do that. and you need to let people know. so one of my more interesting discoveries was a letter that baker then wrote to the west german 4 and ministry at the end of february, saying, i'm sorry, i should have said that i've caused confusion. we need to stop talking about this. and after that, this offer disappears from the american negotiating position. 2 weeks later, bush invited west german chancellor, helmut kohl and his wife to camp david the us president's country residence

bush said to call pretty much the same thing, but he took the james baker. we're not going to negotiate or the future of nato to help with that. that's a direct quote to help with that. and coal responded okay. the corporate job is going to want something in exchange for his burdening tips and goals. coal thought about it and said, perhaps it will be a question of money. and bush responded. you have deep pockets, us. and the later defense minister bob gates, who was basically taking notes around this time, he bob gates later wrote in his memoirs, at that moment the strategy became clear. we were going to bribe the soviets out, but with money not with promises about native american to plus for negotiations dragged on until september 12th 1990 by then nothing stood in the way of german reunification. and the line not one inch eastward was not in any treaty.

storage is assembly vague and don't tuck. you would just if i need them to dodge, so and then by truck routes, feel distributed to it even gun. so this was not the amateur, our, these were professionals negotiating. this was the a team, as we say in america. and at the end, what actually was in the contract explicitly allows nato to enlarge across the former cold war front line. that i believe is what is most important and the soviet union not only signed that accord, not only ratified it, but also cashed the associated check from billions of deutsch marks. that doesn't mention. so what, who does is he mentioned the early phase and negotiations where that was a possibility. but then he ignores what actually happened to the end. months later,

the soviet union collapsed. the warsaw pact was officially dissolved. the soviet flag over the kremlin was lowered, nato and the west had one. suddenly the question arose. what should they to do next? month after 1990 there was this idea of the peace dividend. all states and europe in the west, but also russia and other former soviet states reduce their arms on the idea was if everyone had to cure what friends, it's like, no, nobody wanted conflict in the ones. we have one kind of conflict. and for a few years, at least, the idea seemed to work. relations between russia and the west, improved and 1997 leaders of nato countries and russian president boris yeltsin, signed a cooperation agreement called the nato, russia, a founding act. german diplomatic, both gong dissing was at the negotiations. the bits you in the 1st half of the 1990s, the relationship was by no means confrontational or hostile. russian needed cooperation

with the west of a russia was later admitted to the g 7. and so suddenly we were the g 8 of the don't perceive on the us the nato, russia founding act, literally states, nato and russia. do not consider each other as adversaries, therefore, man boobs. so be even in the spot who is by caps. i'm ok. let's see if it comes to you. i see it choose to be say back or you know, or you don't be able to walk in the founding that the west made concessions to rush out just because of didn't give you, couldn't we agreed that no nuclear weapons would be deployed on the territory a future, eastern natal member states, go to a period and build and bought so i wouldn't even know if this or buttons despite the accept you. we also accepted that the deployment of troops from nato member

states in those countries not to repeat, would only be allowed to take place in a very limited way with their stuff in dawson and tomato honor. that agreement says andre courts who not academic director of the russian international affairs council in moscow. the, the license too young to me or do i agree that between 20142022 the north atlantic treaty organization showed us such an restraint or the pretty low up the youngest folks because sides of the machine, you know, the restraints in deploying new troops and heavy weapons to its eastern flag control, it would really not for you all of us pushing of along get it to believe. this was evidently done to avoid any accusation of violating the provisions of the nato

russia founding act as local guys to uh, the uh, the right. see not the category the act does not allow the parties to station launch off most of weapons along the russian border. any uh, police, simply because they get the most one. on the other hand, russia is doing things very differently. to me this nuclear, we have to assume that there are nuclear capable missile systems and a couple in, in grad, which wouldn't get much warning to us sitting here in berlin right here. been a lot is happening there. i see it i because we haven't done any of that needs. we haven't done anything in this domain that didn't already exist before reunification or during the cold war exist yet. even when booting came to power in 1999, the relationship between russia and nato was peaceful. the old enemy seemed to have become a friend. meanwhile, a new adversary had emerged. terrorism to this day,

the alliance is article 5 has only ever been invoked once. following the terrorist attacks of september, 11th, 2001. today our fellow citizens, our way of life, are very freedom, came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist attacks the pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires, burning huge, huge structures. collapsing have filled us with disbelief. at the time stephanie bobs was a nato security advisor at headquarters in brussels, watching as events unfolded the as gab down much oh, do you forced along during the attacks but also off too. it's there was a sense that we should expect to find them or tax fights of an uncle, and we didn't know why. and i'm,

i remember very well how unsettled we felt as employees at nato headquarters to use . okay, we so we will also target, we have an even finds target so again, if it was directed from abroad, i didn't see, and i did see it show me the job as an x and cover up to 5 of the washington. and to find by that's easy, clean, that regard. there was a considerable risk and insight king obstacle, 5 pieces to buy china because nobody knew what the situation would be like. in a week's time, another condos arguing, and whether the americans would suddenly demand immediate military support from that route lice. and nobody could know that for ca, tile is off to the attacks. then i'm just leaving new mustang and response to the attacks us president george w bush declared a war on terror and $2170.00 nations took part in the subsequent war in afghanistan,

including all nato countries and russia. a few days after the attacks put in speaking german address to the german parliament in berlin, who did the other. the other is food and was one of the very 1st to express his condolences and a willingness to health after 911. that's relations were still stable. back then w, when the of the dominant have you found that happen? when does the united states you see that was so difficult for them to be dealing with it shoots and this one thing and use them to them and kind of take a desktop with you. it's from september in this out in the time to finish talking to she is one of in plus mentioned in the guns, severely foggins. this is the common cont, once we have done so the issue, the w and the dentistry dixon for our interview,

the political you'll even the vice president implies in purposes to this because what i know 5 michelle new in duplicate. how many do you model? can you give i notes with a poem? pollutants supported nato in afghanistan in the fight against dow, kinda some of nato's logistics were routed via russia, or at the time prudent even considered the prospect of russia joining nato. the . ready ready both russia and nato member states benefit from the cooperation economically and politically. you're probably and you have certainly used to move a very much. it was a very good cooperation between the west and russia dollars, essentially in the early 2, thousands a year,

and then they will not complain that that goes out to which to are the best example is probably the transportation options that russia offered nato during the war in afghanistan or the out of so posting that y'all a while, you know, they're not the so called northern transport car at all. well, well, so several years, you're going to need the prospect, the, give me a dork. it proved to be very effective. you can get the category of option because also effects even from 2000 to onwards. representatives of russia and nato met regularly in the nato, russia council. the mood among leaders was playful. end up being more like a set the minute the step. quite a few of them. i think even though i just don't say you have to do much good luck with

the slippery slope of the i think started to go downhill. with the us decision to intervene in iraq, if not before, then gosh and try to. because moscow, of course, had the feeling that a red line had been crossed that, oh yes is a, what do you knew? it was shifting when the americans were going to start that kind of war means you get the with thousands of tanks and soldiers. and as it turned out, the based on false information and then where, what it ends on it as it was investing in it was the beginning of the end of good relations between russia and the west. russia, like china and france voted against the invasion of a rock at the un security council. the us invaded any way without a un mandate in 2007, 4 years after the us invaded iraq with its coalition of the willing food and spoke at the munich security conference. he took the united states and its

allies to task over their policies. the front of my computer, you'll see that you think it was more list, it is these new book, but if this a new upgrade, you me to go to a google, anybody yet let me know what's the diploma? just give me something in the does up with the some fox in the what is on the, the fact the contact was maintained between moscow and brussels was very often seen as some kind of save from nato to want to rush at the very near cuts of a r c, a pull would show us as the council is almost exclusively considered a mechanism for exchanging information mugs, really but one which had no serious decision making functions. you've got you. and of course, with those 2 approaches were bound to clash sooner or later that you develop i for

the on the new portion of those little bit of salt mode. so we can still void shipping a, but it's a national publication depends a bit me moves and there was no problem. what are the ideally, normally the best suited to, than you've assessed is came up with a lot and then what was that? did you feel better so you almost doesn't finish out the good. i need the bus with the left. if you look on them, if you find the ticket you, when you started, i see it maybe as a way to begin with. so that's the look i'm with the front of that. come with a 100 approximately 5 degree, i guess we probably reacted unwisely. zillow, the reaction was basically to assume he just needed to let off some steam. with that the next morning, it would be back to business as usual, that turned out to be a miscalculation and they failed. so we found that out in 2008 at the latest. i mean, when russia responded to the george and uprisings with massive military force me to

tell them after that. but nothing really went downhill. nicholas to set it back up in the, in 2014 russian forces occupied crimea. pro russian insurgents and eastern ukraine were supported with arms supplies, logistics, and irregular forces. the official line was that moscow was protecting the russian language and culture. in reality, it was probably also about preventing ukraine from joining nato. after all, no country involved in a conflict is allowed to join the alliance. who should face scary with tango? new brain would follow. in 2022. the

rushes for administer essentially declared that the nato, russia council was no more they want to go back to the borders of 1997. they sent a concept tree to text and later in december 2021. and that means that the basically all the members that since 1997 has become a member of nato, would sort of become a 2nd class member. of course that is unacceptable. who wants less of nato instead? he's getting more of it. finland joining the alliance in 2023 suite and applied for membership in 2022, but wasn't admitted at 1st. for 20 months. turkish president read ship type air to one block, sweden's membership that hungary opposed to even longer only to members have the right to veto. for example,

when it comes to new member states. as a distribution obviously hits literally so sweet and had been preparing for over a year and dropping. they made an incredibly important really quite 2 story decisions. they had to get it through parliament, which was a difficult political fate, inclusive, the sister from that they were more or less dependent on 2 people, missed the oven and missed the other one and all bundled. so they were on the doorstep and they basically had to beg quotes. i told them bitches. research for you as a dean says everyone has deliberately used nato to make profitable deals for years . and his role at the german institute for international and security affairs id has observed the turkeys foreign policy of there's a set off and there's also a tactical reason for the turkish position with turkey wants to extort more benefits. so to the us, if you want to put it that way, and that's was i kind of escape, it's about acquiring at 16 fighter jets, for example, jets. turkey isn't going to make it easy. i mean,

the country is negotiating this one to 100. meanwhile, nato once again faces an age old question. how united would the alliance be in the event of an attack? polling suggests that nearly 3 quarters of turks now see it's nato partner the united states as their greatest threat. nato itself now has just 23 percent support in turkey. nato's most important member was and is the us. it's key to the alliance of strength and its future. we assembled here today are issuing a new degree to be heard in every city, in every foreign capital and in every hall of power. from this day forward, a new vision will govern our land. from this day, forward is going to be only america. first,

america, 1st of the united states, please, an extremely important coordinating role in nato. the president is the most important person in the alliance and without an american president and all of that means in terms of american military and nuclear power. and the, the alliance itself would be just a shadow of itself. good. in july 2018. nato secretary general young sheldon back and us president donald trump clashed on camera at the nato summit and brussels germany is just being a little bit over one percent. where's the united states and actual numbers is 4.2 percent of a much larger g d p. so i think that's an appropriate roles. you know,

we're protecting germany, we're protecting france, we're protecting everybody. and yet we're paying a lot of money to project. now this has been going on for decades, and the numerous of the countries go out and make a pipeline deal with russia, where they're paying billions of dollars into the coffers of russian. and i think that's very inappropriate. and the former chancellor of germany is the head of the pipeline company that supplying the gas in 2014 nato member states agreed to spend a 2 percent of gdp on defense. but apart from the united states modeling, any countries stuck to it, the john bolton was us national security advisor for around 18 months under donald trump until the president forced him to resign. when i took the job, this national security advisor, i believe that the weight of the decisions that the president had to make and the

national security field, the gravity of the responsibility would weigh on donald trump and discipline him in the same way it had for 44 american presidents before him. bolton was there on the 2nd day of the nato summit, when trump nearly caused a major incident. the while i was in a car over to our embassy residence in brussels, where the president was staying and he called me in the car and said, uh, i think we should do something historic today. i think we should withdraw from nato . and i said this somewhat surprised by that i said, well, let's discuss it. i'm almost there. as soon as i hung up at the present minute i called the mike pompei o the secretary of state and called john kelly white house chief of staff. i tried to reach matt as the secretary of defense, to basically say, all hands on deck. i think this is very serious

the for the 1st time and need those history. us withdrawal seemed a real possibility. the, well, i was very worried that the trump would actually announce with ro, right? they're not that we had considered it not. we had discussed it at the n s c. but because trump, once he started talking about something, i often just went ahead and did. and at one point, trump said to me that basically he was going to replace me with someone who didn't argue with him, but who just said yes, when he said things like, i want to get out of nato. the last conversation i had was, and he was literally sitting at the big table in the nato meeting room. he called me up and said, well, shall we do it?

and i said, go right up to the line, but don't go over the line. and then i went and sat back down and when i sat down i had no prediction. what he would do the, i think with a normal president, it would have been seen as a blow because people know that come on the united states needs nato, just as much as nato needs the united states. so nobody would have taken him serious. he comes across is not truly appreciating the significance of the alliance or what it even means or understanding the history or why do we do what we do. c e, he understands the world and it transactional sense. quit pro, quote, then each. if i give you secure, is he what do i get in return? why do i have it was deal when it comes to nature. he didn't appreciate that nature was important for the us in order to create global stability and security. for him,

it's just to do that, but can you give me this and i'll give you that. that's what nato is about. the mission of, of, of the not to do nothing came of trumps threats. but nato allies, especially those in europe. we're concerned me berlin july 2019 simulation was carried out by london's international institute for strategic studies and the cub of foundation security experts from germany, france, the u. k. poland, and the us to part everything happened in secret. neither the location, northern participants were disclosed know how to do that is executive director of international affairs at the club foundation by these. and so now i am of them as a sole task for the scenario exercises we invite and government officials but also

people from the academic world. and from think tanks of the think tank that i was for sure they come from various countries that are relevant for the scenario we're playing out new and then the violence and uh, and a very important requirement. denise simulation games is that the list of participants remains absolutely confidential to the fatality type. the technician scenario was this. during a 2nd, trump presidency, the us announces its withdrawal from nato. it wasn't a military scenario. it was a political one. what concessions would the remaining member states be prepared to make with nato even collapse under the strain of a u. s. threat. as a destroy trutina? about details for hyatt of a german team was quite prepared to throw the issue of the trade policy. and to the equation, voc, charlottesville for the pulling volume. and the polish team was relatively quick to

enter into talks with the americans along the lines of hey hey, what can we do beyond nieto in terms of a bilateral security policy agreements be that to are and the, the shots forget to should fine boned. so send that, of course was actually a concern for the other players in the game. yeah. and then up to in these, infuse then then the and because we start making bilateral security agreements with the west mason, but the structure you know, will be undermined to the us to not tool i'd spoke to of that. are you intending you to that and what they expected would happen? but it was a return to a series of bilateral alliance as alliances between 2 states, maybe 3 states in europe. and what they saw was the return to rickety system of alliances like those that existed in europe before the 2nd world war. and then in some cases, before the 1st world war 2. and they worried that this would be a very unstable and dangerous situation, where states would have

a series of different security obligations that could activate a whole series of dominos, if you will, if a conflict where to begin. the scenario secretly played out in berlin in 2019 became relevant once more in 2024. trump has repeatedly made nato an election issue and his campaign appearances the and we don't get so much out of it. and you know, i did send you this about nato. if we ever needed the help, let's say we were attacked. i don't believe they'd be there. i very much fear if he becomes president again, he will withdraw from data that he will probably also band and ukraine. that who knows what else he will do. i think it will be very destructive, very counterproductive. i think that the trump will withdraw from nato because he has felt for so long,

but it was something he wanted to do. i think he feels frustrated that he wasn't able to do it. in his 1st term, he probably blames people like myself and several others. and in, in the 2nd trump term, he will not be burdened by people like me. i can tell you, they asked me that question one of the presidents of, of the country. so it upsets well sir, if we don't pay and were attacked by russia, will you protect us? i said, you didn't pay your delinquent. you said yes. let's say that happened. no, i would not protect you. in fact, i would encourage them to do whatever the hell they want. you gotta say, gotta pay your bill. and the money came flowing in. we were like the stupid country of the world and we're not going to be the stupid country of the world any longer. we're not going to be the to see if the real danger isn't unofficial us withdrawal from nato. that was,

that's something that congress made clear again in 2019 with legislation on some of i'm a north east, you must have the president does not have the power to break the north atlantic treaty suppression fatigues and treaties have to go through congress. you good, good. 5 duster police is a real danger is a lack of political will to do anything in the case of an ally being attacked by whether the president and the white house as trump or someone else. i've been from the day give a bit even if the trump is re elected and doesn't officially withdrawal from nato, because the us congress doesn't allow him to come because still decide to do nothing. if an attack takes place then put him on a contest. the us congress would still have the power to dictate a will, but the us president of as military commander could simply not send troops from the i could the world's largest military alliance, and it's famous article 5 be undermined by just one person. and that's not the only

threat to nato global power dynamics have been shifting for years to life. and i think for one thing us society is changing to another. but also in recent years, there's been a dramatic increase in the perception that china is a threat. we own a global play of that could take on the us under the category for rushes and a completely different category. when it comes to that, according to the global fire power index, china is ranked just after the united states and russia when it comes to military strength and world wide. modernization of beijing is military is set to be completed by 2035 plus china already has the largest navy in the world. satellite images from recent years show how china has build up. huge military bases on small, undeveloped ad holes in the south china sea. in china is taking an increasingly aggressive stance towards taiwan and other agent states. those dates

are internal, also hoping for assistance from the us and nato. does it seem that we're also seeing this with you claim? increasingly the question is, can we be equally active and both sides see, it says in both regions. 90 that we now spending on ukraine in terms of weapons and supports. should we already be supplying that to tie $12.00, in case of a conflict from success databases going on in the us. we have seen types of apps, pnc 5 titles, and i wasn't part of a delegation to the us in 2019. during our discussions, the americans told us russia 0 problem. it's a european problem. now, he's not ours anymore. you have to take care of it on the desk that is not going to change, even if in 10 or 20 years we have better relations with russia until then, europeans have to come to terms with the idea that the us may simply not be able to

act in a conflict because they may be busy elsewhere. the one that was on the mantel challenge for europeans in the future will be to show how they can also be useful and not just the beneficiary of us security. or is there a need for a plan b, like or unified european army? after roll? particle $42.00 of the treaty on european union contains its own mutual assistance guarantees similar to nato's article 5. the needless to say, the us wouldn't be the mandatory power. it is today if it wasn't centralized, and it will to use and that's exactly why a european army, andrea unified command structure is so unlikely, because we're not one country like the united states. you have leucon of the european union is made up of 27 countries mind. they will never let us central command in brussels, for example,

take military decision making out of the center. and it's a time come understand the implicit somebody in february 2024 european commission president was that a fund a lion supported a proposal to appoint an e u. defense commissioner in the future. but the idea of a european army would have to be approached over the long term, the festival. what the european is, can do is a line the army so that they're complementary, so that they work together. they still wouldn't achieve the necessary level of deterrence against russia, but at least they'd have a foundation on which they could carry out small to medium sized emissions on their own. and if you want to take your own small to medium sized commissions are unlikely to discourage russia in the long term. in january 2024, nato began its largest the truth exercise since the end of the cold war named steadfast defender, 90000 soldiers practicing their reaction to

a simulated attack. over several months, the hypothetical opponent, russia, the united kingdom diplomat had said essentially, every time natal gets into trouble, the russians come along and save us, which is viola, not this is just nato is now. in fact, returning to the reason the north atlantic block was founded in 1949 is keeping moscow at bay given room. you must go whether poor likes it or not. russia's war and ukraine has re invigorated nato. the is think is, is still good to your opinions and of course is gemini, it's the biggest test that we have faced since the end of the 2nd world war. this

is not some minor crisis that we can manage from the side lisles. it's some kind of minutes and regardless of external pressure, the looming risk between europe and the us is unmistakable. europeans are facing completely new challenges. i mean, because the ministry power of oil, europe and states put together as simply too small compared to what the us has creating a european defense policy that could function without nato would take decades. not to mention require much more than the 2 percent of g d. p that's being demanded today. would escape just providing the money isn't enough. things have to be produced. weapon systems would have to be made the kind europe kind of the dream of today and kind of hopeless with the post cold war piece. dividend seems to have been used up. the defense is once again,

part of every day political discourse been for me didn't fall. i have a family, a lot of us here. our fathers and mothers, we don't want more than, you know, it's the very thing we want to prevent the guns and beat. so how can it be prevented or so by for caring for something like it to the end by sending a message to somebody who just over a year ago, carried out an attack on a neighbor he piece by saying get orders to that won't work here. so i'm here to house kind of what after 75 years, nato is once again confronting the task it faced when it was found in preventing a war. the

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getting a visa is more difficult than finding gold hosted to use the dream force and for the future in the stories industries that are being discussed across the country. news africa in 90 minutes on d w. the names cassandra re determined that has was operating like a global drug course. the objective to financially drain has come and bring them down. the team agents from the american drug enforcement agency they had criminalized themselves. we needed to reveal that so world, why did the us government suddenly shut down project cassandra in 2016?

03 pod documentary series. i'm asking has paula stats may 4th on d, w. the . this is dw news, and these are our top stories. israel says the 1st aid trucks have entered casa through the open border. crossing in the north footed, released by these really military appears to show vehicles carrying supplies across the border. and israel's government is under increasing international pressure to allow more aid into the territory to use the worst. and monetary and crisis transitional governing council has been formally appointed and 18. the council is task for choosing.