next aust of the break up unveiled lots of the lice work and believes of emmanuel conduct. and remember you can always get more news on our website. that's the w dot com. i'm going to spend a g game, blaine would see you again. yeah. it's the there's no, i'm just john can have his page and click the right decision, dw, you can remove, follow the a man, turns people's thinking upside down, his profession philosopher, his name and model account, his motto, dare to know that was pretty bold for back then come to was born 300 years ago in

what was then called clinic statics, but what he thought is, at least as relevant today as it was in his day. he was not just a sweet river, old armchair philosopher. he was very curious about the world call. it was the 1st person to really work out of you say we should be connected with each other. come to showing good sense of injustice happening in one place on the planet is spelt every way device and that's exactly why come to so important today the am i don't want to count, developed his ideas into europe, dominated by absolute us rulers in that atmosphere. he demanded, we should think for ourselves. that's one message, the conscious sending be less, if aide have some courage that was easier said than done one wrong word set against

those in power could have drastic consequences. the nothing incomes early life would suggest that he would become one of the most important thinkers in history or that his ideas would change philosophy forever. he had humble beginnings, born to a craftsman father and the mother who never attended school. and model was the force of 11 children soon demonstrated how intelligent he was, which was his opportunity to get ahead. sally of the get interestingly, social advancement through talent was always possible. but you had to be brilliant and one bathroom, but the, the countries through both school and university for a while he paid for his education that has, among other things,

a successful billiards player. but he was especially interested in philosophy, metaphysics, mathematics, natural history, and astronomy. a real tale mass in his studies, comfortable light on the power of thought and reason. and he firmly believed this the, the people can enlighten themselves together as a society on conan and come stay. critics back was part of the kingdom of prussia with berlin. as the capital today, it's called calling in god and as in the russian federation, country of lee left his hometown, but as a baltic trading port, it was well connected with the wide world beyond consummate new york. rise to intellectual start and began late. at the age of 57, he published his magnum, opus the critique of pure reason. it was followed by one best seller after another, making him quite rich and allowing him to move in the highest circles of society.

probably no other philosopher has shapes modern thought as much as he has standing only 1.57 meters tall. this little man from critics back is an intellectual giant to many philosophers today. i'll be county into the rest of my life. incidentally, some of his contemporaries thought content was kind of working. he was someone who woke every morning at a quarter to 5 drink 2 cups of tea and smoked a pipe. todd from 7 to 9, and thought from 9 to a quarter to one. then he wrote and went for a walk in the afternoon, all at precisely the same time. every day. during comes lifetime, people were surrounded by authorities. the king, the military, the church, most people did with they were told, partially out of fear. people were threatened with execution,

people were threatened with exile, the people was throwed into prison. i mean this, this happened oliver friends and many places in germany and many places in england . there were just many things that were a lot worse than a twitter storm. so then kind of came along and miss authoritarian world and turned human thinking on its head. what he demanded is actually simple but courageous and productive. he said people should use their own minds instead of following instructions separate out a day or 2. no, does the same thing thinking for ourselves is also supposed to get us out of certain comfort zones. we were not allowed to make things easier for ourselves. nice and many things require us to be discrimination for self critical and for and

tumble to teach for the demo. the that according to con, thinking for one's self also means debate, discussion and confrontation with other opinions. good. now i can tell him about this. i'm to be taking a closer look at what it actually means to think for ourselves is um and it means examining along with others, whether what we think is right is also tenable. and that is what he means set in mind to go conses. enlightenment is man's emergence from his self imposed, immature to it maturity. sure, the y self imposed is part lee road fault. but the howard is, is certainly furthered by the ruling powers. also the church,

of course. and he says the so called guardians, treat the people like the house fee, dumb animals, ok, and dumb animals are tame and they're much easier to control. and that's because a really radical message the, the world con, lived in, was deeply shaken in 1789 by the french revolution in paris, some 1700 kilometers away from clinics. that the best steve was stormed and heads rolled. literally, in a quest for liberty and a better life, what did come to make of it all? guns, type, conscious ideals, the fuel, the french revolution, the idea of equality of equal freedoms. the idea of republicanism, the people should also be politically mature and capable of governing themselves, said phil again. even though count rejected, uprising send for faults,

he now bluntly criticized the privileges of the nobility. the paternalism of the church and colonialism, the ascent or world seemed possible and con, wanted his philosophy to have a practical effect, leading to a better life and freedom. the political consequences can still be observed today. i actually sings the cons. philosophy is the only basis for a living liberal left the values that we desperately need. today, we're all there in conte on tasks. i believe this is an incredibly demanding legacy, which if we are honest, maybe also shane's is because in many ways we do not live up to this stand it and do some unfortunately get us together. that's especially the case in regard to global justice. when it comes to the visual, just think the global north and it moves souls,

these out of injustice is the visit or for issues that come from international financial institutions that are introduced. a new rivera's me now africa and in your voicemail countries. i was led to, to bridge the line to grab being corruption and so on. so this is, i mean just is gone to the idea that this is a violation of this. got to go to the clean power to very few people, demonstrating for peace today are likely to know they owe a debt to count who was passionate about preventing war. he was over 70 when he formulated his thoughts on the subject in his as a perpetual piece. the ideas and it were radically modern for 1795. it's a time when war was the order of the dead count experience 3 wars in his

lifetime and the russian occupation of couldn't expand. he knew what war meant, that the quote was most radical about his rising up at the and so that he's arise from this ideal of world peace. and from today's point of view, these demands are just as unfulfilled as they were back then that states trust each other to such an extent that they no longer maintain standing armies considered a threat to others. so these are still utopian ideas. today we're probably sure forced in wars have certainly taken place in the years since constance. yet his ideas sound almost likely how to guide for establishing the united nations 150 years after his peace proposal. a serious set, at least partially successful, attempt to ensure peace in the world. the country may have lived in the age of enlightenment, but as he recognized it was not an enlightened age. and he himself was not an

enlightened person either as modern as many of his ideas seem to us now. he was blatantly wrong on other points. humanity has its highest degree of perfection in the white race. especially disturbing is that in his theory of the alleged human races, cancelling external characteristics with intellectual and moral qualities for him, the american indians, which represents the so called lead race, or in cable culture, that means the, the basically cannot even leave the state of nature. the and then the black race, a capable of only call joe slade, slavery member, the cannot, you know, of as to more advanced the culture and the typical yellow race represented by east indians and chinese among others cannot engage in more advanced the culture. cox

thinks that only western europeans can have all the talents and drives to keep going, add, realizing to natalie with respect to, to it's more destiny today. that way of thinking is completely unacceptable. and it would seem to totally contradict, comes idea of universalism. the idea of the human dignity is derived from our ability to reason, to his racist statements. erase comes philosophy and his thinking on justice. when it will go to theater. the closest as of the field is, according to many accounts in schools. so these are the ideas about 2 versus, you know, quite a bit different ways to look up this. so the cool is, was always for level. so we seem basically under core medical assistance. so he's just motor, that is it's a matter of physics. in fact, in his later work, conte advocated equal rights for all people. so did he re count his earlier racist

statements that hotly debated among count scholars. it is clear that comes opinions in this matter were firmly rooted in thinking of his type that also applies to his anti semitism. and his disregard for when still as an old man come to meet a radical demand, calling for a right of world citizenship, a global right of visitation for all people above o refugees should not be turned away from tech that most men time contest saw something that unfortunately was no longer accepted as a matter of course in the 20th century. if even namely that every citizen must be allowed to leave their country and seek shelter somewhere else if they are accepted . not been monday, it would be great if the world would remember that these are things that are actually self evident in percentage. that's utopian is cons, ideas of perpetual peace, global citizenship, and just

a sound. he was certainly not a dream. on the contrary, he looked very soberly at reality. he did believe in hope. so the question is, how called understood hope. he didn't understand it as a feeling or emotion. he understood it as a moral obligation, allows the codes of practical reason in that if we want to survive and keep going, we need hope. even if sometimes there is nothing to support at least, i mean the worst will happen if we give up hope. hope is precisely something that you need when you are feeling close to despair. let's summarize it like this. as long as we don't know that everything is meaningless, like our efforts for justice and peace, we must keep trying according to con. no, that sounds like a pretty good idea the what do you think the counsellor deals have any relevance to you?

let us know when the com the, what does it take to overcome any challenge of your in your life? on today's program we travel across the african continent to hear from those who did in that life bring them down and also overcame their own child. and i might just overcome one of my own fuse, the fear of heights. i am a kid english another and this is the 77 percent. have you ever come across people that tell you that your dreams will never come to let's you get in your head? well i'm here at this.