or severe ins robot landed on mars 3 years ago, our documentary shows the difficult work involved in developing the mars rover and nicole fairly from all of us here in the newsroom and for less. thank you so much for your help. the, you'll see about the video that goes unable as i get out of media and legal law. google, i've got it done by get other stuff into that and i'll give you the order. would you be able to order it up? joe made any a dog coloring key, more people than the eval on world wide in search of a did you have you ever use man at the accounting method the audio get find out about on the story in some icons. the

original in the the invitation to the stage preparation has been confirmed by the spacecraft. him a report to renew his powered on re receive single single, and have confirmation entry interface preference is currently going $5.00 commerce per 2nd sheet of about a $120.00 for february 2021. the lender carry in the perseverance

rover has entered the martian. atlas pierre, the suspense of the control room is almost unbearable. the team has no control over what will happen in the next few minutes. we're starting to straighten up and fly right maneuver. in preparation for parachute deployed support for the engineers from nasa and c n e s, the french national space agency. this was what's referred to as the 7 minutes of terror. the 1st of veterans had to touch down as gently as possible on the red planet. the last b her for 2nd cut her surveillance was carrying a dozen sophisticated instruments which would be used by one of the most ambitious

space missions to search for traces of past life on mars. the space and the teacher has been separated. this allows both the radar and the cameras to get there. first, look at the surface here the rover was less than 2 kilometers above the martians. this was the last stage of the landing engine. likely the riskiest confirmation that separated the ground station for only watch signals took 11 minutes to reach earth. either the maneuver had been successful or perseverance had crushed. the

of the, the, the 7 minutes i think was the shortest and the longest set of minutes of my life. for me, the really special moment is a few minutes after landing when we got the 1st picture of mars the . wow, my robot that was here 7 months ago. it's been in space. this whole time is on the planet. congratulations to the mission. was

a man the 1st to send from the martian surface. the perseverance rover was apparently intact and fully operational. the robot was tasked with uncovering the secrets of the red planet. the 2 civilians was send millions of miles from earth to help answer the question is simple as it is exciting. did life once exist on mars? what was the rover discovery and its 1st year of exploration the. 2 the mars how as long fascinated astronomers,

but it wasn't until the 19th century when giovanni skip it and he discovered the suppose the martian canals. that the question raised of intelligence life on our neighboring planet 1st emerged. the american astronomer percival now will map these canals, mistaking them for artificial structures. built to irrigate cities that have long since disappeared. the midst of the martian was born the starting and the 19 sixty's probes were repeatedly sent to explore the martian surface without success. to david's thing, it says general sharing 1976. i think the viking mission ran 3 experiments. looking for organic life on mars. they found nothing. so they lost interest in mars for 20

years and they had to invest casually mental. the since then, several of rovers have been sent to lex. so imagine so l, the pathfinder pro, carrying the small so general robot was the 1st in 1996, followed by spirit and opportunity. the last to prove that water must once have flowed on mars. curiosity, the big brother to perseverance, landed in 2012. its mission was to find out whether water could once have facilitated the development of life on the red planet. the 3 all city ones, mars to establish its habitability, was more as habitable. 33.5000000000 years ago. we found that yes, it could have been habitable, it had the right ingredients. so then proseries takes it one step up up, right?

and it says, okay, well, if it was habitable, was that life on mars? just like for curiosity, nasa commission, the jet propulsion laboratory to build several prototypes for perseverance. each have different sizes and different technological profiles. perseverance was built based on the idea of curiosity. we talked a lot of the systems that existed on for ya, city, and use that as all baseline or for person or the they may look very similar, but the internal mechanics signal a new generation of rovers, the sophisticated high tech developments the specialized cameras,

spectrometers, lasers round penetrating radar, an oxygen production instrument and a robotic arm for curing and storing broke samples. know some of the d. v. cute uh . these are extremely complex robots who there are $200.00 to $300.00 scientist behind each vehicle. westoff shulty feature. so this, yeah, it took 6 years to develop, build it and, and launch it. and then, and those are 7 months to land on mars. the takes an incredible amount of time to design everything, build it and make it space rated test it. because we also have to test and demonstrate that it's going to work in that more than environmental conditions on mars are hostile to life. the biggest problem is the extreme temperatures and perseverance also had to generate its own energy. the problem with using solar

panels on mars is that you're so much further away from the sun, that you need a much bigger area to get the same energy as you would here on earth. we sometimes have deaf storms on mars. and so that's often how rovers need the demise on mars. persevere as we use a nuclear source which overtime creates heat and that he is transformed into electricity. the. this generator would ensure that the rover and its instruments could function on the martian surface without disruption for years to come. the when we build missions like perseverance, it's not just an american mission. so when we build this rover, yes, it's built here at the jet propulsion lab, but pieces are built all over the united states all over the world. and so the

super can instrument, for example, is a french instruments super cam acts as the eyes of perseverance. one of its features is a powerful laser vaporizes tiny block particles to analyze their composition. this allows chemical particles to be identified within a radius of up to 10 meters in the plasma generated by the laser, the old ones. you cannot develop it together with roger weight from the los alamos national lab in new mexico in june. so we thought we were thinking about how to measure the chemical composition of martian rocks in soil deluxe. i asked about his labs capabilities and he said, we know how to make spectrometers and analyze light. what about, you know, i told them in france we know lasers there. so we divided the labor and 20 years later we had designed the super cap of

the ship has come see a super cam use of the system of lasers and spectrometers. some have expected this with this telescope, found that we can obtain extremely detailed images of the surface of mars, loudly defined and onto a plan. you can see details of around 20 microns for pick. so when the camera is close to the ground kind of voice, you have to put me on the night. this is the 1st super cam image, the photographs, commercial counties. and then these instruments conduct precise chemical and mineral composition analysis and can even detect the presence of organic material on and the non 0 to millions of use of how kind of activity have shape this unique landscape. the,

these geographic properties make it the ideal training ground for space travels, including the exploration of mars. the simulations help to train missions with robots and soon perhaps even with humans. the geologist chavez content is an expert on mars. that has taken part in several simulations himself. you see something that the visual catholic landscape really resembles the martian landscape? oh personal. now nothing units even aligned along a fold like the red planet. then the onset zation is red, like on mars, goes to one i printed off the mass, see by law simulator. how about that 1st is mars and earth. and you were very similar

because they had the same origin in the book effect. at one time, there were rivers which fed the legs loc. he's hoping there was a magnetic field to see them for a protective shield that stopped the atmosphere from being a road is by solar, wind, or live alternate? yup, we'll just split it changed to drastically. about 3700000000 years ago. see the reason that kinetic field from the planets cor, abruptly vanishing enough to see thought the mars was so small that its atmosphere disappeared into space. the field on the spot, the red planet became a freezer. i'm going to do that to you on this space. a sort of vice stage suddenly took over. yeah. he said it never recovered up right next to turning it into the dead planet. it is today. will do me up to the law implanted some of those on the house. mars retained traces of it's past the scientists hope so. the

emission begins to teams from refresh, national space agency or c n e s. and nasa are adjusting to marshall time. the days there are longer than on us, right? each martian day known as a song last around 24 hours and 40 minutes. so the clocks have to be synchronized. the amount that to me, so that's what the mission has started. i mean, we have a reference period of 3 years, it was don't get the rover fails before that tomo but then we have also fail nicely or another thorough check to make sure all the instruments on board are working are rover. has an automatic system. so we can self drive on the surface of mars. driving on mars, isn't that easy, right?

we don't have a map, we don't have a solid, nobody can just say, hey, send me in that direction. so what the river does is it takes pictures in front of it, it actually looks 5 years ahead. and so that way it can actually drive from 2 to 300 meters a day on an economist, least of it will drive itself. we can say, hey, at the end of the day, just drive in that direction for an hour and a half and we'll see you tomorrow. and it will do that. there is a time delay in communicating with perseverance. although the signals travel at the speed of light, it takes them a number of minutes to reach the rover. a command from control center. then millions of kilometers away. perseverance starts moving the at night, the rover remain stationary. it transmits the information collected during the day

to earth and receives a program with tasks to complete the next day on the mash, you know what the each point is assigned coordinates or the need. so when we tell the rover to target a point that knows exactly how to turn it to had to fix on the point we want that problem, then it's that 5 points in that direction with the laser, with infrared, and the camera. and as a i've had to knock on wood. i think this man the the plan of sola face 1st we ran extensive tests for 3 to 4 months. we made sure the arm was working properly, was that the wheels were okay, got it, the head turned correctly. yeah. see or would it be then we check if super kam could fire its laser twice. send the green laser. i did send toward the sun. when does it and not at the sun, but at the sky, they got they. so they, we learned how to use our instrument up to, you know, cause people the

super easy to the motion solar eclipse for the 1st time produced by the moon to by the finally operations could begin. the 1st job was to study the martian soil. the rougher landed on use of the crater, a huge depression created by a media right now, so chose it from hundreds of other locations because it was the most likely place to find fossil nice traces of past life.

the english was easy to see. we chose the users side to because it's a very old impact crater and with traces of adults that the costs not. they don't know that we have proved that a river once flowed into a lake there should be don't because to have a delta. do you need a river and the lake and gas? yeah, like the switching the pricing of the crater is about 45 kilometers wide, with a lake, several 100 meters and even enclosed by a 1000 people. sitting on down the lake, held about 5 cubic kilometers of water and extend a layer of settlements re deposit 70 meters thick. okay, so something amended assume the, the, the whole seat of the home we wanted diversity of always use them for you to rock from the bottom of the lake. some people from around the sides and from the delta sorted into i don't want to. so we chose the side with all this diversity in a concentrated area of pump. we said yesterday,

1st serve veterans add pork. the the rovers cameras have already shown that the area consists of very different geological layers. as your guy supposed to come one day, the camera person pointed out a hill in the distance. and we said, let's take a photo and use it as a reference point tv to do. now, when we saw the incoming data, we said that's fantastic. where at the bottom of a lake, so we had our 1st, the result were not there is you don't the photo is what we're dealing. but virtual exploration of the crater provides limited insights. sold a role for made its way to the delta for its own safety. it moved extremely slowly. or there seemed to 100 days, we moved about 2 and a half kilometers. so only

a dozen or so meters each day. and that's comfortable enough to work at leisure, but not enough to explore the huge. he has a ro crate are quickly a little more speed was needed. the ingenuity, a small helicopter was brought along precisely for such tasks. the engineer is, it is a technology demonstrate. there's 3 challenges to, to proving that your helicopter can function in march right. atmosphere is one of them. the atmosphere of mars is one percent, the density of this, the very, very cent atmosphere. the other 2 aspects though, is the temperature is very cold,

negative 90 degrees celsius overnight. the 3rd aspect it's different from earth is the gravity. it's about one 3rd, the gravity of the way we test that here. it's a ppo, is we have a chamber that $56.00 stories tall. and in that chamber, we were able to balance the atmosphere, the environment, the temperature in the gravity of mars, here in the ingenuity ways, just under 2 kilograms. it's 2 counter rotating, rotors turn 10 times faster than those of a conventional helicopter on her. for me, one of the most difficult moments on mars is the day that we dropped the helicopter from the belly of the rover, where it was attached down to the surface of mars. i was in charge of these activities and it was i could tell you incredibly stressful to make sure that our little friend was on mars carefully, the

top 3 meters off the surface of mars coverage for 39 seconds, then came back. then we had that 1st flight, there were 4 remaining to run out or 5 total in our 30 days. and thankfully, at the end of those 30 days, ingenuity was still healthy. the preserves team and nasa decided there's value here and continuing to fly on mars and community connections is scale. we can fly to equip law, we can dive down into k, right? we can go to very high altitude and later or, or, you know, do a lot lower pattern over a region of interest as an engineer to today's already providing recognizance for, for the 1st period of the central head. as a scout ingenuity send high resolution images to help perseverance find its way to

the delta. the point is 26. the reconnaissance flights ingenuity even found. the 1st t shield found parachute from the rover's landing the route was clear. now, perseverance could tackle this real mission. the search for traces of life on mars is cool shift. you will go in fort worth looking for some macroscopic animal roaming around and that costco peak is bad. that would have been easy. i'll put some parentheses, it says no, we're looking for traces of light that already existed on earth at that time. he and may be on mars, primitive, dietary of the potential mass, a direct? yeah, he was high sampler. the

visa was a veterinarian and works as a scientific consultant for the french space agencies, c n e s. he is one of the world's leading experts in x. so biology, the total pounds is when we talk about extra terrestrial life. as we focus on the simplest micro biological form or the microwave film be pulled using the new club. so if we find bacterial traces on mars, cause we found a new form of life. the one that's already works and that's when you knew that if we find a concrete trace of life even fossilized, that is evidence of another life form in the universe with easy to get into that. that's what we're looking for during the day. even if it doesn't lead to martian sites, any tables. ok, so most of these for the most 2nd you

don't create a book, but there was a period of 500000000 or perhaps even dealing in years when conditions on mars were suitable for like the specific issues. but was that enough for life to actually develop? so that's a good week of school and i tend to think so. yeah, because chemical choices improve and that the 3700000000 years ago life emerged in early ocean allies that's available. i would like to believe that the same thing happened on mar locks and it likes developed on mars. you know, where is it now? we did was all the, the after a 5 kilometer journey perseverance, finally reached the 0 crater delta. the jun, me give you the origins of life evolved from some free by out of chemistry. you may

have, you would submit it, most likely would have been in an environment to the carbonate and claim minerals. so these are primarily what we're looking for on ships. the policies have thoughts of we think that certain organisms living in very particular places on earth today could also develop in a certain micro environments on laws. should have been official from us because humans, lopez garcia, specializes in micro organisms. that's why been extreme environments the hydrothermal damo area in nor do i need to. opiates is certainly one of the most impressive examples of a bias system where life seems impossible. but despite extreme temperatures and acidity levels, single celled organisms can be found in some areas. i'm pulled on, i'm going to do, you don't do that. no, no, the edges of download the ecosystem sustaining lot to phone that, particularly

r t a fees if your team a called and he's gonna come direct to these a unique cellular micro will be busy, unlike thank material particularly well adapted to very high temperatures of up to a 125 degrees and extremely fluctuation, ph levels to any smart criminal studies extra more files. let's has better defined conditions in which live coded a page into assisted an extra terrestrial systems. and then the cushy stem on the, on the fly. so much on mosse could survive under such conditions. i could effectively exist on these systems as well. the tongue provided there was liquid water and an energy source in place on the source. so the next sheet i'm like, these are the nurse and trust has never been re shaped the plate tectonics. this

allows perseverance to examine very old claim minerals, the if there was once nice on mars. these minerals might still contain its components, like nitrogen, or carbon, the disembodied, the money to, to, to find intact organic molecules. it's beth was to dig a little deeper because this and the rover's core can drill holes is several centimeters beneath the surface, the kind of trade rock where they've been protected millions on or even millions of years, such as i'd say, the pressure barons took its 1st sample of soil that might contain traces of gallic material. i would argue that that sample caching system is just as complex as the rest of the rover. it has to be able to take sample course from the surface of mars process and put them in the tube,

and then pass that you to another robotic on inside the rover. that then takes pictures. there's some certain life ease of those samples, seals them because the samples are going to stay on mars for a long time, and then it has the ability to deposit those sample cashes on the surface of mars, the efficiency. we hope these samples will one day come back for lab analysis couple found to conduct a detailed settlement analysis. we need a laboratory with electronic microscopes and high resolution chemistry. that's not possible on our over i would say as an insurance company, i say i've gotten a hold of the symbols, procedures only store some of the tubes, not all of them. so rather than make one big tile with all the tubes and risk,

losing them all of the mission of the board. so we leave a trail of scattered piles. i cancelled one gretel leaving a trail of breadcrumbs the other to the they hope to eventually recover the samples from mars and bring them to earth for analysis. the. it's an ambitious project, especially because it's not yet clear exactly how this would work. the if you thought of collecting those samples and dropping the on the surface of mars was already extraordinary and hard enough eventually we're going to want to go bring those back. and so the teams here, the jet propulsion lab and that nasa are already working on thinking as to how we might want to do that. that's the 1st time we're to launch something off of another planet. and then we have to bring it back home here to or, and bring those samples back home safely and keep them contained. there are any

number of challenges here that kind of works. a thing we've done before. the space flight system for the return mission should be ready in a few years. researchers are already working on the new assignment, the cube. so it could be, at least by hoops, will be recovered by a european build roller of them. you got any idea which will gather them with an arm or something that you put them in a basket and deliver them to a rocket that which should hold the container. how that hand is tubes into orbit around tomorrow, which is the one on the citrus, even it is wrong, it will probably need its own mind or you will need to learn very precise engineer the tubes. it won't work if it lands 100 kilometers away. assumption of a temperature separate table lender have the concept that we're working on right now to which allows the rocket that's gonna take those samples from the surface of mars to, to space,

to be thrown up in the year. we toss the toss the rock it up in the air and then fire it. it's kind of like an air launch the that's really the advantage of so that we don't have to deal with any kind of direction system, right? to put the, to put the rocket in some kind of position that we want. the to the rocker is almost 3 meters long and weighs 400 to 500 kilograms. you fired in the air, the rocket ignites and it's gone before it can come back down. the, what's the us is up in mars orbit. we've got to find it with us or turnover, or we're looking for something that's kind of basketball size. that's pretty difficult, right? it's not a very bright things are pretty big. and we're gonna have to find it from uh, you know, tends to hundreds of foreigners away, mid tom t putting a small white balloon into orbit around mars and catching it with an arbiter of the, not even the copy the press up for me. so we start by looking for

the, the other parts of the rocket that have gone with it. and our bigger the upper stage of the, of the rocket has a radio on board with a beacon that will kind of scream at us every now and then telling us where it is, you know, sit there and touch your container, gets loaded into a space capsule. which returns to earth 6 months later and won't be tough. it's all goes to plan martian rocks, one day be transported to earth. it is crucial to ensure the samples are not contaminated by organic molecules brought by perseverance for though the risk is low, the consequences would be devastating. the music's pronto, due to the sponsor for space explores and the 19 sixty's remembered one thing their own predecessors, lack of caution, to play questions the spread of disease. following the exploration of the new world as a dark chapter in human history or mold in the contusions when both ways of anything

i think is as soon as they have no interest in for distribution, biological contamination of emotion. my form would be a reputable, fucked up with showing the same is true in reverse. and i'm sure what would happen if an astronaut was contaminated by an unknown martian species. finally, what would you do with them? a corner? could they be brought back to earth? i will leave them there forever. is combined, should they be brought back to earth? and as i put in confinement for the rest of their lives to take off, you know, just kind of is the stuff, a science fiction in english and speak. hopefully. imagining such a wonderful the, a huge number of questions remain unanswered, but the ultimate goal remains. one day humans will fly to mars the, but how can they survive there and return to the

so for perseverance, in addition to establish whether there has been life on mars, in the past, one of the other goals is to prepare for the eventual coming. a few minutes on mars, and so we have a few instruments on board that allow us to prepare for that. there's the meta instrument, which is a weather station. it allows us to understand weather patterns on mars, not just winds, but also with dust pressure. these are ground penetrating radar cause of impacts that allows us to understand the structure of the ground below us. if we're ever going to build anything on mars, understanding the motion regulation is really important. the shelf plus swap, snap flush is a fringe engineer and asked or not. he has been involved with 3 nasa space missions and knows how important remote projects are. the for the 1st 2 wins traveling to

mars. before we move, we need to be able to remotely to lie to and return from our as before doing it with humans to let me show difficulties. that's why this, it has a connection with 1st appearance. is there any thoughts on for deciding if we can talk to a human like tomorrow as well? so i guess it doesn't have, would it be better to do that? me, you need to be able to mind as many local resources as possible for eating, drinking or some breathing single most in supplying the return trip. we'll have you tell you to so everything doesn't need to be sent from earth. i don't want you to predict the, the, it is impossible to land on mars carrying 30 tons of materials, including oxygen and stay for several months. but perseverance is already helping to solve the problem. just to be honest, perseverance is not just studying martian geology. it's preparing mars for human stuff. good. the rover is carrying a small box of the size of

a car battery called moxy. you said it weighs 17 kilograms and converts the martian atmosphere and a brief little air. there is less than one percent as much air on the surface of mars, but that air is 95 percent made up of carbon dioxide. so within each carbon dioxide molecule is an oxygen molecule combined with carbon. so the job of moxy is to take those apart the kind of most pretty much the moxy sucks and carbon dioxide from the martian atmosphere and it passes it through and electrolyzer which separates the oxygen but these to see it and releases the carbon monoxide assumed oxygen or steel c panel, the oxygen atoms combined to form reasonable oxygen molecules looks that can be

inhaled, oxygen has to be a bother. no, you're, i would take. ready 20 to 30 grams an hour just to live and to go about our business. so far, moxy has run 8 times on mars and it made a little more than 50 grams of oxygen, which means it would keep us alive for a couple of hours. we hope with a larger version of moxy to make all that ox agent institute to support a human mission on mars. the news you mess of humans will discover a lot more than robots once they land on site organizational intelligence, to be quite sophisticated. but it only does what does it program to do a robot and will never shout those look at me again. the type of similar i

long for the day when humans with robots and cutting edge scientific tools will be able to answer the question of extraterrestrial life. is that gives you the 2nd portion of alien worlds and extra terrestrial life, hans philosophers, theologians, and now scientists, are we alone? there are 2 distinctly terrifying possibilities. separate these next one is the fear of being completely alone deal the shape of interest of the separate to be sure if we are, the responsibility is terrifying. who despised? if life on earth vanished tomorrow, there would never be lies in the universe again. so it was

a possibility that we are not alone is also scary. we are not alone. then we have perhaps not the most beautiful or the most intelligent incentive that would bruise our ego. so for some philosophies and some religions that's difficult to accept or something, or you the technician that i met the c not cas, i'm not sure what i would dream is to go to mars one day and i hope it will come true. see if that's the challenge of the 21st century vision group. but this dream cannot be used to justify the idea. and what we do to the earth doesn't matter because there's a plan that feed, but there's no, there's only one earth. and we need to take care of it to us. you know, it's just about exploring another plan and it's, and that's, it's hard enough to do the introduction to sydney, but i don't know who named presidents i 6,

but i think that's one of the most important qualities of a great researcher on can you finish for us to do it has to be username, basically, any scientific program for one shot. there's 2 on human, answered the perseverance. we'll continue with search for his life on mars. the loan robot is not just exploring. it will also help make one of humanity's greatest dreams come true. taking people to mars in tennessee i see in the seamless of, in the, in the scenes. ready the

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