a master controls and civil defense themes say they have recovered nearly 300 forties, deprived was found as b not signed medical complex which was previously rated. why is ready? that's what we have time for coming up next on failed. on monday could speaking. i'll be back at the top of the hour with more international headlines. thanks for watching the registrar issues with a lot say what the man turns people's thinking upside down. his profession philosopher, his name and my new account. his motto,

dare to know that was pretty bold for back then. come to was born 300 years ago in what was then called clinics tasks. but what he thought is, at least as relevant today as it was in his day, he was not just a c rover, old armchair philosopher. he was very curious about the world cost was the 1st person to really work out of you say we should be connected with each other content . so in the sense that in justice happening in one place on the planet is spelled every way. and that's exactly why contests so important. today. the and model account developed his ideas into europe, dominated by absolutist rulers in that atmosphere. he demanded, we should think for ourselves. that's one message,

the conscious sending be less afraid, have some courage that was easier said than done one wrong word said against those and power could have drastic consequences. the nothing in comes early life would suggest that he would become one of the most important thinkers in history, or that his ideas would change philosophy forever. he had humble beginnings, born to a craftsman father and the mother who never attended school. and model was the force of 11 children soon demonstrated how intelligent he was, which was his opportunity to get ahead a seller of the get. but interestingly, social advancement through talent was always possible. but you had to be brilliant, one bathroom, but the, the

countries through both school and university for a while he paid for his education that has, among other things, a successful billiards player. but he was especially interested in philosophy, metaphysics, mathematics, natural history, and astronomy. a real poly mass in his studies, comfortable light on the power of thought and reason. he firmly believed this different people can enlighten themselves together as a society and couldn't come stay. critics back was part of the kingdom of prussia with berlin. that's the capital. today. it's called coming in god, and as in the russian federation come to rarely left his hometown, but as a baltic trading port, it was well connected with the wide world beyond con, smitty, york rise to intellectual start and begin late. at the age of 57, he published his magnum, opus the critique of pure reason. it was followed by one best seller after another,

making him quite rich and allowing him to move in the highest circles of society. or probably no other philosopher has shapes modern thought as much as he has standing only 1.57 meters tall. this little man from clinic's back is an intellectual giant to many philosophers. today. i'll be content into the rest of my life. incidentally, some of his contemporaries, but con, was kind of quirky. he was someone who woke every morning at a quarter to 5 drink 2 cups of tea and smoked a pipe. todd from 7 to 9 and thought from 9 to a quarter to one. then he wrote and went for a walk in the afternoon, all at precisely the same time. every day. during comes lifetime, people were surrounded by authorities, the king, the military, the church. most people did what they were told, partially out of fear. people were threatened with execution,

people was threatened with exile, the people was thrown into prison. i mean this, this happened over france in many places in germany and many places in england. there were just many things that were a lot worse than a twitter storm. so then come to came along and miss authoritarian world in turn human thinking on its head, what he demanded is actually simple but courageous and productive. he said, people should use their own minds instead of following instructions separate out a day or to know does the same thing thinking for ourselves is also supposed to get us out of certain comfort zones. we were not allowed to make things easier for

ourselves. nice and many things require us to be discrimination for self critical and for tumble to teach for the team or the that according to con, thinking for one self also means debate, discussion and confrontation with other opinions. good. now i can tell them about this. i can be taking a closer look at what it actually means to think for ourselves is um and it means examining along with others, whether what we think is right is also tenable. and that is what he means by intel comes, says enlightenment is man's emergence from his self imposed, immature to it maturity, sure, the life self imposed is partly our own fault. but the howard is, is certainly furthered by the ruling powers. also the church,

of course, um and he says the so called guardians treat the people like the house fee, dumb animals, ok, and dumb animals are tame and they're much easier to control. and that's because a really radical message the, the world con, lived in, was deeply shaken in 1789 by the french revolution in paris, some 1700 kilometers away from clinics. that the best steve was stormed and heads rolled. literally, in a quest for liberty and a better life, what did come to make of it all? kinds, type conscious ideals, the fuel, the french revolution, the idea of a quantity of equal freedoms. the idea of republicanism, the people should also be politically mature and capable of governing themselves,

said phil again. even though count rejected, uprising central votes, he now bluntly criticized the privileges of the nobility. the paternalism of the church found colonialism. a fair world seemed possible and comp wanted his philosophy to have a practical effect, leading to a better life and freedom. the political consequences can still be observed today. i actually sings the cons. philosophy is the only basis for a living liberal left the values that we desperately need. today, we're all there in conte on task. so by see if this is an incredibly demand thing like to see which if we are honest, maybe also shane's is because in many ways we do not live up to this standard and do some unfortunately get us together. that's especially the case in regard to

global justice when it comes to the visual just being the global north and it was supposed to be out of injustices the visit or for issues that come from international financial institutions that i've introduced. the notary rose me, norfolk and in your, your voicemail of countries i was led to, to breed the line, to grab being corruption and so on. so this is, i mean just is con, told you that this is a violation of this. got to go to the clean power to the very few people demonstrating for peace today are likely to know they owe a debt to count who was passionate about preventing war. he was over 70 when he formulated his thoughts on the subject in his as a perpetual peace. the ideas and it were radically modern for 1795. a time when war

was the order of the day. conte experience 3 wars in his lifetime and the russian occupation of clinic's power. he knew what more meant or the quote of the most radical about his rising up, the demands that each arise from this ideal of will decrease. and from today's point of view, these demands are just as unfulfilled as they were back then that states trust each other to such an extent that they no longer maintain standing armies considered a threat to others. so these are still utopian ideas. today were publish it forced in wars have certainly taken place in the years since constance. yet his ideas found almost likely how to guide for establishing the united nations 150 years after his peace proposal. a serious set, at least partially successful, attempt to ensure peace in the world. the

comes may have lived in the age of enlightenment. but as he recognized it was not an enlightened age. and he himself was not an enlightened person either as modern as many of his ideas seemed to us now. he was blatantly wrong on other points. humanity has its highest degree of perfection in the white race. especially disturbing is that in his theory of the alleged human races, counseling external characteristics with intellectual and moral qualities for him, they, american indians, which represents the so called lead race, are incapable of culture. that means the, the basically cannot even leave the state of nature. the and then the black race are capable of only call joe slade, slavery member, the cannot, you know, at the vast to more advanced a culture and that so the yellow res,

represented by east indians and chinese among others cannot engage in more advanced the culture cops. thinks that only western europeans can have all the talents and drives to keep going as realizing humanity with respect to, to it's more destiny today that way of thinking is completely unacceptable. and it would seem to totally contradict, comes idea of universalism. the idea of the human dignity is derived from our ability to reason, to his racist statements. erase comes philosophy and his thinking on justice. when he will go to theater because he's special, his field is according to many country and schools. so these are the ideas about 2 a bruce's not quite beautiful. when you look at this vehicle, i always was always for level. so we also seemed basically under core medical assistance, so he's just model that is it's a matter of physics. in fact,

in his later work, conte advocated equal rights for all people. so did he recount his earlier racist statements that hotly debated among cons. scholars? it is clear that comes opinions in this matter were firmly rooted in the thinking of his time. that also applies to his anti semitism and his disregard for when still as an old man come to meet a radical demand, calling for a right of world citizenship, a global ride, a visitation for all people above all refugees should not be turned away. contact them of these and then time contest saw something that unfortunately was no longer accepted. as a matter of course, in the 20th century, the people namely that every citizen must be allowed to leave their country and seek shelter somewhere else. if they are accepted. don been monday, it would be great if the world would remember that these are things that are actually self evident in perspective.

because utopian is cons ideas of perpetual piece, global citizenship, and just a sound. he was certainly not a dreamer. on the contrary, he looked very soberly at reality, but he did believe in hope. so the question is, how called understood hope. he didn't understand it as a feeling or emotion. he understood it as a moral obligation and the codes of practical reason in that if we want to survive and keep going, we need hope. even if sometimes there is nothing to support or twist, i mean the worst will happen if we give up hope. hope is precisely something that you need when you are feeling close to despair. let's summarize, is it like this? as long as we don't know that everything is meaningless, like our efforts for justice and peace, we must keep trying according to come. now that sounds like a pretty good idea the what do

you think to counselor? do you have any relevance to you? let us know when the com, the . hi i'm. i'm nice, sean milan and you're watching hollywood best film directors. i'd like to think of myself as a craftsman, you know, like that. i'm a shoot person across the perfect chair. that's my goal for me. pre production is how you win the game before the game starts. first, dad met him. it was scary cuz i remember i was sitting with kathy and the assistance like goose bosses in the oliver and, and i was like, oh my god. he was only 22 when he directed his 1st movie, praying with anger which he followed with a family future wide awake and achieved great success as a rider on stuart little. after that, he directed a string of international successes with.