about the supply chain process. all that nice. illegal leather stats may said on d w the, that's one message that conscious sending be less afraid. have some encourage the idea that on black is an argument, she certainly made a huge effort to expose this at the law. the thing that anyone does to show something that is not perfect. c c the

a man turns people's thinking upside down, his profession philosopher, his name and model account, his motto, dare to know that was pretty bold for back then. come to was born 300 years ago in what was then called clinics panics. but what he thought is, at least as relevant today as it was in his day, he was not just a sweet river road arm chair philosopher. he was very curious about the world call . it was the 1st person to really work out of you say we should be connected with each other. come to showing good sense of didn't justice happening in one place on the planet is felt every way device. and that's exactly why come to so important today. and model accounts developed his ideas into europe, dominated by absolute us rulers. in that atmosphere, he demanded, we should think for ourselves. that's one message,

the conscious sending be less afraid, have some courage that was easier said than done one wrong word set against those in power could have drastic consequences. the nothing in comes early life would suggest that he would become one of the most important thinkers in history, or that his ideas would change philosophy forever. he had humble beginnings, born to a craftsman father and the mother who never attended school. and model was the force of 11 children soon demonstrated how intelligent he was, which was his opportunity to get ahead. sally of the get, interestingly, social advancement through talent was always possible. but you had to be brilliant and one bedroom, but the, the

countries through both school and university for awhile. he paid for his education that has, among other things, a successful billiards player. but he was especially interested in philosophy, metaphysics, mathematics, natural history, and astronomy. a real poly mat in his studies conte relied on the power of thought and reason, and he firmly believed this different people can enlighten themselves together as a society. i'm conan and come stay. critics back was part of the kingdom of prussia with berlin as the capital. today it's called calling in god and as in the russian federation, country of lee left his hometown, but as a baltic trading port, it was well connected with the wide world beyond consummate new york, rise to intellectual start and began late at the age of 57 he published his magnum, opus the critique of pure reason. it was followed by one best seller after another,

making him quite rich and allowing him to move in the highest circles of society. probably no other philosopher has shapes modern thought as much as he has standing only 1.57 meters tall. this little man from critics back is an intellectual giant to many philosophers today. i'll be county into the rest of my life. incidentally, some of his contemporaries thought content was kind of working. he was someone who woke every morning at a quarter to 5 drink 2 cups of tea and smoked the pipe. todd from 7 to 9 and thought from 9 to a quarter to one. then he wrote and went for a walk in the afternoon, all at precisely the same time. every day. during comes lifetime, people were surrounded by authorities. the king, the military, the church, most people did with they were told,

partially out of fear. people were threatened with execution, people were threatened with exile, the people was throwed into prison. i mean this, this happened oliver friends in many places in germany and many places in england. there were just many things that were a lot worse than a twitter storm. so then come to came along and miss authoritarian world in turn human thinking on its head, what he demanded is actually simple but courageous and productive. he said people should use their own minds instead of following instructions separate out a day or 2. no, there's a such thing thinking for ourselves is also supposed to get us out of certain comfort zones where we're not allowed to make things easier for ourselves. nice and

many things require us to be discrimination for self critical and for and tumble, to teach a photo of the move, the that according to kind of thinking for one's self also means debate, discussion and confrontation with other opinions. good. now i can tell him about this. i'm to be taking a closer look at what it actually means to think for ourselves is um and it means examining along with others, whether what we think is right is also tenable. and that is what he means set in mind to go conses. enlightenment is man's emergence from his self imposed, immature to it maturity, sure, the lie self imposed is partly our own fault. but the howard is,

is certainly furthered by the ruling powers. also the church, of course, um and he says the so called guardians treat the people like the house fee, dumb animals. okay. and dumb animals are tame and they're much easier to control. and that's of course, a really radical message. the come to observe the starry sky and made a fascinating discovery. no, not a new planet. not even extra terrestrials who he firmly believes exist, or looking into the infinite, into what he called the starry heavens, con cents a 2nd. infiniti, one within himself. something that distinguishes him, the human being from the animals, his moral law. he puts this into a formula that most people may have heard of. the famous categorical imperative.

act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time, will that it should become a universal law. another revolutionary demand. sure, the concept of considering what our actions mean for other people is not entirely new. what is, is that comp manages without a higher moral authority, and therefore, without god this mention of men, we want people to recognize what is right and what is wrong on the basis of reason . they should question themselves and not just rely on divine authorities whom be the option. and since then, nothing's been the same. a whole system of thought now rests on human reason. that's a huge responsibility. clunk of 3 formulations of the counter core for imperative. and i think the most important one is to act as if everyone

is an end in themselves. and that just means never use anybody as a means never instrumental laws, people. okay. which is it actually much harder to follow the new that it sounds comes affirmation of human dignity, was a very political spin on philosophy. the, the world con, lived in, was deeply shaken in 1789 by the french revolution in paris. some 1700 kilometers away from clinics, that the best steve was store and, and heads rolled literally in a quest for liberty and a better life. what did come to make of it all comes tight conscious ideals that fuel the french revolution. the idea of a quantity of equal freedoms. the idea of republicanism, the people should also be politically mature and capable of governing themselves,

said phil again. even though count rejected, uprising send results, he now bluntly criticize the privileges of the nobility. the paternalism of the church and colonialism. a fair world seemed possible and comp wanted his philosophy to have a practical effect, leading to a better life and freedom. the political consequences can still be observed today. i actually sings the cons. philosophy is the only basis for a living liberal left the values that we desperately need. today, we're all there in conte on tasks. i believe this is an incredibly demanding legacy, which if we are honest, maybe also shane's is because in many ways we do not live up to this standard. do some unfortunately get us together. that's especially the case in regard to global

justice. when it comes to the visual, just thing the rubel north and it moves souls, these out of injustice is the visit or for issues that come from international financial institutions that are introduced. the notary rosemary, norfolk and then your voice mail of countries has led to 2 breed the line to grabbing corruption and so on. so this is, i mean just is gone to the idea that this is a violation of this. got to go to the clean power to the are very few people demonstrating for peace today are likely to know they owe a debt to count who was passionate about preventing war. he was over 70 when he formulated his thoughts on the subject in his as a perpetual piece. the ideas in it were radically modern for 1795. a time when

war was the order of the dead. yeah, so it's all he bets on treaties between sovereign states for did was very progressive for the time by the, the approved today. we have to recognize the bi lateral treaties or not. and not, especially if, aside like russia cancels it's own treaties overnight. rather, we need international controls on which is what conte also wanted, and that's come even also moved into much and out of control context periods 3 wars in his lifetime and the russian occupation of clinics that he knew what war meant or the cultures most radical about his rising up, the demands, the teacher arise from this ideal of world peace. and from today's point of view, these demands are just as unfulfilled as they were back then. that states trust each other to such an extent that they no longer maintain standing armies considered a threat to others. so these are still utopian ideas. today we're probably sure

forced in wars have certainly taken place in the year since constance. yet his ideas found almost likely how to guide for establishing the united nations 150 years after his peace proposal. a serious set at least partially successful, attempt to ensure peace in the world. the comes may have lived in the age of enlightenment, but as he recognized it was not an enlightened age. and he himself was not an enlightened person either as modern as many of his ideas seemed to us now, he was blatantly wrong on other points. a few minutes, he has its highest degree of perfection in the white race, especially disturbing is that in his theory of the alleged human races, cancelling external characteristics with intellectual and moral qualities for him. they, american indians, which represents the so called rad raise,

or in cable culture, that means the, the basically cannot even leave the state of nature. the and then the black race are capable of only call joe slade, slavery member, the cannot, you know, of as to more advanced a culture and that so yellow res, represented by east indians and chinese among others cannot engage in more advanced the culture cops thinks that only western europeans can have all the talents and drives to keep going as realizing to natalie with respect to, to it's more destiny today that way of thinking is completely unacceptable. and it would seem to totally contradict, comes idea of universalism, the idea that human dignity is derived from our ability to reason, to his racist statements. erase comes philosophy and his thinking on justice. we

will go to see the closest as of the cod, according to many country and schools. so these are the ideas about 2 very this is not quite the better for when you look at this. so the course was always for level . so we also seemed basically under core medical assistance, so he's just model that is it's a matter of physics. in fact, in his later work, conte advocated equal rights for all people. so did he recount his earlier racist statements that hotly debated among come scholars. it is clear that comes opinions in this matter were firmly rooted in the thinking of his time. that also applies to his anti semitism and his disregard for when still as an old man come to meet a radical demand, calling for a right of world citizenship, a global write of visitation for all people above, all refugees should not be turned away from tech that most men time contest saw

something that unfortunately was no longer accepted as a matter of course, in the 20th century, if even namely that every citizen must be allowed to leave their country and seek shelter somewhere else, if they are accepted. not been monday, it would be great if the world would remember that these are things that are actually self evident in percentage. that's utopian is cons, ideas of perpetual peace, global citizenship, and justice found he was certainly not a dream. on the contrary, he looked very soberly at reality, but he did believe in hope. so the question is how called understood hope. he didn't understand it as a feeling or emotion. he understood it as a moral obligation, and both are not australasia of practical reason in that if we want to survive, we need hope. even if sometimes there is nothing to suppose that i mean the worst

will happen if we give up hope. hope is precisely something that you need when you are feeling close to despair. let's summarize it like this. as long as we don't know that everything is meaningless, like our efforts for justice and peace, we must keep trying according to con. no, that sounds like a pretty good idea. 100 years ago, josephine baker found his success towards europe. but the 1st black superstar ulcer folks against nazis and racism. berlin is grace, a child. recall josephine bay 2 and head men once have international career kicked off on new year's eve. 1925 at the nelson theater input in fake advanced learning. a belt of plus for non is sending up the cliche of an exotic africa of the bananas. from that she uses is on

a very interesting level. very funny. that element of humor always is there what she did at that moment in the 1920s was to present her body without shame and its beauty. in the sense that all of that make it, the bodies that we see in the museum in sculptures and paintings. josephine baker was born in st. louis in the united states in 19 o. 6. she danced her way out of prophecy. just 8 years old, she was washing dishes to support a family. but in 1925, they continue to wait to us with the support of, of the patrons. she conquered hans with popular jazz music in charleston dancing. the parents been been and they told us to cheat fame as an actress in the silent, short french film assignments. hallucinations, the finest buys on dresses with his eyes. baker marks the situation by pulling

faces and even going cross side. she was celebrated by us as an intellectuals, a life to unique dance style. the bakers still inspires offices like john re does it. he lives in berlin and is taking part in a josephine baker exhibition at the cities noire enough to an art gallery is originally from hazy and studied architecture in new york. does a came across baker in the seminar on the history of architecture, auto flus, a pioneer of modern architecture designed to house the there was never a unimportant black eye clinic figure in any of this history. so for me, it became a very interesting link. when i discovered that a conceptual art texture was created and never built for terms of fame.

and so this gave me a great deal of curiosity. the josephine baker, who stayed with him ever since dessert shows, it's one of his pieces in the exhibition of glass painting, a fake inspired by his catholic roots in haiti, he's titled this the shrine of the black madonna. number one, the, this is josephine becker and it's not just the same vector at the same time. so it's, we can say that it's this kind of define got is this black, madonna baker force in the french resistance for which she was recognized with the french lead to move on up. she adopted 12 children and was seen as an icon. a few

menissi does this piece close on i want to have 12 butterflies here that would, in a religious context, speak about the apostles. and in a, in a historical context, would speak about the 12 children that she adopted from around the world. what we also see here is we see multiple metals that she receives from to call say to force against racism in the united states along side martin luther king, among others she sole despise as the pinnacle of the personal struggle, one which accompanied her throughout her life. one in strategy that she had is that part of racism, whether it's in europe or in america, is to, i saw for the idea that black is ugly. and

she certainly made a huge effort to expose this as a lie with the way that she presented herself her hair, her clothing, the way she needs the things that she would have around her constantly. it was about the view josephine bates, his life beauty. and once again, making a grand instance based on the noise. and that's, you know, gathering and then the a how do you attract a young audience to connect to cool music? the violinist esta of homie is breaking new ground on social media. our take talk

and classical music, a good fit. as to a problem, he says they go together like a hand in glove. the violin is just becoming a classical music sensation on social media. she's got 418000 followers on tick tock alone. the weather in the concert hall or at home as fans of follow her daily musical routine up close and personal and social media. her mobile is always close at hand, even when she's practicing at home 3. wow. i use it really just as a platform as a way in order to make classical music more accessible and, and it's also a great way to have the community to build a community of people who have nothing to do with classical music and who have kind of festus, sometimes i suppose that the classical music abroad me was born in france,

but we meet her at her chosen home in manchester. at age 14, a started a chatham school of music. at 1st she couldn't really speak english even back then she knew she wanted to be a professional violinist. 2 2 2 i news 10, so i was 10 years old, but i wanted to do so. i never really question myself and was live it's carrie actually is a union. john middleton was as to abraham. his piano teacher, mastering just one instrument wasn't enough for her. he was one of the bestest favorite teachers. esther brought her 3rd album along for today's visit. it's only been 8 years since he left school. and of course, this trip back to of from you its own task is being recorded for fans on social media. but her real passion is music and to get where she wants to be with it. she has to practice, practice,

and practice the more the as to share this part of her day online too, or something the toddy and you one does because e, as in comfortable, you do have to have to be really confident. you know that to show something that is not perfect. the hard work pays off, as just concerts are well received all across europe and new appearances have been scheduled, seen in conjunction with their new album. it's always so nice. i think when you actually get to meet people and, and you is also with the casual i've been following you for that many years and i've seen you grow and, and, and that's really nice. c c after up on me brings 2 oaks together that really overlap. and with that, she's opening up new horizons to her friends on social media.

that was all unveiled with mines in motion. good by and see you next week, the, [000:00:00;00]

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